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Batista PR, de Alencar Silva A, Mikevely de Sena Bastos C, de Souza Borges A, Dias FJ, Ramon Dos Santos Pereira L, Tavares de Sousa Machado S, de Araújo Delmondes G, Kerntopf MR, Alencar de Menezes IR, Barbosa R. Vasorelaxant effect of (E,E)-farnesol in human umbilical vein ex vivo assays. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110746. [PMID: 37816450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
(E,E)-farnesol is a sesquiterpene acyclic alcohol produced by bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. The literature describes its applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and also in the pharmacological context with a vasorelaxant effect. However, its effects on human umbilical vessels remain poorly investigated. Thus, this study aims to investigate, in a new way, the vasorelaxant effect of (E,E)-farnesol in human umbilical veins (HUV) from healthy donors. Rings obtained from isolated HUV were suspended in an organ bath to record their isometric tension in different experimental sections. (E,E)-farnesol (1 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L) promoted vasorelaxant effect in venous preparations contracted by depolarization (KCl 60 mmol/L) or pharmacological agonism (5-HT 10 μmol/L), with EC50 values of 239.9 μmol/L and 424 μmol/L, respectively. In calcium-free solution, this effect was also observable. (E,E)-farnesol was able to suppress contractions evoked by CaCl2 and BaCl2 suggesting a blockade of voltage-dependent (especially L-type) calcium channels. The vasorelaxant efficacy and potency of (E,E)-farnesol were affected in the presence of tetraethylammonium (1 and 10 mmol/L), glibenclamide (10 μmol/L) and BaCl2 (1 mmol/L) indicating a possible involvement of potassium channels (BKCa, KATP and KIR) in this effect. Our data suggest that (E,E)-farnesol has a promising potential to be applicable as a vasodilator in hypertensive conditions in pregnancy that alter HUV reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Andressa de Alencar Silva
- Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60714-903, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Carla Mikevely de Sena Bastos
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Alex de Souza Borges
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Junio Dias
- Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ramon Dos Santos Pereira
- Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Sara Tavares de Sousa Machado
- Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Roseli Barbosa
- Biological Chemistry Department, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Physiopharmacology of Excitable Cells Laboratory, Pimenta Campus, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil.
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2
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Placha W, Suder P, Panek A, Bronowicka-Adamska P, Zarzycka M, Szczygieł M, Zagajewski J, Piwowar MW. The Blocking of Drug Resistance Channels by Selected Hydrophobic Statins in Chemoresistance Human Melanoma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1682. [PMID: 38136555 PMCID: PMC10741734 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of modern drugs, drug resistance in oncology remains the main factor limiting the curability of patients. This paper shows the use of a group of hydrophobic statins to inhibit drug resistance (Pgp protein). In a chemoresistance melanoma cell model, viability, necroptosis with DNA damage, the absorption of the applied pharmaceuticals, and the functional activity of the ABCB1 drug transporter after administration of docetaxel or docetaxel with a selected hydrophobic statin were studied. Taxol-resistant human melanoma cells from three stages of development were used as a model: both A375P and WM239A metastatic lines and radial growth phase WM35 cells. An animal model (Mus musculus SCID) was developed for the A375P cell line. The results show that hydrophobic statins administered with docetaxel increase the accumulation of the drug in the tumor cell a.o. by blocking the ABCB1 channel. They reduce taxol-induced drug resistance. The tumor size reduction was observed after the drug combination was administrated. It was shown that the structural similarity of statins is of secondary importance, e.g., pravastatin and simvastatin. Using cytostatics in the presence of hydrophobic statins increases their effectiveness while reducing their overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Placha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Panek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Patrycja Bronowicka-Adamska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Marta Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Małgorzata Szczygieł
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Zagajewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7b St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (P.B.-A.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Monika Weronika Piwowar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7e St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
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Prado Y, Aravena D, Llancalahuen FM, Aravena C, Eltit F, Echeverría C, Gatica S, Riedel CA, Simon F. Statins and Hemostasis: Therapeutic Potential Based on Clinical Evidence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:25-47. [PMID: 37093420 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemostasis preserves blood fluidity and prevents its loss after vessel injury. The maintenance of blood fluidity requires a delicate balance between pro-coagulant and fibrinolytic status. Endothelial cells (ECs) in the inner face of blood vessels maintain hemostasis through balancing anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic activities. Dyslipidemias are linked to hemostatic alterations. Thus, it is necessary a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms linking hemostasis with dyslipidemia. Statins are drugs that decrease cholesterol levels in the blood and are the gold standard for treating hyperlipidemias. Statins can be classified into natural and synthetic molecules, approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The classical mechanism of action of statins is by competitive inhibition of a key enzyme in the synthesis pathway of cholesterol, the HMG-CoA reductase. Statins are frequently administrated by oral ingestion and its interaction with other drugs and food supplements is associated with altered bioavailability. In this review we deeply discuss the actions of statins beyond the control of dyslipidemias, focusing on the actions in thrombotic modulation, vascular and cardiovascular-related diseases, metabolic diseases including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, we were prompted to delved deeper in the molecular mechanisms by means statins regulate coagulation acting on liver, platelets, and endothelium. Clinical evidence show that statins are effective regulators of dyslipidemia with a high impact in hemostasis regulation and its deleterious consequences. However, studies are required to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism and improving their therapeutical actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cesar Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nanomedicine and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapo, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
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Beton K, Brożek-Płuska B. Biochemistry and Nanomechanical Properties of Human Colon Cells upon Simvastatin, Lovastatin, and Mevastatin Supplementations: Raman Imaging and AFM Studies. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7088-7103. [PMID: 36083294 PMCID: PMC9511485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
One of the most important areas of medical science is
oncology,
which is responsible for both the diagnostics and treatment of cancer
diseases. Over the years, there has been an intensive development
of cancer diagnostics and treatment. This paper shows the comparison
of normal (CCD-18Co) and cancerous (CaCo-2) cell lines of the human
gastrointestinal tract on the basis of nanomechanical and biochemical
properties to obtain information on cancer biomarkers useful in oncological
diagnostics. The research techniques used were Raman spectroscopy
and imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the studies
also included the effect of the statin compounds—mevastatin,
lovastatin, and simvastatin—and their influence on biochemical
and nanomechanical changes of cell properties using Raman imaging
and AFM techniques. The cytotoxicity of statins was determined using
XTT tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Beton
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brożek-Płuska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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Arjmand MH. The association between visceral adiposity with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and risk of post-surgical adhesion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:869-874. [PMID: 32141779 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal and pelvic adhesions are common post-operative complications. Despite new medical technologies, these adhesions are appearing to be unavoidable and little is known about their causation; for example, why certain patients/or tissues are more prone to adhesions. There have been no clinical studies about increasing the risk adhesions in obese patients, but there is some evidence about the molecular mechanisms involving visceral fat (VF) that may lead to profibrotic conditions. VF is an endocrine/inflammatory organ which produces many biologically active molecules such as adipokines and inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress, and the expression some fibrotic molecules in the VF may induce pathological conditions in the abdominal cavity that predispose to the formation of fibrotic bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Seillier C, Hélie P, Petit G, Vivien D, Clemente D, Le Mauff B, Docagne F, Toutirais O. Roles of the tissue-type plasminogen activator in immune response. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104451. [PMID: 34781155 PMCID: PMC8577548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has once again
brought to the forefront the existence of a tight link between the
coagulation/fibrinolytic system and the immunologic processes.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease with a key
role in fibrinolysis by converting plasminogen into plasmin that can
finally degrade fibrin clots. tPA is released in the blood by endothelial
cells and hepatocytes but is also produced by various types of immune
cells including T cells and monocytes. Beyond its role on hemostasis, tPA
is also a potent modulator of inflammation and is involved in the
regulation of several inflammatory diseases. Here, after a brief
description of tPA structure, we review its new functions in adaptive
immunity focusing on T cells and antigen presenting cells. We intend to
synthesize the recent knowledge on proteolysis- and receptor-mediated
effects of tPA on immune response in physiological and pathological
context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Seillier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Pauline Hélie
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Gautier Petit
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France; Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (HLA), Caen University Hospital, CHU Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France; Department of Clinical Research, Caen University Hospital, CHU Caen, France
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Brigitte Le Mauff
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France; Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (HLA), Caen University Hospital, CHU Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Olivier Toutirais
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France; Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility (HLA), Caen University Hospital, CHU Caen, France.
