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Fan CS, Chu YS, Hsu JW, Chan YC, Wu CL, Chang CH. Cyclosporin A Inhibits the Activation of Membrane-Bound Guanylate Cyclase GC-A of Atrial Natriuretic Factor <i>via</i> NAD(P)H Oxidase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:791-795. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-San Fan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Ying-Shan Chu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Jhih-Wen Hsu
- Renal Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Ya-Chi Chan
- Renal Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital
| | - Chung-Ho Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes
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2
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Vitamin E inhibits cyclosporin A-induced CTGF and TIMP-1 expression by repressing ROS-mediated activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in rat liver. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:493-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Eberhardt W, Nasrullah U, Pfeilschifter J. Activation of renal profibrotic TGFβ controlled signaling cascades by calcineurin and mTOR inhibitors. Cell Signal 2018; 52:1-11. [PMID: 30145216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus represent potent immunosuppressive agents frequently used for solid organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Despite of their immense therapeutic benefits, residual fibrosis mainly in the kidney represents a common side effect of long-term therapy with CNI. Regardless of the immunosuppressive action, an increasing body of evidence implicates that a drug-induced increase in TGFβ and subsequent activation of TGFβ-initiated signaling pathways is closely associated with the development and progression of CNI-induced nephropathy. Mechanistically, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to drug-induced changes in the intracellular redox homeostasis functions as an important trigger of the profibrotic signaling cascades activated under therapy with CNI. Although, inhibitors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase have firmly been established as alternative compounds with a lower nephrotoxic potential, an activation of fibrogenic signaling cascades has been reported for these drugs as well. This review will comprehensively summarize recent advances in the understanding of profibrotic signaling events modulated by these widely used compounds with a specific focus put on mechanisms occurring independent of their respective immunosuppressive action. Herein, the impact of redox modulation, the activation of canonical TGFβ and non-Smad pathways and modulation of autophagy by both classes of immunosuppressive drugs will be highlighted and discussed in a broader perspective. The comprehensive knowledge of profibrotic signaling events specifically accompanying the immunomodulatory activity of these widely used drugs is needed for a reliable benefit-risk assessment under therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum und Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Usman Nasrullah
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum und Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum und Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ciarcia R, Damiano S, Florio A, Spagnuolo M, Zacchia E, Squillacioti C, Mirabella N, Florio S, Pagnini U, Garofano T, Polito MS, Capasso G, Giordano A. The Protective Effect of Apocynin on Cyclosporine A-Induced Hypertension and Nephrotoxicity in Rats. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1848-1856. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | - Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | - Alessia Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | | | - Enza Zacchia
- Department of Nephrology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | - Nicola Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples “Federico II,”; Naples 80137 Italy
| | | | - Maria Sole Polito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | | | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Center of Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Stocki P, Chapman DC, Beach LA, Williams DB. Depletion of cyclophilins B and C leads to dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum redox homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23086-23096. [PMID: 24990953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum is assisted by molecular chaperones and folding catalysts that include members of the protein-disulfide isomerase and peptidyl-prolyl isomerase families. In this report, we examined the contributions of the cyclophilin subset of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases to protein folding and identified cyclophilin C as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cyclophilin in addition to cyclophilin B. Using albumin and transferrin as models of cis-proline-containing proteins in human hepatoma cells, we found that combined knockdown of cyclophilins B and C delayed transferrin secretion but surprisingly resulted in more efficient oxidative folding and secretion of albumin. Examination of the oxidation status of ER protein-disulfide isomerase family members revealed a shift to a more oxidized state. This was accompanied by a >5-fold elevation in the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione. This "hyperoxidation" phenotype could be duplicated by incubating cells with the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporine A, a treatment that triggered efficient ER depletion of cyclophilins B and C by inducing their secretion to the medium. To identify the pathway responsible for ER hyperoxidation, we individually depleted several enzymes that are known or suspected to deliver oxidizing equivalents to the ER: Ero1αβ, VKOR, PRDX4, or QSOX1. Remarkably, none of these enzymes contributed to the elevated oxidized to total glutathione ratio induced by cyclosporine A treatment. These findings establish cyclophilin C as an ER cyclophilin, demonstrate the novel involvement of cyclophilins B and C in ER redox homeostasis, and suggest the existence of an additional ER oxidative pathway that is modulated by ER cyclophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Stocki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel C Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lori A Beach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David B Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Lee J. Use of antioxidants to prevent cyclosporine a toxicity. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:163-70. [PMID: 24278520 PMCID: PMC3834483 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressor that is widely used in transplant surgery and the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. However, major side effects of CsA such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cardiovascular diseases have substantially limited its usage. Although molecular mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not clearly understood, there is some evidence that suggests involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) . In parallel, protective effects of various antioxidants have been demonstrated by many research groups. Extensive studies of CsA-induced nephrotoxcity have confirmed that the antioxidants can restore the damaged function and structure of kidney. Subsequently, there have appeared numerous reports to demonstrate the positive antioxidant effects on liver and other organ damages by CsA. It may be timely to review the ideas to envisage the relationship between ROS and the CsA-induced toxicity. This review is comprised of a brief description of the immunosuppressive action and the secondary effects of CsA, and a synopsis of reports regarding the antioxidant treatments against the ROS-linked CsA toxicity. A plethora of recent reports suggest that antioxidants can help reduce many CsA’s adverse effects and therefore might help develop more effective CsA treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwa Lee
- Dept. of Clinical Lab Science, Dongseo University, Jurea 2-dong, Sasang-gu, Busan 617-716, Korea
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Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus induce renal Erk1/2 pathway via ROS-induced and metalloproteinase-dependent EGF-receptor signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:286-95. [PMID: 22100870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the widely used immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506), independent of immunophilin binding, can activate profibrogenic transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Smad signaling cascades in rat renal mesangial cells (MC). Here we report that both peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) inhibitors activate the extracellular-signaling regulated kinase (ERK) a member of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induce a rapid and transient increase in ERK phosphorylation. The MEK inhibitor U0126, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a cell-permeant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and stigmatellin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex strongly attenuated the increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation triggered by PPIase inhibitors. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies against heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), and inhibition of the EGF receptor by either small interfering (si)RNA or AG1478, demonstrate that ERK activation by both PPIase inhibitors is mediated via HB-EGF-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activation. The strong inhibitory effects achieved by GM6001 and TAPI-2 furthermore implicate the involvement of a desintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). Concomitantly, the PPIase inhibitor-induced ADAM17 secretase activity was significantly reduced by SOD and stigmatellin thus suggesting that mitochondrial ROS play a primary role in PPIase inhibitor-induced and ADAM17-mediated HB-EGF shedding. Functionally, both immunosuppressants caused a strong increase in MC proliferation which was similarly impeded when cells were treated in the presence of NAC, TAPI-2 or AG1478, respectively. Our data suggest that CsA and FK506, via ROS-dependent and ADAM17-catalyzed HB-EGF shedding induce the mitogenic ERK1/2 signaling cascade in renal MC.
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Study of the relationship between immunosuppressive therapy and CYP3A4 activity in liver transplantations. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/01.elx.0000397036.56165.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hanssen L, Frye BC, Ostendorf T, Alidousty C, Djudjaj S, Boor P, Rauen T, Floege J, Mertens PR, Raffetseder U. Y-box binding protein-1 mediates profibrotic effects of calcineurin inhibitors in the kidney. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:298-308. [PMID: 21606250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus are widely used in transplant organ recipients, but in the kidney allograft, they may cause tubulointerstitial as well as mesangial fibrosis, with TGF-β believed to be a central inductor. In this study, we report that the cold-shock protein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a TGF-β independent downstream effector in CsA- as well as in tacrolimus- but not in rapamycin-mediated activation of rat mesangial cells (rMCs). Intracellular content of YB-1 is several-fold increased in MCs following CNI treatment in vitro and in vivo in mice. This effect ensues in a time-dependent manner, and the operative concentration range encompasses therapeutically relevant doses for CNIs. The effect of CNI on cellular YB-1 content is abrogated by specific blockade of translation, whereas retarding the transcription remains ineffective. The activation of rMCs by CNIs is accomplished by generation of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to TGF-β-triggered reactive oxygen species generation, hydrogen peroxide especially could be identified as a potent inductor of YB-1 accumulation. In line with this, hindering TGF-β did not influence CNI-induced YB-1 upregulation, whereas ERK/Akt pathways are involved in CNI-mediated YB-1 expression. CsA-induced YB-1 accumulation results in mRNA stabilization and subsequent generation of collagen. Our results provide strong evidence for a CNI-dependent induction of YB-1 in MCs that contributes to renal fibrosis via regulation of its own and collagen translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hanssen
