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Blee JA, Liu X, Harland AJ, Fatania K, Currie S, Kurian KM, Hauert S. Liquid biopsies for early diagnosis of brain tumours: in silico mathematical biomarker modelling. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220180. [PMID: 35919979 PMCID: PMC9346349 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumours are the biggest cancer killer in those under 40 and reduce life expectancy more than any other cancer. Blood-based liquid biopsies may aid early diagnosis, prediction and prognosis for brain tumours. It remains unclear whether known blood-based biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), have the required sensitivity and selectivity. We have developed a novel in silico model which can be used to assess and compare blood-based liquid biopsies. We focused on GFAP, a putative biomarker for astrocytic tumours and glioblastoma multi-formes (GBMs). In silico modelling was paired with experimental measurement of cell GFAP concentrations and used to predict the tumour volumes and identify key parameters which limit detection. The average GBM volumes of 449 patients at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust were also measured and used as a benchmark. Our model predicts that the currently proposed GFAP threshold of 0.12 ng ml-1 may not be suitable for early detection of GBMs, but that lower thresholds may be used. We found that the levels of GFAP in the blood are related to tumour characteristics, such as vasculature damage and rate of necrosis, which are biological markers of tumour aggressiveness. We also demonstrate how these models could be used to provide clinical insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A. Blee
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Ada Lovelace Building, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Xia Liu
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS2 8DZ, UK
| | - Abigail J. Harland
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS2 8DZ, UK
| | - Kavi Fatania
- Department of Radiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Stuart Currie
- Department of Radiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | | | - Sabine Hauert
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Ada Lovelace Building, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
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Li HM, Tang W, Feng F, Zhao SH, Gu WY, Zhang GF, Qiang JW. Whole solid tumor volume histogram parameters for predicting the recurrence in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a feasibility study on quantitative DCE-MRI. Acta Radiol 2020; 61:1266-1276. [PMID: 31955611 DOI: 10.1177/0284185119898654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative prediction of the recurrence of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) can guide the clinical treatment and improve the prognosis. However, there are still no reliable predictive biomarkers. PURPOSE To evaluate whether whole solid tumor volume histogram parameters measured from quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can predict the recurrence in patients with EOC. MATERIAL AND METHODS We followed up 56 patients with surgical and histopathologically diagnosed EOC who underwent quantitative DCE-MRI scans. The differences of the histogram parameters between patients with and without recurrence were compared. Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's Chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS All histogram parameters of Ktrans, kep, and ve were not significantly different between EOC patients with and without recurrence (P>0.05). For 30 patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), the histogram parameters of Ktrans (mean and 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th percentiles) and kep (mean and 50th percentile) in 12 patients with recurrence were significantly lower than those in 18 patients without recurrence (all P<0.05). ROC curves showed that the 5th percentile of Ktrans had the largest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.792 for predicting the recurrence in patients with HGSOC. When the threshold value was ≤0.0263/min, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100%, 66.7%, and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION Instead of predicting the recurrence of EOC, whole solid tumor volume quantitative DCE-MRI histogram parameters could predict the recurrence of HGSOC and may be potential biomarkers for the prediction of HGSOC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ming Li
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Radiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Radiology, Nantong Cancer Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shu Hui Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Yong Gu
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guo Fu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin Wei Qiang
- Department of Radiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Bliesener Y, Acharya J, Nayak KS. Efficient DCE-MRI Parameter and Uncertainty Estimation Using a Neural Network. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1712-1723. [PMID: 31794389 PMCID: PMC8887912 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2953901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative DCE-MRI provides voxel-wise estimates of tracer-kinetic parameters that are valuable in the assessment of health and disease. These maps suffer from many known sources of variability. This variability is expensive to compute using current methods, and is typically not reported. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for simultaneous estimation of tracer-kinetic parameters and their uncertainty due to intrinsic characteristics of the tracer-kinetic model, with very low computation time. We train and use a neural network to estimate the approximate joint posterior distribution of tracer-kinetic parameters. Uncertainties are estimated for each voxel and are specific to the patient, exam, and lesion. We demonstrate the methods' ability to produce accurate tracer-kinetic maps. We compare predicted parameter ranges with uncertainties introduced by noise and by differences in post-processing in a digital reference object. The predicted parameter ranges correlate well with tracer-kinetic parameter ranges observed across different noise realizations and regression algorithms. We also demonstrate the value of this approach to differentiate significant from insignificant changes in brain tumor pharmacokinetics over time. This is achieved by enforcing consistency in resolving model singularities in the applied tracer-kinetic model.