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Yi Z, Ke J, Wang Y, Cai K. Fluvastatin protects myocardial cells in mice with acute myocardial infarction through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2095-2102. [PMID: 32104271 PMCID: PMC7027326 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective effect of fluvastatin (Flu) on myocardial cells in mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the mechanism were explored. Forty C57B/L6 mice in similar physiological status were selected and randomly divided into sham operation (Sham) group (n=10), AMI group (n=10), Flu group (n=10) and Flu + Angiotensin II (Ang II) (Ang II) group (n=10). The pathological changes in heart tissues were detected via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and apoptosis of myocardial cells was detected via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Moreover, the expression levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using relevant kits, and the expression levels of Ras homolog gene family (Rho)-associated coiled-coil protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), ROCK2, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the infarction region were determined using Western blotting. The infarction area in mice in Flu group was significantly smaller than that in AMI group. In AMI group, the level of MDA in the serum and infarction tissues was remarkably higher than that in Sham group (P<0.05), while that of SOD significantly declined (P<0.05). The level of MDA in Flu group was obviously lower than that in AMI group (P<0.05). The expression levels of Bax, NF-κB, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were obviously higher in AMI group than those in Sham group, while they were obviously lower in Flu group than those in AMI group (P<0.05). After the Rho member A (RhoA)/ROCK pathway agonist Ang II was added, the mitigation effect of Flu on myocardial apoptosis in the infarction region in AMI mice was evidently weakened. Flu mitigates AMI-induced myocardial apoptosis in mice, and the possible mechanism is that the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses activated and mediated by RhoA/ROCK are effectively inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenci Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Ke
- Department of Marine Biology, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yaoguo Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Kaijin Cai
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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Choi GJ, Park HK, Kim DS, Lee D, Kang H. Effect of statins on experimental postoperative adhesion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14754. [PMID: 30283040 PMCID: PMC6170439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is a significant concern after surgery. Many researchers studied the anti-adhesive effect of statin, of which results were inconsistent. Thus, we purposed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of statins on postoperative adhesion in an experimental study. A comprehensive search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar to identify animal studies that investigated the postoperative anti-adhesive effect of statins applied at the surgical area. Primary outcome measure was gross adhesion score. Secondary outcomes included microscopic adhesion score and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity. Totally, 298 rats from 9 animal studies (172 rats received statin therapy and 126 rats received placebo or no treatment) were included in the final analysis. The combined results showed that gross and microscopic adhesion scores were significantly lower in the statin group in comparison to the control group (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 2.28, Pchi2 < 0.001, I2 = 77.9%; SMD = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.79, Pchi2 < 0.001, I2 = 84.5%, respectively). However, there was no evidence of a difference in t-PA activity (SMD = -3.43, 95% CI: -7.95 to 1.09, Pchi2 < 0.001, I2 = 95.5%). In conclusion, statins were effective in preventing postoperative adhesion, as assessed based on gross and microscopic adhesion scores in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Joo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06911, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06911, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06911, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Pentz R, Kaun C, Thaler B, Stojkovic S, Lenz M, Krychtiuk KA, Zuckermann A, Huber K, Wojta J, Hohensinner PJ, Demyanets S. Cardioprotective cytokine interleukin-33 is up-regulated by statins in human cardiac tissue. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6122-6133. [PMID: 30216659 PMCID: PMC6237563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐33 is a member of the IL‐1 family and is able to act cardioprotective. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of IL‐33 by 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme‐A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) and bisphosphonates (BPs) in human cardiac tissue. The lipophilic fluvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and lovastatin as well as the nitrogenous BPs alendronate and ibandronate, but not hydrophilic pravastatin increased IL‐33 mRNA and intracellular IL‐33 protein levels in both human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and fibroblasts (HACF). Additionally, fluvastatin reduced soluble ST2 secretion from HACM. IL‐33 was also up‐regulated by the general inhibitor of prenylation perillic acid, a RhoA kinase inhibitor Y‐27632, and by latrunculin B, but statin‐induced IL‐33 expression was inhibited by mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and RhoA activator U‐46619. The IL‐33 promoter was 2.3‐fold more accessible in statin‐treated HACM compared to untreated cells (P = 0.037). In explanted hearts of statin‐treated patients IL‐33 protein was up‐regulated as compared with the hearts of non‐statin‐treated patients (P = 0.048). As IL‐33 was previously shown to exert cardioprotective effects, one could speculate that such up‐regulation of IL‐33 expression in human cardiac cells, which might happen mainly through protein geranylgeranylation, could be a novel mechanism contributing to known cardioprotective effects of statins and BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pentz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kaun
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Lenz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Hohensinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins reduce cholesterol synthesis and promote low-density lipoprotein clearance from circulation. Beyond their cholesterol-lowering action, statins may interfere with haemostasis. This review aims to provide an update on the impact of statin treatment on markers of haemostasis and platelet function and on thrombosis-related outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Different coagulation factors are modulated by statins, leading to inhibition of coagulation and increased fibrinolysis. Also, an impact of statins on platelet function has been documented. From a clinical perspective, several observational studies have revealed a reduced incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients receiving statins, which has been argued in some available studies and meta-analyses. Furthermore, a beneficial effect of early statin initiation following acute coronary syndrome for short-term prevention of thrombosis-related events has been documented, but the available data are still not consistent. SUMMARY Although statins influence the levels of a multitude of haemostatic factors in an antithrombotic direction, data supporting their use for venous thromboembolism prevention are not consistent, and the impact of statins on early vascular events following acute coronary syndrome is still debated. Whether the robust long-term beneficial effects of statins in reducing cardiovascular risk may be also explained by persistent changes in haemostatic factors needs further exploration.
