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Alassaf E, Mueller A. The role of PKC in CXCL8 and CXCL10 directed prostate, breast and leukemic cancer cell migration. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173453. [PMID: 32777211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Migration of tumour cells is a fundamental process for the formation and progression of metastasis in malignant diseases. Chemokines binding to their cognate receptors induce the migration of cancer cells, however, the molecular signalling pathways involved in this process are not fully understood. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to regulate cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. In order to identify a connection between PKC and tumour progression in breast, prostate and leukaemia cells, the effect of PKC on CXCL8 or CXCL10-mediated cell migration and morphology was analysed. We tested the speed of the migrating cells, morphology, and chemotaxis incubated with different PKC isoforms inhibitors- GF109203X, staurosporine and PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor (PKCζi). We found that the migration of CXCL8-driven PC3 and MDA-MB231 cells in the presence of conventional, novel or atypical PKCs was not affected, but atypical PKCζ is crucial for THP-1 chemotaxis. The speed of CXCL10-activated PC3 and MDA-MB231 cells was significantly reduced in the presence of conventional, novel and atypical PKCζ. THP-1 chemotaxis was again affected by atypical PKCζi. On the other hand, cell area, circularity or aspect ratio were affected by staurosporine in CXCL8 or CXCL10-activated cells, demonstrating a role of PKCα in the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton regardless of the effect on the migration. Consequently, this allows the speculation that different PKC isoforms induce different outcomes in migration and actin cytoskeleton based on the chemokine receptor and/or the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enana Alassaf
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anja Mueller
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Yao Y, Wang X, Li H, Fan J, Qian X, Li H, Xu Y. Phospholipase D as a key modulator of cancer progression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:911-935. [PMID: 32073216 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) family has a ubiquitous expression in cells. PLD isoforms (PLDs) and their hydrolysate phosphatidic acid (PA) have been demonstrated to engage in multiple stages of cancer progression. Aberrant expression of PLDs, especially PLD1 and PLD2, has been detected in various cancers. Inhibition or elimination of PLDs activity has been shown to reduce tumour growth and metastasis. PLDs and PA also serve as downstream effectors of various cell-surface receptors, to trigger and regulate propagation of intracellular signals in the process of tumourigenesis and metastasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the functions of PLDs and PA in discrete stages of cancer progression, including cancer cell growth, invasion and migration, and angiogenesis, with special emphasis on the tumour-associated signalling pathways mediated by PLDs and PA and the functional importance of PLDs and PA in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingke Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Ishikawa T, Suwanai H, Shikuma J, Suzuki R, Yamanaka T, Odawara M, Inazu M. Protein kinase C promotes choline transporter‑like protein 1 function via improved cell surface expression in immortalized human hepatic cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:777-785. [PMID: 31974614 PMCID: PMC6947888 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is used to synthesize phospholipids and a lack of choline induces a number of liver-related diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study characterized the choline uptake system, at molecular and functional levels, in the immortalized human hepatic cell line, Fa2N-4, to identify the specific choline transporter involved in choline uptake. The present study also assesed whether choline deficiency or the inhibited choline uptake affected cell viability and apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA and protein expression in Fa2N-4 cells. [Methyl-3H]choline studies revealed choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system that functioned in a Na+-independent but pH-dependent manner, which was similar to CTL1. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), which is a choline uptake inhibitor, and choline deficiency inhibited cell viability, increased caspase-3 and −7 activities, and increased fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin V immunofluorescent staining indicated apoptosis. Immunofluorescent staining also revealed CTL1 and CTL2 localized in plasma and mitochondrial membranes, respectively. [Methyl-3H]choline uptake was enhanced by a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis demonstrated increased CTL1 expression on the cell membrane following PMA treatment. The results of current study indicated that extracellular choline is primarily transported via CTL1, relying on a direct H+ gradient that functions as a driving force in Fa2N-4 cells. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CTL1 and the choline uptake system are strongly associated with cell survival, and that the choline uptake system is modulated by PKC signaling via increased CTL1 expression on the cell surface. These findings provide further insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease involving choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Suwanai
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Junpei Shikuma
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masato Odawara