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule-Aachen, Aachen 52057, Germany
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Klawitter J, Haschke M, Kahle C, Dingmann C, Klawitter J, Leibfritz D, Christians U. Toxicodynamic effects of ciclosporin are reflected by metabolite profiles in the urine of healthy individuals after a single dose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 70:241-51. [PMID: 20653677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT * Ciclosporin's nephrotoxicity initially targets the proximal tubule and is, at least in part, driven by increased formation of oxygen radicals. * (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based biochemical profiling (metabolomics) allows for the sensitive detection of metabolite pattern changes in urine. * In systematic studies in rats we showed that ciclosporin caused urine metabolite pattern changes typical for proximal tubule damage and that these pattern changes seemed to be more sensitive than established clinical kidney function markers such as serum creatinine concentrations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS * This study showed that urine metabolite pattern changes as assessed by (1)H-NMR and HPLC-MS are sensitive enough to detect the effect of ciclosporin as early as 4 h after a single oral dose. * In our previous rat studies, changes in urine metabolite pattern in response to ciclosporin translated into healthy humans, indicating the involvement of the same toxicodynamic mechanisms. * The results provide proof of concept for further development of this combination molecular marker strategy into diagnostic tools for the detection and monitoring of drug nephrotoxicity. AIMS The immunosuppressant ciclosporin is an efficient prophylaxis against transplant organ rejection but its clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Our previous systematic studies in the rat indicated urine metabolite pattern changes to be sensitive indicators of the negative effects of ciclosporin on the kidney. To translate these results, we conducted an open label, placebo-controlled, crossover study assessing the time-dependent toxicodynamic effects of a single oral ciclosporin dose (5 mg kg(-1)) on the kidney in 13 healthy individuals. METHODS In plasma and urine samples, ciclosporin and 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations were assessed using HPLC-MS and metabolite profiles using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS The maximum ciclosporin concentrations were 1489 +/- 425 ng ml(-1) (blood) and 2629 +/- 1308 ng ml(-1) (urine). The increase in urinary 15-F(2t)-isoprostane observed 4 h after administration of ciclosporin indicated an increase in oxidative stress. 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations were on average 2.9-fold higher after ciclosporin than after placebo (59.8 +/- 31.2 vs. 20.9 +/- 19.9 pg mg(-1) creatinine, P < 0.02). While there were no conclusive changes in plasma 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations or metabolite patterns, non-targeted metabolome analysis using principal components analysis and partial least square fit analysis revealed significant changes in urine metabolites typically associated with negative effects on proximal tubule cells. The major metabolites that differed between the 4 h urine samples after ciclosporin and placebo were citrate, hippurate, lactate, TMAO, creatinine and phenylalanine. CONCLUSION Changes in urine metabolite patterns as a molecular marker are sufficiently sensitive for the detection of the negative effects of ciclosporin on the kidney after a single oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045-7503, USA.
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Elbarbry F, Ragheb A, Attia A, Chibbar R, Marfleet T, Shoker A. Cyclosporine-induced changes in drug metabolizing enzymes in hyperlipemic rabbit kidneys could explain its toxicity. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:772-81. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.517276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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On-chip assay for determining the inhibitory effects and modes of action of drugs against xanthine oxidase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Giorgio V, Bisetto E, Soriano ME, Dabbeni-Sala F, Basso E, Petronilli V, Forte MA, Bernardi P, Lippe G. Cyclophilin D modulates mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase by interacting with the lateral stalk of the complex. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33982-8. [PMID: 19801635 PMCID: PMC2797168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue native gel electrophoresis purification and immunoprecipitation of F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondria revealed that cyclophilin (CyP) D associates to the complex. Treatment of intact mitochondria with the membrane-permeable bifunctional reagent dimethyl 3,3-dithiobis-propionimidate (DTBP) cross-linked CyPD with the lateral stalk of ATP synthase, whereas no interactions with F(1) sector subunits, the ATP synthase natural inhibitor protein IF1, and the ATP/ADP carrier were observed. The ATP synthase-CyPD interactions have functional consequences on enzyme catalysis and are modulated by phosphate (increased CyPD binding and decreased enzyme activity) and cyclosporin (Cs) A (decreased CyPD binding and increased enzyme activity). Treatment of MgATP submitochondrial particles or intact mitochondria with CsA displaced CyPD from membranes and activated both hydrolysis and synthesis of ATP sustained by the enzyme. No effect of CsA was detected in CyPD-null mitochondria, which displayed a higher specific activity of the ATP synthase than wild-type mitochondria. Modulation by CyPD binding appears to be independent of IF1, whose association to ATP synthase was not affected by CsA treatment. These findings demonstrate that CyPD association to the lateral stalk of ATP synthase modulates the activity of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giorgio