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Imanparast F, Faramarzi MA, Paknejad M, Kobarfard F, Amani A, Doosti M. Preparation, optimization, and characterization of simvastatin nanoparticles by electrospraying: An artificial neural networks study. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Imanparast
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC); Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohmood Doosti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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12
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Lin CF, Chiou HY, Chang YH, Liu JC, Hung YN, Chuang MT, Chien LN. Risk of arteriovenous fistula failure associated with hypnotic use in hemodialysis patients: a nested case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:889-97. [PMID: 26799147 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypnotic use might cause altered inflammatory processes, which have been suggested as being related to the mechanisms of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. Therefore, we examined the association between the risk of AVF failure and hypnotic use in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. From 34 165 HD patients, 3676 patients receiving percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or surgical thrombectomy for AVF failure were matched to 14 704 control patients according to sex, age (±1 year), and the year of initial HD therapy. The risk of AVF failure was estimated based on conditional logistic regression after adjustment for the timing of AVF creation, HD frequency, comorbidities, and prescribed medications. Hypnotic use was measured prior to the date of AVF failure of case patients and the date of pseudo-AVF failure of controls. RESULTS Compared with matched controls, case patients were more likely to be exposed to hypnotics 30 days or an average daily defined dose > 0.5 within 90 days before the date of AVF failure, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.35, p < 0.001) and 1.36 (95%CI: 1.13-1.63, p = 0.001), respectively. Risk of AVF failure associated with hypnotic use was also observed among HD patients who were male, were younger than 65 years, had hypertension, and did not use statins. CONCLUSIONS Hypnotic use among HD patients was associated with an increased risk of AVF failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Feng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chang
- Pharmacy Department of Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Hung
- School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Nien Chien
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Fibrinolytic effects of peroneal nerve stimulation in patients with lower limb vascular disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2015; 27:275-80. [PMID: 26397885 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lower limb vascular disease are at an increased risk of thrombotic events. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are important components of the fibrinolytic system, responsible for clot lysis. This study aimed to establish whether peroneal nerve stimulation (PNS) could promote fibrinolysis within a cohort of vascular patients. Ethical approval was obtained for this prospective case-controlled study. Patients were randomly assigned to active stimulation or control groups. Arterial flow measurements and venous blood samples were taken bilaterally at baseline and following 45 min of PNS. ELISA analysis for plasma t-PA and PAI-1 was performed utilizing commercially available kits. Statistical analysis evaluated the changes in t-PA and PAI-1 levels from baseline for the active (device active), passive (contralateral limb) and control limbs (inactive device applied).Seventy-seven participants were recruited: 30 claudicants (25 active and five controls), 25 patients postoperative infra-inguinal bypass grafts (19 active and six controls) and 22 patients with varicose veins (17 active and five controls). t-PA levels reduced significantly in all groups; however, intergroup analysis demonstrated no statistically significant difference when comparing the active, passive and control limbs (P = 0.079). PAI-1 levels decreased by 16.2% (34.0 ng/ml, SD 52.2) in the active limbs but only 3.6% (11.4 ng/ml, SD 47.4) and 2.6% (2.7 ng/ml, SD 21.3) in the passive and control limbs, respectively (intergroup analysis P < 0.001). No relationship between changes in flow and plasma of t-PA and PAI-1 were demonstrated. Peroneal nerve stimulation may augment fibrinolysis by decreasing plasma levels of PAI-1 levels in patients with lower limb arterial and venous disease.
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14
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Stojkovic S, Kaun C, Heinz M, Krychtiuk KA, Rauscher S, Lemberger CE, de Martin R, Gröger M, Petzelbauer P, Huk I, Huber K, Wojta J, Demyanets S. Interleukin-33 induces urokinase in human endothelial cells--possible impact on angiogenesis. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:948-57. [PMID: 24702774 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) plays a pivotal role in extracellular proteolysis and is thought to be critically involved in the modulation of angiogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which is thought to act as danger signal that is released from cells after injury. IL-33 is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and previously was shown to induce angiogenesis and inflammatory activation of endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE We investigated the impact of IL-33 on u-PA in endothelial cells as a new possible function for IL-33. METHODS AND RESULTS We could demonstrate that IL-33 upregulated u-PA mRNA expression and protein production in human coronary artery and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner via interaction with its receptor ST2 and activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway but independent of autocrine IL-1-induced effects. The hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor simvastatin abrogated the IL-33-induced increase in u-PA, thus providing further evidence for pleiotropic effects of statins. IL-33 induced u-PA-dependent capillary-like tube formation and vessel sprouting. In human carotid atherosclerotic plaques (n = 16), u-PA mRNA positively correlated with IL-33 mRNA expression (r = 0.780, P < 0.001). Furthermore, IL-33 and u-PA protein were detected in endothelial cells in these samples using fluorescence immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that IL-33, representing a danger signal that is released after tissue damage, in addition to its role in the inflammatory activation of endothelial cells, is involved in u-PA-driven angiogenesis, a process that has been shown before to be linked to inflammation in various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stojkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Dobesh PP, Olsen KM. Statins role in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:31-40. [PMID: 24794878 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex disease with typically poor outcomes. While the onset of sepsis is typically infectious, the detrimental consequences follow pathogen toxin release that produces activation of numerous cytokines and a pro-inflammatory response. These same cytokines also stimulate activation of coagulation and inhibit natural fibrinolysis. Despite decades of research targeted against these pathways the development of sepsis and mortality in patients with sepsis remains high. While statins were developed for reducing cholesterol in patients with atherosclerotic disease, we now know they have a number of other properties which may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Statins have demonstrated the ability to reduce a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be detrimental in the development and progression of sepsis. Statins have also demonstrated the ability to limit the coagulation response and promote fibrinolysis in the setting of sepsis. Based on these encouraging pharmacologic properties of statins a number of trials have been conducted evaluating the impact of statins on the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Most of the trials to date have been retrospective cohort trials, with very few prospective randomized trials. While some trials fail to demonstrate a benefit of statins, most trials suggest a reduction in the development of sepsis and/or other important sepsis related outcomes. While the laboratory and early clinical experience with statins are encouraging, randomized controlled trials will be need to fully define the role of statins in the prevention and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Dobesh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6045, USA.
| | - Keith M Olsen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6045, USA.
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16
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Effects of rosuvastatin on fibrinolytic system of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348:319-23. [PMID: 24694789 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides its lipid-lowering effect, rosuvastatin has an antithrombotic effect, the exact underlying mechanism of which is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin on the fibrinolytic system, including tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) with its receptor (u-PAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in vascular endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured and divided into 7 groups: control, rosuvastatin alone (10 nM), oxLDL alone (100 mg/L), oxLDL plus rosuvastatin (0.1, 1.0 and 10 nM, respectively) and oxLDL plus rosuvastatin (10 nM) with mevalonate (100 μM). The lactate dehydrogenase activity and concentrations of t-PA, u-PA, u-PAR and PAI-1 protein in culture medium were measured, whereas the expressions of t-PA, u-PA, u-PAR and PAI-1 mRNA in endothelial cells were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS Compared with the control group, oxLDL caused a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity. It could reduce the expression of t-PA mRNA and protein (P < 0.05) and increase the expression of PAI-1 mRNA and protein (P < 0.05). Rosuvastatin could protect the endothelial cells, improve t-PA production and reduce PAI-1 production (P < 0.05), whether in unstimulated HUVEC or in HUVEC exposed to oxLDL. The effects of rosuvastatin on the fibrinolytic system could be reversed by mevalonate. No significant differences in u-PA and u-PAR production were seen among different groups. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin has protective effects on oxLDL-induced damaged human vascular endothelial cells; its antithrombotic effects may be mediated by the regulation of the fibrinolytic system.