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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Noble AR, Hogg K, Suman R, Berney DM, Bourgoin S, Maitland NJ, Rumsby MG. Phospholipase D2 in prostate cancer: protein expression changes with Gleason score. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:1016-1026. [PMID: 31673104 PMCID: PMC6964697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) are implicated in tumorigenesis through their generation of the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid and its downstream effects. Inhibition of PLD1 blocks prostate cell growth and colony formation. Here a role for PLD2 in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is examined. METHODS PLD2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of PLD2 inhibition on PCa cell viability and cell motility were measured using MTS, colony forming and wound-healing assays. RESULTS PLD2 protein is expressed about equally in luminal and basal prostate epithelial cells. In cells from different Gleason-scored PCa tissue PLD2 protein expression is generally higher than in non-tumorigenic cells and increases in PCa tissue scored Gleason 6-8. PLD2 protein is detected in the cytosol and nucleus and had a punctate appearance. In BPH tissue stromal cells as well as basal and luminal cells express PLD2. PLD2 protein co-expresses with chromogranin A in castrate-resistant PCa tissue. PLD2 inhibition reduces PCa cell viability, colony forming ability and directional cell movement. CONCLUSIONS PLD2 expression correlates with increasing Gleason score to GS8. PLD2 inhibition has the potential to reduce PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Noble
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen Hogg
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rakesh Suman
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, local T1-58, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin G Rumsby
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Phospholipase D inhibitors reduce human prostate cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:189-199. [PMID: 29136407 PMCID: PMC5785744 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) hydrolyse cell membrane glycerophospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid, a signalling lipid, which regulates cell growth and cancer progression through effects on mTOR and PKB/Akt. PLD expression and/or activity is raised in breast, colorectal, gastric, kidney and thyroid carcinomas but its role in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is unclear. Methods: PLD1 protein expression in cultured PNT2C2, PNT1A, P4E6, LNCaP, PC3, PC3M, VCaP, 22RV1 cell lines and patient-derived PCa cells was analysed by western blotting. PLD1 protein localisation in normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tissue sections and in a PCa tissue microarray (TMA) was examined by immunohistochemistry. PLD activity in PCa tissue was assayed using an Amplex Red method. The effect of PLD inhibitors on PCa cell viability was measured using MTS and colony forming assays. Results: PLD1 protein expression was low in the luminal prostate cell lines (LNCaP, VCaP, 22RV1) compared with basal lines (PC3 and PC3M). PLD1 protein expression was elevated in BPH biopsy tissue relative to normal and PCa samples. In normal and BPH tissue, PLD1 was predominantly detected in basal cells as well in some stromal cells, rather than in luminal cells. In PCa tissue, luminal cells expressed PLD1. In a PCa TMA, the mean peroxidase intensity per DAB-stained Gleason 6 and 7 tissue section was significantly higher than in sections graded Gleason 9. In CRPC tissue, PLD1 was expressed prominently in the stromal compartment, in luminal cells in occasional glands and in an expanding population of cells that co-expressed chromogranin A and neurone-specific enolase. Levels of PLD activity in normal and PCa tissue samples were similar. A specific PLD1 inhibitor markedly reduced the survival of both prostate cell lines and patient-derived PCa cells compared with two dual PLD1/PLD2 inhibitors. Short-term exposure of PCa cells to the same specific PLD1 inhibitor significantly reduced colony formation. Conclusions: A new specific inhibitor of PLD1, which is well tolerated in mice, reduces PCa cell survival and thus has potential as a novel therapeutic agent to reduce prostate cancer progression. Increased PLD1 expression may contribute to the hyperplasia characteristic of BPH and in the progression of castrate-resistant PCa, where an expanding population of neuroendocrine-like cells express PLD1.
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Huang W, Kang XL, Cen S, Wang Y, Chen X. High-Level Expression of microRNA-21 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Prostate Cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:469-75. [PMID: 26247873 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Li Kang
- Department of Urology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Son Cen
- Department of Urology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Adolfsson PI, Bloth B, Hägg S, Svensson SP. Zinc Induces a Bell-shaped Proliferative Dose-response Effect in Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Urology 2015; 85:704.e15-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phorbol ester stimulates ethanolamine release from the metastatic basal prostate cancer cell line PC3 but not from prostate epithelial cell lines LNCaP and P4E6. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1646-56. [PMID: 25137020 PMCID: PMC4200097 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignancy alters cellular complex lipid metabolism and membrane lipid composition and turnover. Here, we investigated whether tumorigenesis in cancer-derived prostate epithelial cell lines influences protein kinase C-linked turnover of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EtnPGs) and alters the pattern of ethanolamine (Etn) metabolites released to the medium. Methods: Prostate epithelial cell lines P4E6, LNCaP and PC3 were models of prostate cancer (PCa). PNT2C2 and PNT1A were models of benign prostate epithelia. Cellular EtnPGs were labelled with [1-3H]-Etn hydrochloride. PKC was activated with phorbol ester (TPA) and inhibited with Ro31-8220 and GF109203X. D609 was used to inhibit PLD (phospholipase D). [3H]-labelled Etn metabolites were resolved by ion-exchange chromatography. Sodium oleate and mastoparan were tested as activators of