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Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for differentiating benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian tumors. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:3132-3141. [PMID: 29556691 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of quantitative DCE-MRI for characterizing ovarian tumors. METHODS We prospectively assessed the differences of quantitative DCE-MRI parameters (Ktrans, kep, and ve) among 15 benign, 28 borderline, and 66 malignant ovarian tumors; and between type I (n = 28) and type II (n = 29) of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOCs). DCE-MRI data were analyzed using whole solid tumor volume region of interest (ROI) method, and quantitative parameters were calculated based on a modified Tofts model. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's chi-square test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), variance test, and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The largest Ktrans and kep values were observed in ovarian malignant tumors, followed by borderline and benign tumors (all P < 0.001). Kep was the better parameter for differentiating benign tumors from borderline and malignant tumors, with a sensitivity of 89.3% and 95.5%, a specificity of 86.7% and 100%, an accuracy of 88.4% and 96.3%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 and 0.992, respectively, whereas Ktrans was better for differentiating borderline from malignant tumors with a sensitivity of 60.7%, a specificity of 78.8%, an accuracy of 73.4%, and an AUC of 0.743. In addition, a combination with kep could further improve the sensitivity to 78.9%. The median Ktrans and kep values were significantly higher in type II than in type I EOCs. CONCLUSION DCE-MRI with volume quantification is a technically feasible method, and can be used for the differentiation of ovarian tumors and for discriminating between type I and type II EOCs.
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McKenna MT, Weis JA, Brock A, Quaranta V, Yankeelov TE. Precision Medicine with Imprecise Therapy: Computational Modeling for Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:732-742. [PMID: 29674173 PMCID: PMC6056758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical oncology is in need of a mathematical modeling toolkit that can leverage clinically-available measurements to optimize treatment selection and schedules for patients. Just as the therapeutic choice has been optimized to match tumor genetics, the delivery of those therapeutics should be optimized based on patient-specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Under the current approach to treatment response planning and assessment, there does not exist an efficient method to consolidate biomarker changes into a holistic understanding of treatment response. While the majority of research on chemotherapies focus on cellular and genetic mechanisms of resistance, there are numerous patient-specific and tumor-specific measures that contribute to treatment response. New approaches that consolidate multimodal information into actionable data are needed. Mathematical modeling offers a solution to this problem. In this perspective, we first focus on the particular case of breast cancer to highlight how mathematical models have shaped the current approaches to treatment. Then we compare chemotherapy to radiation therapy. Finally, we identify opportunities to improve chemotherapy treatments using the model of radiation therapy. We posit that mathematical models can improve the application of anticancer therapeutics in the era of precision medicine. By highlighting a number of historical examples of the contributions of mathematical models to cancer therapy, we hope that this contribution serves to engage investigators who may not have previously considered how mathematical modeling can provide real insights into breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T McKenna
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jared A Weis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
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Jarrett AM, Hormuth DA, Barnes SL, Feng X, Huang W, Yankeelov TE. Incorporating drug delivery into an imaging-driven, mechanics-coupled reaction diffusion model for predicting the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: theory and preliminary clinical results. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:105015. [PMID: 29697054 PMCID: PMC5985823 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical methods for assessing tumor response to therapy are largely rudimentary, monitoring only temporal changes in tumor size. Our goal is to predict the response of breast tumors to therapy using a mathematical model that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data obtained non-invasively from individual patients. We extended a previously established, mechanically coupled, reaction-diffusion model for predicting tumor response initialized with patient-specific diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) data by including the effects of chemotherapy drug delivery, which is estimated using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI data. The extended, drug incorporated, model is initialized using patient-specific DW-MRI and DCE-MRI data. Data sets from five breast cancer patients were used-obtained before, after one cycle, and at mid-point of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The