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Yildiz MK, Okan I, Dursun N, Bas G, Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Odabasi M, Sahin M. Effect of orally administered simvastatin on prevention of postoperative adhesion in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:405-410. [PMID: 24600496 PMCID: PMC3931595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Formation of adhesions in the abdominal region appearing after abdominal pelvic surgery lead to infertility, chronic pelvic pain, intestinal obstructions, difficulty and morbidity at the following operations, and increased morbidity. The aim of our study is to examine the effectiveness of orally administered simvastatin on preventing the postoperative adhesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 male Wistar Albino rats weighing 230-250 gr were used. The rats were housed for 12 hours day and 12 hours night cycles in cages and were divided into two groups, namely study and control group. Microscopic evaluation of adhesion was assessed under 5 main topics which are the signs of inflammatory response; inflammation, activation, fibroblast activity, vascularity, presence of giant cell. Activation was scored as follows: (0) no activation, (1) while activation was accepted as present the score for other parameters was evaluated between 0 to 3 according to the increased severity. After evaluating all topics separately, the average of all scores has been assessed in both groups. RESULTS As a result of the macroscopic evaluation of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions, the percentage of adhesion in simvastatin applied group was found to be 0.8 ± 0.17. This value was calculated as 0.6 ± 0.2 in the control group. Regarding the severity of adhesion, while in the simvastatin applied group the value was found to be 9.1 ± 4, in the control group it was 6.8 ± 3. The general adhesion score was found to be 7.7 ± 4.2 in simvastatin applied group and 5.1 ± 3.7 in control group. CONCLUSION In this experimental study it was showed that orally administered simvastatin has no significant effect on preventing formation of postoperative adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kamil Yildiz
- Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa N. Training and Research HospitalTurkey
| | - Ismail Okan
- Department of General Surgery, Osmangazi University Medical FacultyTurkey
| | - Nevra Dursun
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Training and Research HospitalTurkey
| | - Gurhan Bas
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Training and Research HospitalTurkey
| | - Orhan Alimoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Medeniyet University Medical FacultyTurkey
| | - Bulent Kaya
- Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa N. Training and Research HospitalTurkey
| | - Mehmet Odabasi
- Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa N. Training and Research HospitalTurkey
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of General Surgery, Osmangazi University Medical FacultyTurkey
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Khoshneviszadeh M, Ashkani-Esfahani S, Namazi MR, Noorafshan A, Geramizadeh B, Miri R. Topical simvastatin enhances tissue regeneration in full-thickness skin wounds in rat models. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2014; 13:263-9. [PMID: 24734079 PMCID: PMC3985244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wounds and wound healing have always been one of the most important subjects that experimental researches were dedicated to. Simvastatin has been used for long as a common lipid lowering agent which was reported to have some pleiotropic effects such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation and immunomodulation. In this study we aimed to determine the effect of simvastatin on wound healing process in laboratory rats by means of stereological and histopathological analyses. 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats (220 ± 20 g) with a 1 cm(2) circular full-thickness wound on their back were divided into three groups: SS group that received a gel with 2% concentration of simvastatin; UW group that received no treatment but daily irrigation with normal saline; Base group that was treated with the gel base. Duration of the study was 12 days and at the end, wound closure rate, grade of inflammation, granulation-tissue formation, ulceration, epithelization, fibroblast proliferation, collagen-bundles synthesis, and vascularization were determined. Outcome of this study revealed that Simvastatin improves the wound healing by its anti-inflammatory and epithelization induction effect as well as statistically significant induction of fibroblast proliferation and collagen bundle synthesis which were reported by our stereological and histopathological investigations. Results of the present study demonstrated that topical Simvastatin enhances the wound healing process through affecting different aspects of tissue regeneration; however, further researches are needed to find the exact mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of this chemical agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Soheil Ashkani-Esfahani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Corresponding author:
E-mail:
| | | | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Undas A, Brummel-Ziedins KE, Mann KG. Anticoagulant effects of statins and their clinical implications. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:392-400. [PMID: 24285296 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence indicating that statins (3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) may produce several cholesterol-independent antithrombotic effects. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the interactions between statins and blood coagulation and their potential relevance to the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Anticoagulant properties of statins reported in experimental and clinical studies involve decreased tissue factor expression resulting in reduced thrombin generation and attenuation of pro-coagulant reactions catalysed by thrombin, such as fibrinogen cleavage, factor V and factor XIII activation, as well as enhanced endothelial thrombomodulin expression, resulting in increased protein C activation and factor Va inactivation. Observational studies and one randomized trial have shown reduced VTE risk in subjects receiving statins, although their findings still generate much controversy and suggest that the most potent statin rosuvastatin exerts the largest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Undas
- Anetta Undas, MD, PhD, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland, Tel.: +48 12 6143004, Fax: +48 12 4233900, E-mail:
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20
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Ni XQ, Zhu JH, Yao NH, Qian J, Yang XJ. Statins suppress glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by regulating RhoA and nuclear factor-κB activities in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:37-46. [PMID: 23479762 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible proinflammatory signaling pathways involved in statin inhibition of glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Primary rat CMECs were grown in the presence of 5.7 or 23 mmol/L glucose. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by realtime polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. A pull-down assay was performed to determine RhoA activity. IκBα protein expression was measured by Western blotting, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and its transcription activity was determined by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were both increased with high glucose concentrations, but they were significantly suppressed by simvastatin and atorvastatin treatment (P < 0.01) and the effects were reversed by mevalonate (100 μmol/L) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L) but not farnesyl pyrophosphate (10 μmol/L). Such effects were similar to those of a RhoA inhibitor, C3 exoenzyme (5 μg/mL), inhibitors of RhoA kinase (ROCK), Y-27632 (10 μmol/L) and hydroxyfasudil (10 μmol/L) and an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082 (5 μmol/L). High glucose-induced RhoA and NF-κB activations in CMECs were both significantly inhibited by statins (P < 0.01). Simvastatin and atorvastatin equally suppress high glucose-induced PAI-1 expression. These effects of statins may occur partly by regulating the RhoA/ROCK-NF-κB pathway. The multifunctional roles of statins may be particularly beneficial for patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ni
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi St 188, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
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21
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Sutherland JP, McKinley B, Eckel RH. The metabolic syndrome and inflammation. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 2:82-104. [PMID: 18370640 DOI: 10.1089/met.2004.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, with insulin resistance as a major feature. This syndrome has been variously defined, but generally consists of 3 or more of the following components: hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, and increased abdominal circumference and/or BMI at >30 kg/m(2). The WHO criteria require the presence of insulin resistance to make the diagnosis. The current review focuses particularly on the association of the MS and the proinflammatory state as well as treatment options to prevent the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Chronic inflammation is frequently associated with the MS. Inflammatory markers that have been associated with MS include hs-CRP, TNF-alpha, fibrinogen, and IL-6, among others. The link between inflammation and the MS is not fully understood. One postulated mechanism is that these cytokines are released into the circulation by adipose tissue, stimulating hepatic CRP production. The prothrombotic molecule PAI-1 is also increased in the MS. Adiponectin, produced exclusively by adipocytes, is decreased in obesity. The association of these proinflammatory and prothrombotic markers with the MS is discussed in detail. The general goals of treatment of the MS are prevention of CHD events and diabetes if not already present. The approach to treatment of those with the MS should include lifestyle changes, including weight loss and exercise as well as appropriate pharmacological therapies. Certain medications, which may be used in persons with MS, have been shown to have beneficial effects on clinical outcome and/or anti-inflammatory effects.