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Elena Bisetto
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and
| | - Maria Eugenia Soriano
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Federica Dabbeni-Sala
- the Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Valeria Petronilli
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Michael A. Forte
- the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy, and
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Krauskopf A, Lhote P, Petermann O, Ruegg UT, Buetler TM. Cyclosporin A generates superoxide in smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:913-9. [PMID: 16087472 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) generates superoxide in smooth muscle cells. Our earlier studies have demonstrated that the increase in the vasopressin type 1 receptor induced in vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of CsA is probably due to superoxide (Krauskopf et al., J Biol Chem 278, 41685-41690, 2003). This increase in vasopressin receptor is likely at the base of increased vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor hormones and hypertension induced by CsA. Here, we demonstrate that CsA produces superoxide. In addition, our data show that superoxide generation does not originate from the major cellular superoxide generating systems NAD(P)H oxidase or xanthine oxidase. Our results suggest that the side effects of CsA could be diminished with the help of SOD mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krauskopf
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Geneva-Lausanne School of pharmacy, University if Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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Akool ES, Doller A, Babelova A, Tsalastra W, Moreth K, Schaefer L, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W. Molecular Mechanisms of TGFβ Receptor-Triggered Signaling Cascades Rapidly Induced by the Calcineurin Inhibitors Cyclosporin A and FK506. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2831-45. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dzik JM, Zieliński Z, Gołos B, Wałajtys-Rode E. Trichinella spiralis infection affects p47phox protein expression in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112:158-63. [PMID: 16356496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To establish whether NADPH oxidase activation, responsible for previously demonstrated Trichinella spiralis-induced respiratory burst, results from assembling of membrane and cytosolic NADPH oxidase components and/or increased expression of the oxidase complex proteins, the superoxide anion production and expression of the regulatory p47(phox) subunit were measured in cultured alveolar macrophages obtained during T. spiralis infection of guinea pigs. The results demonstrate for the first time helminth parasite-infection-induced stimulation of NADPH oxidase p47(phox) subunit protein expression, with the effect being decreased by in vivo treatment with cyclosporin A, previously shown to inhibit T. spiralis infection-induced respiratory burst in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages. However, although the expression of the p47(phox) subunit protein remained induced during secondary infection, it was accompanied by superoxide anion production that was significantly suppressed in comparison with that observed during primary infection, suggesting suppressive action of T. spiralis on host's alveolar macrophage immune response, presumably connected with NADPH oxidase complex activity attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta M Dzik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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Caro AA, Cederbaum AI. Inhibition of CYP2E1 catalytic activity in vitro by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1081-93. [PMID: 15763544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the possible in vitro interactions of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) and its metabolites S-(5'-Adenosyl)-l-homocysteine (SAH), 5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA) and methionine with cytochrome P450 enzymes, in particular CYP2E1. SAM (but not SAH, MTA or methionine) produced a type II binding spectrum with liver microsomal cytochrome P450 from rats treated with acetone or isoniazid to induce CYP2E1. Binding was less effective for control microsomes. SAM did not alter the carbon monoxide binding spectrum of P450, nor denature P450 to P420, nor inhibit the activity of NADPH-P450 reductase. However, SAM inhibited the catalytic activity of CYP2E1 with typical substrates such as p-nitrophenol, ethanol, and dimethylnitrosamine, with an IC(50) around 1.5-5mM. SAM was a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP2E1 catalytic activity and its inhibitory actions could not be mimicked by methionine, SAH or MTA. However, SAM did not inhibit the oxidation of ethanol to alpha-hydroxyethyl radical, an assay for hydroxyl radical generation. In microsomes engineered to express individual human P450s, SAM produced a type II binding spectrum with CYP2E1-, but not with CYP3A4-expressing microsomes, and SAM was a weaker inhibitor against the metabolism of a specific CYP3A4 substrate than a specific CYP2E1 substrate. SAM also inhibited CYP2E1 catalytic activity in intact HepG2 cells engineered to express CYP2E1. These results suggest that SAM interacts with cytochrome P450s, especially CYP2E1, and inhibits the catalytic activity of CYP2E1 in a reversible and non competitive manner. However, SAM is a weak inhibitor of CYP2E1. Since the K(i) for SAM inhibition of CYP2E1 activity is relatively high, inhibition of CYP2E1 activity is not likely to play a major role in the ability of SAM to protect against the hepatotoxicity produced by toxins requiring metabolic activation by CYP2E1 such as acetaminophen, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide and carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres A Caro