DCE-MRI data was used to estimate spatiotemporal variations in tumor perfusion with the extended Kety-Tofts model. The physiological parameters derived from DCE-MRI were used to model changes in delivery of therapy drugs within the tumor for incorporation in the extended model. We simulated the original model and the extended model in both 2D and 3D and compare the results for this five-patient cohort. Preliminary results show reductions in the error of model predicted tumor cellularity and size compared to the experimentally-measured results for the third MRI scan when therapy was incorporated. Comparing the two models for agreement between the predicted total cellularity and the calculated total cellularity (from the DW-MRI data) reveals an increased concordance correlation coefficient from 0.81 to 0.98 for the 2D analysis and 0.85 to 0.99 for the 3D analysis (p < 0.01 for each) when the extended model was used in place of the original model. This study demonstrates the plausibility of using DCE-MRI data as a means to estimate drug delivery on a patient-specific basis in predictive models and represents a step toward the goal of achieving individualized prediction of tumor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Jarrett
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
| | - David A. Hormuth
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
| | - Stephane L. Barnes
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
| | - Xinzeng Feng
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon USA
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA
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Roque T, Risser L, Kersemans V, Smart S, Allen D, Kinchesh P, Gilchrist S, Gomes AL, Schnabel JA, Chappell MA. A DCE-MRI Driven 3-D Reaction-Diffusion Model of Solid Tumor Growth. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 37:724-732. [PMID: 29533893 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2779811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Predicting tumor growth and its response to therapy remains a major challenge in cancer research and strongly relies on tumor growth models. In this paper, we introduce, calibrate, and verify a novel image-driven reaction-diffusion model of avascular tumor growth. The model allows for proliferation, death and spread of tumor cells, and accounts for nutrient distribution and hypoxia. It is constrained by longitudinal time series of dynamic contrast-enhancement-MRI images. Tumor specific parameters are estimated from two early time points and used to predict the spatio-temporal evolution of the tumor volume and cell densities at later time points. We first test our parameter estimation approach on synthetic data from 15 generated tumors. Our in silico study resulted in small volume errors (<5%) and high Dice overlaps (>97%), showing that model parameters can be successfully recovered and used to accurately predict the tumor growth. Encouraged by these results, we apply our model to seven pre-clinical cases of breast carcinoma. We are able to show promising preliminary results, especially for the estimation for early time points. Processes like angiogenesis and apoptosis should be included to further improve predictions for later time points.
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Tissue transport affects how treatment scheduling increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. J Theor Biol 2018; 438:21-33. [PMID: 29066114 PMCID: PMC9909584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to predict the effect of tissue transport on the scheduling of chemotherapeutic treatment could increase efficacy. Many drugs with desirable pharmacokinetic properties fail in vivo due to poor transport through tissue. To predict the effect of treatment schedule on drug efficacy we developed an in silico method that integrates diffusion through tissue and cell binding into a pharmacokinetic model. The model was evaluated with an array of theoretical drugs that had different rates of diffusivity, binding, and clearance. The efficacy of each drug, quantified as the fraction of cells killed, was calculated for twenty dosage schedules. Simulations showed that efficacy strongly depended on tissue transport, with a range of 0.00 to 99.99%, despite each drug having equal plasma areas under the curve (AUC). For most drugs, schedules that increased exposure also increased efficacy. Drugs with fast clearance benefited the most from increasing the number of doses and this was most effective for those with intermediary binding. All drugs with slow diffusivity were ineffective. For a subset of drugs, increasing the number of doses decreased efficacy. This phenomenon was unexpected because, when considering uptake into tissue, sustained plasma levels from multiple doses are generally assumed to be more effective. This counterintuitive decrease in efficacy was caused by drug retention within tumor tissue. These results established a set of rules that suggests how transport parameters affect the efficacy of drugs at different schedules. The two most predominant rules are (1) multiple doses improve efficacy for drugs with fast clearance, fast diffusivity and low to intermediate cell binding; and (2) one dose is most effective for drugs with slow clearance, slow diffusivity or strong cell binding. Understanding the role of tissue transport when determining drug treatment schedules would improve the outcome of preclinical animal experiments and early clinical trials.