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Owczarek J, Jasińska-Stroschein M, Orszulak-Michalak D. Concomitant administration of different doses of simvastatin with ivabradine influence on PAI-1 and heart rate in normo- and hypercholesterolaemic rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:976519. [PMID: 22645493 PMCID: PMC3356763 DOI: 10.1100/2012/976519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivabradine is a novel heart rate lowering agent that inhibits If ionic current in the sinus node and demonstrates antiischaemic and antianginal activity. The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect its dose-dependent drug-drug interaction with simvastatin inhibitor HMGCo-A has on PAI-1 blood level, heart rate and blood pressure. The experiments were performed in hyper- and normocholesterolemic Wistar rats receiving simvastatin (1 and 20 mg × kg−1 bw) with ivabradine (10 mg × kg−1 bw) during a 4-week period. Ivabradine exacerbated the decrease of PAI-1 in normocholesterolemic animals receiving simvastatin at a dose of 1 mg/kg bw and was not observed to have any significant influence on the PAI-1 values in rats receiving 20 mg × kg−1 bw simvastatin. Ivabradine, coadministered with simvastatin given at a dose of 20 mg × kg−1 bw, significantly slowed the heart rate in normocholesterolaemic and hypercholesterolaemic groups as compared to the group receiving ivabradine alone. Conclusion. The administration of ivabradine to normocholesterolaemic and hypercholesterolaemic rats receiving simvastatin significantly exacerbated the slowing of heart rate with no effect on blood pressure. The administration of ivabradine has been shown to demonstrate different effects on PAI-1 values depending on lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Owczarek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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23
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Aoki C, Nakano A, Tanaka S, Yanagi K, Ohta S, Jojima T, Kasai K, Takekawa H, Hirata K, Hattori Y. Fluvastatin upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity via enhancement of its phosphorylation and expression and via an increase in tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular endothelial cells. Int J Cardiol 2012; 156:55-61. [PMID: 21093076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, appears to act directly on the blood vessel wall to stabilize plaques in situ, agents that share this property have been termed vascular statins. METHODS We investigated the effects of fluvastatin on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and expression, as well as terahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolism, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). RESULTS Fluvastatin was observed to enhance eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177 and Ser-633 through the PI3-kinase/Akt and PKA pathways, respectively. Inhibition of eNOS phosphorylation using inhibitors of these pathways attenuated acute NO release in response to fluvastatin. The mRNA of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the first step of de novo BH4 synthesis, as well as eNOS, was upregulated in HUVEC treated with fluvastatin. In parallel with this observation, fluvastatin increased intracellular BH4. Pre-treatment of HUVEC with the selective GTPCH inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, reduced intracellular BH4 and decreased citrulline formation following stimulation with ionomycin. Furthermore, the potentiating effect of fluvastatin was reduced by limiting the cellular availability of BH4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that fluvastatin phosphorylates and activates eNOS, and increases eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells. In addition to modulating eNOS, fluvastatin potentiates GTPCH gene expression and BH4 synthesis, thereby increasing NO production and preventing relative shortages of BH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Aoki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Abstract
Sepsis is a common intensive care unit event occurring in approximately 750 000 patients annually, with a case mortality rate approaching 50%. Sepsis is characterized by a chaotic and excessive release of inflammatory cytokines and procoagulants including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, platelet-activating factor, and tissue factor. Efforts to inhibit individual cytokines in order to modify poor outcomes have been generally disappointing, suggesting the need to target multiple inflammatory mediators to obtain clinical benefit. Statins lower lipids by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which in turn inhibits the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition to lowering total cholesterol, statins have pleiotropic effects on inflammation and immunity. Instead of impacting a single entity in the sepsis syndrome, statins may have positive effects on multiple inflammatory, immunomodulating, and coagulation targets involved in the development of infection and sepsis. There have been a number of institutional- and population-based studies that have evaluated the impact of statins in patients with infection and sepsis. Most of these studies, but not all, have demonstrated a number of positive outcomes in patients with statins, including reduction in mortality. Based on these data, statins are a promising therapy in the management of patients with sepsis and warrant larger and more rigorous clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Dobesh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Demyanets S, Huber K, Wojta J. Vascular effects of glycoprotein130 ligands--part II: biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:29-40. [PMID: 22245786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein130 (gp130) ligands are defined by the use of the common receptor subunit gp130 and comprise interleukin (IL)-6, oncostatin M (OSM), IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), IL-27 and neuropoietin (NP). In part I of this review we addressed the pathophysiological functions of gp130 ligands with respect to the vascular wall. In part II of this review on the vascular effects of gp130 ligands we will discuss data about possible use of these molecules as biomarkers to predict development or progression of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the possibility to modulate circulating levels of gp130 ligands or their tissue expression by specific antibodies, soluble gp130 protein, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS) inhibitors, statins, agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), hormone replacement therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or lifestyle modulating strategies are presented. Recent knowledge about the application of recombinant cytokines from the gp130 cytokine family as therapeutic agents in obesity or atherosclerosis is also summarized. Thus the purpose of this review is to cover a possible usefulness of gp130 ligands as biomarkers and targets for therapy in cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ostadal P. Statins as first-line therapy for acute coronary syndrome? Exp Clin Cardiol 2012; 17:227-236. [PMID: 23592942 PMCID: PMC3627281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has repeatedly been shown that statins decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with atherosclerosis, thus supporting their use for the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Different pathological pathways that are triggered in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), such as endothelial dysfunction, activation of inflammatory and coagulation cascades, and thrombus formation, are known to be inhibited by statins, thereby justifying the use of these agents in patients with ACS. Several recent prospective controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and, in some cases, the efficacy of statins when administered early after ACS. An increasing number of publications have reported, however, that statins may confer a beneficial effect not only in early secondary prevention, but also in the direct treatment of ACS (ie, when statins are administered as first-line treatment in clinically unstable patients). This therapeutic option is supported by the following: numerous experimental studies demonstrating a protective effect of statins under conditions of acute ischemia; analysis of different registries and trials, which has demonstrated a more favourable prognosis for statin-treated patients at the time of acute myocardial ischemia; and small clinical trials reporting a lower periprocedural infarction rate during coronary intervention or lower levels of several prognostic biomarkers, in addition to a lower incidence of cardiovascular events associated with statin therapy. Nevertheless, confirmation of this hypothesis in large prospective controlled clinical trials will be necessary before the implementation of statins as first-line therapy in unstable patients with ACS, irrespective of blood cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ostadal
- Correspondence: Petr Ostadal, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Cardiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, Prague, Czech Republic. Telephone 420-603-857-584, e-mail
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Does statin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke improve outcome after intravenous thrombolysis? A retrospective study. J Neurol Sci 2011; 308:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Simvastatin re-couples dysfunctional endothelial nitric oxide synthase in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17062. [PMID: 21373645 PMCID: PMC3044158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function has been linked to secondary complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We previously found that there is increased eNOS function after SAH but that it is uncoupled, leading to secondary complications such as vasospasm, microthromboembolism and neuronal apoptosis. Here we test the hypothesis that recoupling eNOS with simvastatin can prevent these complications. SAH was created in mice that were treated with vehicle or simvastatin starting 2 weeks before or 30 minutes after SAH. SAH increased phosphorylated eNOS which was prevented by pre- or post-treatment with simvastatin. Simvastatin pre-treatment also prevented the increase in eNOS monomer formation that was associated with SAH, decreased superoxide anion radical production and increased NO. These changes were associated with decreased vasospasm, microthromboemboli and neuronal injury. The data suggest that simvastatin re-couples eNOS after SAH, leading to decreased secondary complications such as vasospasm, microthromboemboli and neuronal injury.