PLD2. Phospholipase D activity was measured by a transphosphatidylation reaction. Cells were treated with ionomycin to raise intracellular Ca2+ levels. Results: Unstimulated cell lines release mainly Etn and glycerylphosphorylEtn (GPEtn) to the medium. Phorbol ester treatment over 3h increased Etn metabolite release from the metastatic PC3 cell line and the benign cell lines PNT2C2 and PNT1A but not from the tumour-derived cell lines P4E6 and LNCaP; this effect was blocked by Ro31-8220 and GF109203X as well as by D609, which inhibited PLD in a transphosphatidylation reaction. Only metastatic PC3 cells specifically upregulated Etn release in response to TPA treatment. Oleate and mastoparan increased GPEtn release from all cell lines at the expense of Etn. Ionomycin stimulated GPEtn release from benign PNT2C2 cells but not from cancer-derived cell lines P4E6 or PC3. Ethanolamine did not stimulate the proliferation of LNCaP or PC3 cell lines but decreased the uptake of choline (Cho). Conclusions: Only the metastatic basal PC3 cell line specifically increased the release of Etn on TPA treatment most probably by PKC activation of PLD1 and increased turnover of EtnPGs. The phosphatidic acid formed will maintain a cancer phenotype through the regulation of mTOR. Ethanolamine released from cells may reduce Cho uptake, regulating the membrane PtdEtn:PtdCho ratio and influencing the action of PtdEtn-binding proteins such as RKIP and the anti-apoptotic hPEBP4. The work highlights a difference between LNCaP cells used as a model of androgen-dependent early stage PCa and androgen-independent PC3 cells used to model later refractory stage disease.
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Richman EL, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Zeisel SH, Willett WC, Chan JM. Choline intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer: incidence and survival. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:855-63. [PMID: 22952174 PMCID: PMC3441112 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.039784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meat, milk, and eggs have been inconsistently associated with the risk of advanced prostate cancer. These foods are sources of choline-a nutrient that may affect prostate cancer progression through cell membrane function and one-carbon metabolism. No study has examined dietary choline and the risk of lethal prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether dietary choline, choline-containing compounds, and betaine (a choline metabolite) increase the risk of lethal prostate cancer. DESIGN We prospectively examined the intake of these nutrients and the risk of lethal prostate cancer among 47,896 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. In a case-only survival analysis, we examined the postdiagnostic intake of these nutrients and the risk of lethal prostate cancer among 4282 men with an initial diagnosis of nonmetastatic disease during follow-up. Diet was assessed with a validated questionnaire 6 times during 22 y of follow-up. RESULTS In the incidence analysis, we observed 695 lethal prostate cancers during 879,627 person-years. Men in the highest quintile of choline intake had a 70% increased risk of lethal prostate cancer (HR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.45; P-trend = 0.005). In the case-only survival analysis, we observed 271 lethal cases during 33,679 person-years. Postdiagnostic choline intake was not statistically significantly associated with the risk of lethal prostate cancer (HR for quintile 5 compared with quintile 1: 1.69; 95% CI: 0.93, 3.09; P-trend = 0.20). CONCLUSION Of the 47,896 men in our study population, choline intake was associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Richman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li T, Li RS, Li YH, Zhong S, Chen YY, Zhang CM, Hu MM, Shen ZJ. miR-21 as an independent biochemical recurrence predictor and potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. J Urol 2012; 187:1466-72. [PMID: 22341810 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal miRNA expression is associated with prostate cancer progression. However, the relationship between miRNA and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy is not well established. Thus, we evaluated the miRNA miR-21 as a biomarker to predict the risk of biochemical failure, and as a potential drug target for prostate cancer therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS miR-21 levels were assayed using locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization coupled with tissue microarray techniques in 169 radical prostatectomy tissue samples. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze miR-21 expression as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence. The association of miR-21 with recurrence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. miR-21 was also evaluated as a potential drug target for prostate cancer therapy. RESULTS miR-21 expression in prostate cancer tissue samples was significantly associated with pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, capsular invasion, organ confined disease, Gleason score, biochemical recurrence and patient followup. Multivariate analysis also indicated that miR-21 expression could be an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence. The 5-year recurrence-free probability for patients positive vs negative for miR-21 expression was 33.9% vs 44.5%. In vivo treatment with antagomir-21 also repressed the tumor growth of DU145 cells in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Positive miR-21 expression was associated with poor biochemical recurrence-free survival and predicted the risk of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Accordingly gene therapy using miR-21 inhibition strategies may prove useful for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18F-fluorocholine for prostate cancer imaging: a systematic review of the literature. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 15:45-55. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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