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Wang J, Yeung BZ, Cui M, Peer CJ, Lu Z, Figg WD, Guillaume Wientjes M, Woo S, Au JLS. Exosome is a mechanism of intercellular drug transfer: Application of quantitative pharmacology. J Control Release 2017; 268:147-158. [PMID: 29054369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (30-100nm in diameter) secreted by cells into extracellular space. The present study evaluated the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on exosome production and/or release, and quantified the contribution of exosomes to intercellular drug transfer and pharmacodynamics. METHODS Human cancer cells (breast MCF7, breast-to-lung metastatic LM2, ovarian A2780 and OVCAR4) were treated with paclitaxel (PTX, 2-1000nM) or doxorubicin (DOX, 20-1000nM) for 24-48h. Exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of drug-treated donor cells (Donor cells) using ultra-centrifugation, and analyzed for acetylcholinesterase activity, total proteins, drug concentrations, and biological effects (cytotoxicity and anti-migration) on drug-naïve recipient cells (Recipient cells). These results were used to develop computational predictive quantitative pharmacology models. RESULTS Cells in exponential growth phase released ~220 exosomes/cell in culture medium. PTX and DOX significantly promoted exosome production and/or release in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with greater effects in ovarian cancer cells than in breast cancer cells. Exosomes isolated from Donor cells contained appreciable drug levels (2-7pmole/106 cells after 24h treatment with 100-1000nM PTX), and caused cytotoxicity and inhibited migration of Recipient cells. Quantitative pharmacology models that integrated cellular PTX pharmacokinetics with PTX pharmacodynamics successfully predicted effects of exosomes on intercellular drug transfer, cytotoxicity of PTX on Donor cells and cytotoxicity of PTX-containing exosomes on Recipient cells. Additional model simulations indicate that within clinically achievable PTX concentrations, the contribution of exosomes to active drug efflux increased with drug concentration and exceeded the p-glycoprotein efflux when the latter was saturated. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate (a) chemotherapeutic agents stimulate exosome production or release, and (b) exosome is a mechanism of intercellular drug transfer that contributes to pharmacodynamics of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Bertrand Z Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Minjian Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ze Lu
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Guillaume Wientjes
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Sukyung Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Jessie L-S Au
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Steuperaert M, Debbaut C, Segers P, Ceelen W. Modelling drug transport during intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Pleura Peritoneum 2017; 2:73-83. [PMID: 30911635 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a strong rationale for intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy, the actual use of the procedure is limited by the poor penetration depth of the drug into the tissue. Drug penetration into solid tumours is a complex mass transport process that involves multiple parameters not only related to the used cytotoxic agent but also to the tumour tissue properties and even the therapeutic setup. Mathematical modelling can provide unique insights into the different transport barriers that occur during IP chemotherapy as well as offer the possibility to test different protocols or drugs without the need for in vivo experiments. In this work, a distinction is made between three different types of model: the lumped parameter model, the distributed model and the cell-based model. For each model, we discuss which steps of the transport process are included and where assumptions are made. Finally, we focus on the advantages and main limitations of each category and discuss some future perspectives for the modelling of IP chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Steuperaert
- Biofluid, Tissue and Solid Mechanics for Medical Applications (bioMMeda), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, iMinds Medical IT Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Debbaut
- Biofluid, Tissue and Solid Mechanics for Medical Applications (bioMMeda), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, iMinds Medical IT Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Segers
- Biofluid, Tissue and Solid Mechanics for Medical Applications (bioMMeda), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, iMinds Medical IT Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Cilliers C, Guo H, Liao J, Christodolu N, Thurber GM. Multiscale Modeling of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Connecting Tissue and Cellular Distribution to Whole Animal Pharmacokinetics and Potential Implications for Efficacy. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1117-1130. [PMID: 27287046 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates exhibit complex pharmacokinetics due to their combination of macromolecular and small molecule properties. These issues range from systemic concerns, such as deconjugation of the small molecule drug during the long antibody circulation time or rapid clearance from nonspecific interactions, to local tumor tissue heterogeneity, cell bystander effects, and endosomal escape. Mathematical models can be used to study the impact of these processes on overall distribution in an efficient manner, and several types of models have been used to analyze varying aspects of antibody distribution including physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and tissue-level simulations. However, these processes are quantitative in nature and cannot be handled qualitatively in isolation. For example, free antibody from deconjugation of the small molecule will impact the distribution of conjugated antibodies within the tumor. To incorporate these effects into a unified framework, we have coupled the systemic and organ-level distribution of a PBPK model with the tissue-level detail of a distributed parameter tumor model. We used this mathematical model to analyze new experimental results on the distribution of the clinical antibody-drug conjugate Kadcyla in HER2-positive mouse