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Gómez JA, Molero X, Vaquero E, Alonso A, Salas A, Malagelada JR. Vitamin E attenuates biochemical and morphological features associated with development of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G162-9. [PMID: 15001429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on collagen deposition induced by Cyclosporin A (CsA) administration in rats with caerulein (Cr) pancreatitis. CsA transforms the fully regenerative, self-limited form of Cr pancreatitis into a chroniclike disease in conjunction with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and myofibroblast proliferation. Vitamin E inhibits TGF-beta release in mesangial cells and reduces CsA cytotoxicity. Wistar rats received CsA daily (20 mg/kg), and CR pancreatitis was induced on days 1 and 8 (Cr + CsA group). In a separate group, vitamin E (600 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) was administered starting 4 days before CsA. Three other groups received either vehicle, CsA, or Cr alone. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes, and hyaluronic acid were measured in plasma obtained on the day the animals were killed (day 15). Pancreases were weighed and processed for light microscopy to assess connective tissue and myofibroblast number. Pancreatic homogenates were also assayed for collagen (hydroxyproline) and TBARS content. TBARS, 8-isoprostane, and TGF-beta were elevated in CsA and Cr + CsA rats. Vitamin E treatment greatly decreased these parameters. Vitamin E also decreased the fall in pancreatic weight observed in Cr + CsA pancreas. Pancreatic hydroxyproline and plasma hyaluronic acid were increased in Cr + CsA rats but were effectively reduced by vitamin E. Morphology showed improvement in fibrosis score and a decreased number of myofibroblasts in vitamin E-treated rats. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress and collagen deposition during the development of experimental chronic pancreatitis. Adjuvant antioxidants may be of value in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Gómez
- Servei d'Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Moien-Afshari F, McManus BM, Laher I. Immunosuppression and transplant vascular disease: benefits and adverse effects. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 100:141-56. [PMID: 14609717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) occurs within 5 years of transplantation surgery and represents the main cause of death in long-term heart transplant survivors. The detailed pathogenesis of CAV is unknown, but there are strong indications that immunologic mechanisms, which are regulated by nonimmunologic factors, are the major cause of this phenomenon. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a frequently used immunosuppressive agent in transplant medicine to prevent rejection. The mechanism of action of CsA involves initial binding to cyclophilin to form a complex that then inhibits calcineurin (CN), leading to reduced interleukin (IL)-2 production as part of the signal transduction pathway for the activation of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. Based on this proposed mechanism, it was expected that CsA should be an effective strategy in attenuating the host immune response against transplanted allograft tissue; however, CsA has not changed the outcome of CAV. Several mechanisms have been suggested for the ineffectiveness of CsA in long-term prevention of CAV. For example, routine therapeutic doses of CsA may block CN incompletely (50%), whereas complete blockade requires doses that are not clinically tolerable. Another explanation is the possible activation of T-cell receptors directly (CN independent) by the immune response, which induces protein kinase C theta (PKCtheta) and leads to IL-2 production and immune rejection. Moreover, there may be a role for nonimmunologic mechanisms, such as complement, which cannot be controlled by CsA, or CsA may cause hypercholesterolemia or induce overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). This review also compares the effect of CsA with other immunosuppressants in allograft artery preservation and their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Moien-Afshari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z3
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Krauskopf A, Lhote P, Mutter M, Dufour JF, Ruegg UT, Buetler TM. Vasopressin type 1A receptor up-regulation by cyclosporin A in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by superoxide. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:41685-90. [PMID: 12923165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301181200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on our previous results, we investigated whether cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced vasopressin type 1A receptor up-regulation was mediated by free radicals. We report that CsA analogues with different affinities for cyclophilin and calcineurin were able to up-regulate vasopressin type 1A receptor and to generate free radicals in smooth muscle cells independently of calcineurin. Further, we demonstrate that the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked the increase in vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels induced by CsA and that low concentrations of prooxidants were able to directly increase vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels. In addition, short exposure to CsA or pro-oxidants was sufficient to significantly increase vasopressin type 1A receptor mRNA and protein levels. Using cell-permeable forms of superoxide dismutase and catalase, we finally show that superoxide mediates the CsA-induced effects on vasopressin type 1A receptor. These results provide strong evidence that CsA-induced superoxide generation is causally involved in vasopressin type 1A receptor expression and demonstrate for the first time that low physiological concentrations of radicals, most probably superoxide, are able to directly affect cellular signaling to increase vasopressin type 1A receptor expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krauskopf
- Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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