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Moulakakis K, Matoussevitch V, Borgonio A, Gawenda M, Brunkwall J. Evidence that Statins Protect Renal Function During Endovascular Repair of AAAs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:608-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walter T, Szabo S, Suselbeck T, Borggrefe M, Lang S, Swoboda S, Hoffmeister HM, Dempfle CE. Effect of Atorvastatin on Haemostasis, Fibrinolysis and Inflammation in Normocholesterolaemic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Drug Investig 2010; 30:453-60. [DOI: 10.2165/11536270-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pisoni R, Barker-Finkel J, Allo M. Statin therapy is not associated with improved vascular access outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5:1447-50. [PMID: 20507962 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02740310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neointimal hyperplasia is the major cause of vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. Statins reduce neointimal hyperplasia in experimental models, which may reduce access failure. The study presented here evaluated whether vascular access outcomes are superior in patients receiving statin therapy than in those not on statins. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A prospective computerized vascular access database was retrospectively queried to determine the access outcomes of 601 patients receiving an upper-arm fistula or graft at a single large dialysis center. RESULTS Primary fistula failure was observed in 37% of patients on statin therapy versus 38% not on statin therapy. Primary graft failure occurred in 20% of patients on statin therapy versus 14% not on statin therapy. A multiple variable logistic regression analysis including statin use, diabetes, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, sex, and age found that only sex predicted primary fistula failure and graft failure. After excluding primary failures, cumulative fistula survival was similar for patients with or without statin therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76 to 2.16). Likewise, cumulative graft survival was similar for statin therapy versus no statin therapy (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.32). Using a multivariable survival analysis model to predict cumulative fistula survival, only age predicted fistula failure (HR 1.21 per decade; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44). None of the variables in this model predicted cumulative graft survival. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy is not associated with improved fistula or graft outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pisoni
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Ezetimibe therapy and its influence on oxidative stress and fibrinolytic activity. South Med J 2010; 103:428-33. [PMID: 20375933 DOI: 10.1097/smj.0b013e3181d83374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of ezetimibe on blood lipids, oxidative stress, and fibrinolytic activity in hyperlipidemic patients was investigated after three months of therapy. METHODS Thirty hyperlipidemic patients were treated for twelve weeks with ezetimibe 10 mg/day. A healthy control group with matching age and gender was also included. Fasting blood glucose, lipid parameters, paraoxonase (PON1), protein carbonyl (PCO), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), 8-isoprostane (ISOPR), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and PAI-1/t-PA levels were evaluated. RESULTS Ezetimibe therapy for twelve weeks led to changes in lipid profile in accordance with the literature. Fibrinolytic activity parameters, PAI-1/tPA and tPA-1 decreased, whereas PAI-1 levels did not change significantly. Antioxidant parameters, serum PON1 activity, and TAC levels increased significantly compared with the basal values. Oxidant parameters, oxLDL, ISOPR, and PCO (which is an indicator of oxidative protein damage) decreased significantly after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Ezetimibe therapy has beneficial effects on fibrinolytic activity and homeostasis between oxidant and antioxidant activity in hyperlipidemic patients This may be through lowering lipid levels or other mechanisms such as decreasing insulin resistance and the pleiotropic effects of the drug.
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Schäfer R, Krenn K, Gmeiner M, Abraham D, Aharinejad S. Persistent plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene expression in cardiac transplant recipients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:1644-51. [PMID: 20392463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is the primary regulator of urokinase plasminogen activator and tissue plasminogen activator. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is essential in the control of the thrombotic/fibrinolytic balance and is a marker of endothelial cell injury. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is reportedly associated with endothelial cell dysfunction. Whether endothelial cell damage plays a role in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after cardiac transplantation remains unknown. METHODS In this study explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as control myocardial tissue, were investigated for expression of urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 2. Furthermore, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression was examined in endomyocardial biopsy specimens and sera of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and those with dilated cardiomyopathy during the first posttransplantation year. The effect of the patient's serum on endothelial cells was assessed in vitro to examine the role of circulating endothelial cell damage-related factors. RESULTS Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression was upregulated in ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy myocardial tissue versus that seen in control tissue. After transplantation, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression returned to control levels in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression increased at 24 weeks after transplantation in both biopsy specimens and sera versus that seen in control tissue. Sera of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, but not that of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor A-induced proliferation of endothelial cells, although downstream target gene activation of early growth response factor 1 and NGFI-A binding protein 2 was not affected. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest for the first time that the endothelial cell damage-related process recurs in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after transplantation, which, independently of vascular endothelial growth factor, is associated with increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression, and that this pathology might play a role in allograft remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Schäfer
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Nakamura K, Sasaki T, Cheng XW, Kuzuya M. A response to the letter regarding the pleiotropic effects of fluvastatin on acute inflammatory response and the role of MMP-9 in plaque destabilization and intraplaque hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:351-2; author reply 353-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Update on statin-mediated anti-inflammatory activities in atherosclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:127-42. [PMID: 19415282 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory activities of statins in atherosclerosis have been well documented by both basic research and clinical studies. Statins have been introduced in the 1980s as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors to block cholesterol synthesis and lower cholesterol serum levels. In the last three decades, statins have been shown to possess several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities resulting in the beneficial reduction of atherosclerotic processes and cardiovascular risk in both humans and animal models. Inflammatory intracellular pathways involving kinase phosphorylation and protein prenylation are modulated by statins. The same intracellular mechanisms might also cause statin-induced myotoxicity. In the present review, we will update evidence on statin-mediated regulation of inflammatory pathways in atherogenesis.
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Meier N, Nedeltchev K, Brekenfeld C, Galimanis A, Fischer U, Findling O, Remonda L, Schroth G, Mattle HP, Arnold M. Prior statin use, intracranial hemorrhage, and outcome after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009; 40:1729-37. [PMID: 19265056 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.532473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There are only limited data on whether prior statin use and/or cholesterol levels are associated with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and outcome after intra-arterial thrombolysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of statin pretreatment and cholesterol levels with the overall frequency of ICH, the frequency of symptomatic ICH, and clinical outcome at 3 months. METHODS We analyzed 311 consecutive patients (mean age, 63 years; 43% women) who received intra-arterial thrombolysis. RESULTS Statin pretreatment was present in 18%. The frequency of any ICH was 20.6% and of symptomatic ICH 4.8%. Patients with any ICH were more often taking statins (30% versus 15%, P=0.005), more often had atrial fibrillation (45% versus 30%, P=0.016), had more severe strokes (mean National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score 16.5 versus 14.7, P=0.022), and less often good collaterals (16% versus 24%, P=0.001). Patients with symptomatic ICH were more often taking statins (40% versus 15%, P=0.009) and had less often good collaterals (0% versus 24%, P<0.001). Any ICH or symptomatic ICH were not associated with cholesterol levels. After multivariate analysis, the frequency of any ICH remained independently associated with previous statin use (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.53 to 6.39; P=0.004), atrial fibrillation (OR, 2.5; CI, 1.35 to 4.75; P=0.004), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (OR, 1.1; CI, 1.00 to 1.10; P=0.037), and worse collaterals (OR, 1.7; CI, 1.19 to 2.42; P=0.004). There was no association of outcome with prior statin use, total cholesterol level, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. CONCLUSIONS Prior statin use, but not cholesterol levels on admission, is associated with a higher frequency of any ICH after intra-arterial thrombolysis without impact on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus Meier