xenografts. This model is able to capture the impact of the drug-antibody ratio (DAR) on tumor penetration, the net result of drug deconjugation, and the effect of using unconjugated antibody to drive ADC penetration deeper into the tumor tissue. This modeling approach will provide quantitative and mechanistic support to experimental studies trying to parse the impact of multiple mechanisms of action for these complex drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Cilliers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Hans Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Jianshan Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Nikolas Christodolu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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Wang Z, Kerketta R, Chuang YL, Dogra P, Butner JD, Brocato TA, Day A, Xu R, Shen H, Simbawa E, AL-Fhaid AS, Mahmoud SR, Curley SA, Ferrari M, Koay EJ, Cristini V. Theory and Experimental Validation of a Spatio-temporal Model of Chemotherapy Transport to Enhance Tumor Cell Kill. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004969. [PMID: 27286441 PMCID: PMC4902302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that continuously releasing drug molecules into the tumor over an extended period of time may significantly improve the chemotherapeutic efficacy by overcoming physical transport limitations of conventional bolus drug treatment. In this paper, we present a generalized space- and time-dependent mathematical model of drug transport and drug-cell interactions to quantitatively formulate this hypothesis. Model parameters describe: perfusion and tissue architecture (blood volume fraction and blood vessel radius); diffusion penetration distance of drug (i.e., a function of tissue compactness and drug uptake rates by tumor cells); and cell death rates (as function of history of drug uptake). We performed preliminary testing and validation of the mathematical model using in vivo experiments with different drug delivery methods on a breast cancer mouse model. Experimental data demonstrated a 3-fold increase in response using nano-vectored drug vs. free drug delivery, in excellent quantitative agreement with the model predictions. Our model results implicate that therapeutically targeting blood volume fraction, e.g., through vascular normalization, would achieve a better outcome due to enhanced drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Romica Kerketta
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yao-Li Chuang
- Department of Mathematics, California State University, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Prashant Dogra
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Butner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Terisse A. Brocato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Armin Day
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eman Simbawa
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. S. AL-Fhaid
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. R. Mahmoud
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven A. Curley
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eugene J. Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJK); (VC)
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (EJK); (VC)
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13
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Choi YS, Kim DW, Lee SK, Chang JH, Kang SG, Kim EH, Kim SH, Rim TH, Ahn SS. The Added Prognostic Value of Preoperative Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Histogram Analysis in Patients with Glioblastoma: Analysis of Overall and Progression-Free Survival. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:2235-41. [PMID: 26338911 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in patients with glioblastoma is controversial. We investigated the added prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging to clinical parameters and molecular biomarkers in patients with glioblastoma by using histogram analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 61 patients who underwent preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for glioblastoma. The histogram parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, including volume transfer constant, extravascular extracellular volume fraction, and plasma volume fraction, were calculated from entire enhancing tumors. Univariate analyses for overall survival and progression-free survival were performed with preoperative clinical and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters and postoperative molecular biomarkers. Multivariate Cox regression was performed to build pre- and postoperative models for overall survival and progression-free survival. The performance of models was assessed by calculating the Harrell concordance index. RESULTS In univariate analysis, patients with higher volume transfer constant and extravascular extracellular volume fraction values showed worse overall survival and progression-free survival, whereas plasma volume fraction showed no significant correlation. In multivariate analyses for overall survival, the fifth percentile value of volume transfer constant and kurtosis of extravascular extracellular volume fraction were independently prognostic in the preoperative model, and kurtosis of volume transfer constant and extravascular extracellular volume fraction were independently prognostic in the postoperative model. For progression-free survival, independent prognostic factors were minimum and fifth percentile values of volume transfer constant and kurtosis of extravascular extracellular volume fraction in the preoperative model and kurtosis of extravascular extracellular volume fraction in the postoperative model. The performance of preoperative models for progression-free survival was significantly improved when minimum or fifth percentile values of volume transfer constant and kurtosis of extravascular extracellular volume fraction were added. CONCLUSIONS Higher volume transfer constant and extravascular extracellular volume fraction values are associated with worse prognosis, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging may have added prognostic value in combination with preoperative clinical parameters, especially in predicting progression-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Choi
- From the Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science (Y.S.C., S.-K.L., S.S.A.)
| | - D W Kim
- Department of Policy Research Affairs (D.W.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - S-K Lee
- From the Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science (Y.S.C., S.-K.L., S.S.A.)
| | - J H Chang
- Neurosurgery (J.H.C., S.-G.K., E.H.K.)
| | - S-G Kang
- Neurosurgery (J.H.C., S.-G.K., E.H.K.)
| | - E H Kim
- Neurosurgery (J.H.C., S.-G.K., E.H.K.)
| | | | - T H Rim
- Ophthalmology (T.H.R.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Ahn
- From the Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science (Y.S.C., S.-K.L., S.S.A.)
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14
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Popilski H, Stepensky D. Mathematical modeling analysis of intratumoral disposition of anticancer agents and drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:767-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Nguyen TB, Cron GO, Mercier JF, Foottit C, Torres CH, Chakraborty S, Woulfe J, Jansen GH, Caudrelier JM, Sinclair J, Hogan MJ, Thornhill RE, Cameron IG. Preoperative prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI-derived contrast transfer coefficient and plasma volume in patients with cerebral gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:63-9. [PMID: 24948500 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The prognostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging-derived plasma volume obtained in tumor and the contrast transfer coefficient has not been well-established in patients with gliomas. We determined whether plasma volume and contrast transfer coefficient in tumor correlated with survival in patients with gliomas in addition to other factors such as age, type of surgery, preoperative Karnofsky score, contrast enhancement, and histopathologic grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included 46 patients with a new pathologically confirmed diagnosis of glioma. The contrast transfer coefficient and plasma volume obtained in tumor maps were calculated directly from the signal-intensity curve without T1 measurements, and values were obtained from multiple small ROIs placed within tumors. Survival curve analysis was performed by dichotomizing patients into groups of high and low contrast transfer coefficient and plasma volume. Univariate analysis was performed by using dynamic contrast-enhanced parameters and clinical factors. Factors that were significant on univariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis. RESULTS For all patients with gliomas, survival was worse for groups of patients with high contrast transfer coefficient and plasma volume obtained in tumor (P < .05). In subgroups of high- and low-grade gliomas, survival was worse for groups of patients with high contrast transfer coefficient and plasma volume obtained in tumor (P < .05). Univariate analysis showed that factors associated with lower survival were age older than 50 years, low Karnofsky score, biopsy-only versus resection, marked contrast enhancement versus no/mild enhancement, high contrast transfer coefficient, and high plasma volume obtained in tumor (P < .05). In multivariate analysis, a low Karnofsky score, biopsy versus resection in combination with marked contrast enhancement, and a high contrast transfer coefficient were associated with lower survival rates (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with glioma, those with a high contrast transfer coefficient have lower survival than those with low parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nguyen
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | - G O Cron
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | - J F Mercier
- Department of Radiology (J.F.M.), Hôpital de Hull, Gatineau, Québec, Canada
| | | | - C H Torres
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | - S Chakraborty
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | | | | | - J M Caudrelier
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | - J Sinclair
- Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery (J.S.)
| | - M J Hogan
- Medicine, Division of Neurology (M.J.H.), The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R E Thornhill
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.)
| | - I G Cameron
- From the Departments of Diagnostic Imaging (T.B.N., G.O.C., C.H.T., R.E.T., I.G.C., S.C., J.M.C.) Medical Physics (C.F., I.G.C.)