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jarai R, Kaun C, Weiss TW, Speidl WS, Rychli K, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Human cardiac fibroblasts express B-type natriuretic peptide: fluvastatin ameliorates its up-regulation by interleukin-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4415-21. [PMID: 19228263 PMCID: PMC4515057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone, which plays a major role in body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis. Produced by cardiac ventricles, its expression is highly regulated by various mediators. Canine cardiac fibroblasts have been identified as a source of BNP. Cardiac fibroblasts are key regulators of myocardial structure and function. We treated cultured human adult cardiac fibroblasts (HACF) with 2000 U/ml tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 200 U/ml interleukin-1α (IL-1α) or 50 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the presence or absence of 500 nM fluvastatin. N-terminal pro-BNP (Nt-proBNP) concentration was determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. RealTime polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was performed to investigate changes in BNP mRNA expression. Nt-proBNP peptide was present in the conditioned media of HACF and incubation with fluvastatin significantly reduced Nt-proBNP peptide levels. Treatment of HACF with TNF-α, IL-1α or TGF-β significantly increased Nt-proBNP levels compared with untreated cells. This effect was completely abolished in the presence of fluvastatin. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed these changes at the level of mRNA expression. Our data suggest that cardiac fibroblasts are a potential source of BNP in the human heart. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, associated with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, seem to be major inducers of BNP production in cardiac fibroblasts. This effect can be reverted by a statin. Based on our data, we speculate that elevated plasma BNP levels might not only reflect increased myocardial stretch but also inflammatory and remodelling processes. A possible benefit of statin-induced reduction in BNP production requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Jarai
- Department of Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria
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Righetti M, Ferrario G, Serbelloni P, Milani S, Tommasi A. Some old drugs improve late primary patency rate of native arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Ann Vasc Surg 2008; 23:491-7. [PMID: 18973987 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular access failure causes 20% of all hospitalizations of dialysis patients. Native arteriovenous fistulas, the best type of dialysis vascular access, have a 1-year primary patency rate that is extremely variable, ranging 40-80%. Neointimal hyperplasia is the most important cause of arteriovenous fistula late primary dysfunction. In recent years the arteriovenous fistula late primary patency rate has not improved because of the increase of old uremic patients with a high number of comorbidities and the lack of new therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we performed a long-term case-control study to analyze which factors or drugs may affect native arteriovenous fistula late primary patency rate in 60 incident hemodialysis patients. The arteriovenous fistula late primary patency rate was 75.1% after 12 months, 58.5% after 24 months, and 50% after 987 days. Homocysteine levels during follow-up had a significant direct association with vascular access failure (event vs. event-free 28.5+/-1.9 vs. 22.3+/-1.2 micromol/L, p<0.01). Folate values had a trend toward an inverse relationship with arteriovenous fistula failure (event vs. event-free 11.5+/-1.2 vs. 14.6 vs. 1.1 ng/mL, p=0.06). Patients treated with folic acid and/or statin had an arteriovenous fistula late primary patency rate significantly higher than patients without folic acid and statin therapy, respectively, 81.7% vs. 66% after 1 year and 71.5% vs. 39.1% after 2 years (p=0.02). Many other factors were not associated with vascular access failure. Statin and homocysteine-lowering folic acid therapy is associated with prolonged arteriovenous fistula survival. It is important to perform randomized trials to verify our observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Righetti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Vimercate Hospital, Vimercate 20059, Italy.
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Boerma M, Fu Q, Wang J, Loose DS, Bartolozzi A, Ellis JL, McGonigle S, Paradise E, Sweetnam P, Fink LM, Vozenin-Brotons MC, Hauer-Jensen M. Comparative gene expression profiling in three primary human cell lines after treatment with a novel inhibitor of Rho kinase or atorvastatin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19:709-18. [PMID: 18832915 PMCID: PMC2713681 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32830b2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK) are a relatively new class of drugs with potential benefits in oncology, neurology, and fibrotic and cardiovascular diseases. ROCK inhibitors modulate many cellular functions, some of which are similar to the pleiotropic effects of statins, suggesting additive or synergistic properties. Studies to date have used compounds that inhibit both isoforms of ROCK, ROCK1 and ROCK2. This study was designed to compare gene expression profiles of atorvastatin with the newly developed ROCK2 inhibitor SLx-2119 in primary cultures of normal human endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Cells were treated with each compound for 24 h, after which total RNA was isolated and genome-wide gene-expression profiles were obtained with Illumina arrays. Because of the known effect of statins on the actin cytoskeleton and on connective tissue growth factor, a prominent growth factor involved in tissue fibrosis, the effects of SLx-2119 and atorvastatin on the actin cytoskeleton and connective tissue growth factor mRNA were also examined in cultures of smooth muscle cells with a fibrotic phenotype, isolated from biopsies of human intestine with radiation-induced fibrosis. Although SLx-2119 and atorvastatin affected expression of genes belonging to the same biological processes, individual genes were mostly different, consistent with synergistic or additive properties. Both SLx-2119 and atorvastatin reduced connective tissue growth factor mRNA and remodeled the actin cytoskeleton in fibrosis-derived smooth muscle cells, suggesting that both compounds have antifibrotic properties. These results form the basis for further studies to assess the possible therapeutic benefit of combined treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Boerma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Katsaros KM, Kastl SP, Huber K, Zorn G, Maurer G, Glogar D, Wojta J, Christ G, Speidl WS. Clopidogrel pretreatment abolishes increase of PAI-1 after coronary stent implantation. Thromb Res 2008; 123:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu L, Zhao SP, Zhou HN, Li QZ, Li JX. Effect of fluvastatin and valsartan, alone and in combination, on postprandial vascular inflammation and fibrinolytic activity in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:50-5. [PMID: 17666915 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31805751d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is associated with a series of atherogenic abnormalities, including a prothrombotic state and inflammation. Hypertensive patients have exaggerated postprandial triglyceride response. The benefit of combined treatment of statin and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) has been demonstrated in diabetic patients. The aim of this investigation was to explore the effect of a statin, fluvastatin, and the ARB valsartan, alone and in combination, on fibrinolytic activity and inflammation after a high-fat meal in patients with essential hypertension (EHP). A total of 53 EHP patients were studied. The concentrations of plasma lipid profiles, soluble P-selectin, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) antigens were measured in fasting state and at 4 hours after a single high-fat meal (800 calories; 50 g fat). Patients randomly accepted placebo, fluvastatin 40 mg/day, valsartan 80 mg/day, or both for 1 week. Then a high-fat meal and assay of plasma samples were repeated. The postprandial plasma triglyceride, soluble P-selectin, PAI-1, and t-PA antigen concentrations significantly increased after a high-fat meal. Postprandial plasma concentration of triglyceride was significantly correlated with that of soluble P-selectin and PAI-1 antigen, respectively (P<0.001). The postprandial increase in plasma P-selectin, PAI-1, and t-PA antigen levels was attenuated by 1-week fluvastatin-alone and valsartan-alone treatments; their combination is more effective on both fasting and postprandial P-selectin, plasma PAI-1, and t-PA antigen levels. The improvement of these plasma variables was not significantly related to the changes of plasma lipids and blood pressure. In conclusion, postprandial hypertriglyceridemia induces postprandial fibrinolytic dysfunction and vascular inflammation in patients with essential hypertension after a high-fat meal. Short-term combined treatment with fluvastatin and valsartan more effectively inhibits this postprandial atherogenic change in plasma than monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, PR China.