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16
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Du W, Elemento O. Cancer systems biology: embracing complexity to develop better anticancer therapeutic strategies. Oncogene 2014; 34:3215-25. [PMID: 25220419 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of normal cells into cancer cells and maintenance of the malignant state and phenotypes are associated with genetic and epigenetic deregulations, altered cellular signaling responses and aberrant interactions with the microenvironment. These alterations are constantly evolving as tumor cells face changing selective pressures induced by the cells themselves, the microenvironment and drug treatments. Tumors are also complex ecosystems where different, sometime heterogeneous, subclonal tumor populations and a variety of nontumor cells coexist in a constantly evolving manner. The interactions between molecules and between cells that arise as a result of these alterations and ecosystems are even more complex. The cancer research community is increasingly embracing this complexity and adopting a combination of systems biology methods and integrated analyses to understand and predictively model the activity of cancer cells. Systems biology approaches are helping to understand the mechanisms of tumor progression and design more effective cancer therapies. These approaches work in tandem with rapid technological advancements that enable data acquisition on a broader scale, with finer accuracy, higher dimensionality and higher throughput than ever. Using such data, computational and mathematical models help identify key deregulated functions and processes, establish predictive biomarkers and optimize therapeutic strategies. Moving forward, implementing patient-specific computational and mathematical models of cancer will significantly improve the specificity and efficacy of targeted therapy, and will accelerate the adoption of personalized and precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Du
- Laboratory of Cancer Systems Biology, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Elemento
- Laboratory of Cancer Systems Biology, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Bhatnagar S, Deschenes E, Liao J, Cilliers C, Thurber GM. Multichannel imaging to quantify four classes of pharmacokinetic distribution in tumors. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3276-86. [PMID: 25048378 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Low and heterogeneous delivery of drugs and imaging agents to tumors results in decreased efficacy and poor imaging results. Systemic delivery involves a complex interplay of drug properties and physiological factors, and heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment makes predicting and overcoming these limitations exceptionally difficult. Theoretical models have indicated that there are four different classes of pharmacokinetic behavior in tissue, depending on the fundamental steps in distribution. In order to study these limiting behaviors, we used multichannel fluorescence microscopy and stitching of high-resolution images to examine the distribution of four agents in the same tumor microenvironment. A validated generic partial differential equation model with a graphical user interface was used to select fluorescent agents exhibiting these four classes of behavior, and the imaging results agreed with predictions. BODIPY-FL exhibited higher concentrations in tissue with high blood flow, cetuximab gave perivascular distribution limited by permeability, high plasma protein and target binding resulted in diffusion-limited distribution for Hoechst 33342, and Integrisense 680 was limited by the number of binding sites in the tissue. Together, the probes and simulations can be used to investigate distribution in other tumor models, predict tumor drug distribution profiles, and design and interpret in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhatnagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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18
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Thurber GM, Reiner T, Yang KS, Kohler RH, Weissleder R. Effect of small-molecule modification on single-cell pharmacokinetics of PARP inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:986-95. [PMID: 24552776 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous delivery of drugs in tumors is an established process contributing to variability in treatment outcome. Despite the general acceptance of variable delivery, the study of the underlying causes is challenging, given the complex tumor microenvironment including intra- and intertumor heterogeneity. The difficulty in studying this distribution is even more significant for small-molecule drugs where radiolabeled compounds or mass spectrometry detection lack the spatial and temporal resolution required to quantify the kinetics of drug distribution in vivo. In this work, we take advantage of the synthesis of fluorescent drug conjugates that retain their target binding but are designed with different physiochemical and thus pharmacokinetic properties. Using these probes, we followed the drug distribution in cell culture and tumor xenografts with temporal resolution of seconds and subcellular spatial resolution. These measurements, including in vivo permeability of small-molecule drugs, can be used directly in predictive pharmacokinetic models for the design of therapeutics and companion imaging agents as demonstrated by a finite element model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Thurber
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Kasinskas RW, Venkatasubramanian R, Forbes NS. Rapid uptake of glucose and lactate, and not hypoxia, induces apoptosis in three-dimensional tumor tissue culture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:399-410. [PMID: 24503640 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of cellular metabolism in tumor tissue critically affects the treatment of cancer. However, little is known about how diffusion and cellular uptake relate to intracellular metabolism and cell death in three dimensions. To quantify these mechanisms, fluorescent microscopy and multicellular tumor cylindroids were used to measure pH and oxygen profiles, and quantify the distribution of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Spheroid dissociation, enzymatic analysis, and mass spectrometry were used to measure concentration profiles of glucose, lactate and glutamine. A mathematical model was used to integrate these measurements and calculate metabolic rate parameters. It was found that large cylindroids, >500 μm in diameter, contained apoptotic and necrotic cells, whereas small cylindroids contained apoptotic but not necrotic cells. The center of cylindroids was found to be acidic but not hypoxic. From the edge to the center, concentrations of glucose, lactate and glutamine decreased rapidly. Throughout the cell masses lactate was consumed and not produced. These measurements indicate that apoptosis was the primary mechanism of cell death; acidity was not caused by lactic acid; and cell death was caused by depletion of carbon sources and not hypoxia. The mathematical model showed that the transporter enzymes for glucose and lactate were not saturated; oxygen uptake was limited by intracellular metabolism; and oxygen uptake was not limited by membrane-transport or diffusion. Unsaturated transmembrane uptake may be the cause of both proliferative and apoptotic regimes in cancer. These results suggest that transporter enzymes are excellent targets for treating well oxygenated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Kasinskas
- N525 Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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20
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Gillies RJ, Flowers CI, Drukteinis JS, Gatenby RA. A unifying theory of carcinogenesis, and why targeted therapy doesn't work. Eur J Radiol 2013; 81 Suppl 1:S48-50. [PMID: 23083599 DOI: 10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA.
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21
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Kim M, Gillies RJ, Rejniak KA. Current advances in mathematical modeling of anti-cancer drug penetration into tumor tissues. Front Oncol 2013; 3:278. [PMID: 24303366 PMCID: PMC3831268 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of anti-cancer drugs to tumor tissues, including their interstitial transport and cellular uptake, is a complex process involving various biochemical, mechanical, and biophysical factors. Mathematical modeling provides a means through which to understand this complexity better, as well as to examine interactions between contributing components in a systematic way via computational simulations and quantitative analyses. In this review, we present the current state of mathematical modeling approaches that address phenomena related to drug delivery. We describe how various types of models were used to predict spatio-temporal distributions of drugs within the tumor tissue, to simulate different ways to overcome barriers to drug transport, or to optimize treatment schedules. Finally, we discuss how integration of mathematical modeling with experimental or clinical data can provide better tools to understand the drug delivery process, in particular to examine the specific tissue- or compound-related factors that limit drug penetration through tumors. Such tools will be important in designing new chemotherapy targets and optimal treatment strategies, as well as in developing non-invasive diagnosis to monitor treatment response and detect tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munju Kim
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
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22
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Gillies RJ, Verduzco D, Gatenby RA. Evolutionary dynamics of carcinogenesis and why targeted therapy does not work. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:487-93. [PMID: 22695393 PMCID: PMC4122506 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All malignant cancers, whether inherited or sporadic, are fundamentally governed by Darwinian dynamics. The process of carcinogenesis requires genetic instability and highly selective local microenvironments, the combination of which promotes somatic evolution. These microenvironmental forces, specifically hypoxia, acidosis and reactive oxygen species, are not only highly selective, but are also able to induce genetic instability. As a result, malignant cancers are dynamically evolving clades of cells living in distinct microhabitats that almost certainly ensure the emergence of therapy-resistant populations. Cytotoxic cancer therapies also impose intense evolutionary selection pressures on the surviving cells and thus increase the evolutionary rate. Importantly, the principles of Darwinian dynamics also embody fundamental principles that can illuminate strategies for the successful management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology and Biophysics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa FL 33602, USA.
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