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Kosmidou I, Moore JP, Weber M, Searles CD. Statin treatment and 3' polyadenylation of eNOS mRNA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2642-9. [PMID: 17916773 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.154492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins have been shown to increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression via enhanced mRNA stability. Because the poly(A) tail is an important determinant of transcript stability, we sought to characterize the effect of statins on eNOS mRNA 3' polyadenylation. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial cells treated with statins had a time- and dose-dependent increase in eNOS transcripts with long poly(A) tails (75 to 160 adenosines). This effect was dependent on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenxyme A (CoA) reductase inhibition and was observed with both lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic (rosuvastatin) statins. In mRNA stability assays, polyadenylated eNOS transcripts from statin-treated cells were 2- to 3-fold more stable than transcripts from untreated cells. The effect of statins on eNOS polyadenylation was related to cytoskeleton organization; there was increased eNOS mRNA polyadenylation after Rho inhibition and cytochalasin D treatment. Further, we found increased phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II in statin-treated cells, suggesting that statin-induced polyadenylation involved modulation of RNA polymerase II activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide insight into a mechanism by which statins enhance eNOS mRNA stability and increase eNOS protein: statins increase eNOS mRNA polyadenylation through Rho-mediated changes in the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kosmidou
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr, WMB 319, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Demyanets S, Kaun C, Rychli K, Rega G, Pfaffenberger S, Afonyushkin T, Bochkov VN, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. The inflammatory cytokine oncostatin M induces PAI-1 in human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro via PI 3-kinase and ERK1/2-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1962-8. [PMID: 17604327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01366.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the fibrinolytic system and in the modulation of extracellular proteolysis. Increased PAI-1 was found in atherosclerotic lesions, and high PAI-1 plasma levels were associated with coronary heart disease. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are a major source of PAI-1 within the vascular wall, and PAI-1 was implicated in SMC migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. We treated human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC) and human aortic SMC (HASMC) with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) ligands cardiotrophin-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or oncostatin M (OSM). Only OSM increased PAI-1 antigen and activity production significantly in these cells up to 20-fold. OSM upregulated mRNA specific for PAI-1 up to 4.5-fold in these cells. HCASMC and HASMC express gp130, OSM receptor, IL-6 receptor, and LIF receptor. OSM induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt phosphorylations in HASMC. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor and a mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor reduced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, respectively, and abolished OSM-induced PAI-1 upregulation. A janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitor, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, or c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor I did not inhibit the OSM-dependent PAI-1 induction. OSM enhanced proliferation of both HCASMC and HASMC by 77 and 90%, respectively. We hypothesize that, if the effect of OSM on PAI-1 expression in smooth muscle cells is operative in vivo, it could, via modulation of fibrinolysis and extracellular proteolysis, be involved in the development of vascular pathologies such as plaque progression, destabilization and subsequent thrombus formation, and restenosis and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Dulak J, Loboda A, Jazwa A, Zagorska A, Dörler J, Alber H, Dichtl W, Weidinger F, Frick M, Jozkowicz A. Atorvastatin affects several angiogenic mediators in human endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:233-41. [PMID: 16410222 PMCID: PMC1398052 DOI: 10.1080/10623320500476559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, have been recently extended to the modulation of angiogenesis. Here, to get more insight into the statins action, the authors have investigated the effect of atorvastatin on the expression of several angiogenic and inflammatory genes in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Atorvastatin was proangiogenic at the dose of 10 nM, and antiangiogenic at the concentrations of 1 to 10 micro M. Moreover, these higher concentrations inhibited also the proliferation of HUVECs induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Lower doses of atorvastatin did not influence endothelial cell proliferation. Importantly, atorvastatin at the micromolar concentrations diminished the production of interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory and proangiogenic chemokine, and inhibited the synthesis of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a potent proinflammatory mediator. However, it decreased also the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), the inhibitors of angiogenesis. Atorvastatin stimulated the expression of angiopoietin (Ang)-2 and moderately enhanced the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), whereas heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was not significantly affected. In conclusion, the present findings points to other angiogenesis-related effects of atorvastatin, which may be of relevance to the beneficial influence of statins in cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Wei J, Ma C, Wang X. Simvastatin inhibits tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression of glomerular mesangial cells in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Biomed Res 2006; 27:149-55. [PMID: 16971767 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.27.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and/or expression are upregulated in hypercholesterolemia. Despite extensive research on anti-thrombotic effect of statins, little is known about their effects on TF and PAI-1 expression in glomerular mesangial cells under hypercholesterolemic condition. Male rabbits were fed on either normal or high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Then cholesterol-fed rabbits were randomly assigned to simvastatin or starch. At the end of 12 weeks, glomerular mesangial cells were collected. The concentrations of TF and PAI-1 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. The plasma activities of TF and PAI-1 were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chromogenic substrate method, respectively. The atherogenic diet caused a consistent increase in serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and serum triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.05), increased TF and PAI-1 mRNA expression in glomerular mesangial cells and plasma activities as compared to the normal diet (p < 0.01). Four-week simvastatin treatment resulted in significant decrease of mesangial TF and PAI-1 mRNA (p < 0.01), and also of the plasma activities of TF (p < 0.05) and PAI-1 (p < 0.01). These results suggest that simvastatin might protect kidney from the formation of microthrombus under hypercholesterolemic condition and might be a possible pathogenesis of obesity-related glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Ushiroyama T, Nosaka S, Ueki M. Short-term effects of low-dose atorvastatin on inflammatory status and lipid profiles in perimenopausal hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic women. Int J Cardiol 2006; 113:66-75. [PMID: 16356567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The short-term and small-dose pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin and influence on sex steroid production were investigated in 35 premenopausal and 71 postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic women, as well as the temporal differences in these pleiotropic effects. Atorvastatin (10 mg daily) was given for 6 months and fasting lipid concentrations, high sensitive CRP, and coagulo-fibrinolytic parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of therapy. Atorvastatin reduced the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, remnant-like particle lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 3 and 6 months in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Atorvastatin decreased significantly high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (-47.6% and -58.0%, P<0.01) and tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ratio (-31.8% and -40.0%, P<0.001) after 6 months in pre- and postmenopausal women. There was no correlation between the pleiotropic effects and the improvement in the lipid profile. Furthermore, atorvastatin has no influence on sex steroid production in both pre- and postmenopausal period. The results indicate some short-term pleiotropic effects of small-dose atorvastatin therapy without influence of endocrinological status, which may be important with respect to the early benefits of statin therapy in the perimenopausal hyperlipidemic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Ushiroyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan.
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Ben-Tal Cohen E, Hohensinner PJ, Kaun C, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Statins decrease TNF-alpha-induced osteoprotegerin production by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:77-83. [PMID: 17070781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have implicated osteoprotegerin (OPG) in cardiovascular disease processes. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells produce OPG and its expression in these cells is upregulated by inflammatory mediators. Statins, which besides their lipid lowering properties have various vasculoprotective effects, have been shown to regulate OPG expression in osteoblasts. We investigated whether statins affect the expression of OPG in human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Using an ELISA we could demonstrate that statins reduce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced OPG production in cultured human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Atorvastatin also downregulated interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha)-induced OPG production in endothelial cells. A significant reduction of TNF-alpha-induced OPG was seen when statins were used in the nanomolar range. These results were confirmed at the level of specific mRNA expression by real-time-PCR. Using LDH leakage as a marker of cell damage we show that cell viability was not affected by statins at concentrations used in our study. The effect of statins on TNF-alpha-induced OPG production was reversed by mevalonate and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate at the level of protein production and at the level of mRNA expression, suggesting that it was brought about by inhibition of the mevalonic acid pathway and protein prenylation. Through our results we have added OPG to the list of molecules whose TNF-alpha-induced upregulation is counteracted by statins. If such an effect is also operative in the in vivo setting, one could postulate a role for statins in the modulation of cardiovascular disease processes possibly regulated by OPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ben-Tal Cohen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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