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Lim I, Masutani T, Hashitani H, Chess‐Williams R, Sellers D. Inhibition of PDE-4 isoenzyme attenuates frequency and overall contractility of agonist-evoked ureteral phasic contractions. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1175. [PMID: 38339883 PMCID: PMC10858371 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDE) in the isolated porcine ureter. Distal ureteral strips were mounted in organ baths and pre-contracted with 5-HT (100 μM). Upon generation of stable phasic contractions, PDE-4 and PDE-5 inhibitors were added cumulatively to separate tissues. PDE-4 inhibitors, such as rolipram (10 nM and greater) and roflumilast (100 nM and greater), resulted in significant attenuation of ureteral contractile responses, while a higher concentration of piclamilast (1 μM and greater) was required to induce a significant depressant effect. The attenuation effect by rolipram was abolished by SQ22536 (100 μM). PDE-5 inhibitors, such as sildenafil and tadalafil, were not nearly as effective and were only able to suppress the 5-HT-induced contractions at higher concentrations of 1 μM. Rolipram significantly enhanced the depressant effect of forskolin, while sodium nitroprusside-induced attenuation of contractile responses remained unchanged in the presence of tadalafil. In summary, our study demonstrates that PDE-4 inhibitors are effective in attenuating 5-HT-induced contractility in porcine distal ureteral tissues, while PDE-5 inhibitors are less effective. These findings suggest that PDE-4 inhibitors, such as rolipram, may hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ureteral disorders attributable to increased intra-ureteral pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lim
- Centre for Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences & MedicineBond UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Taishi Masutani
- Department of Cell PhysiologyNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell PhysiologyNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Russ Chess‐Williams
- Centre for Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences & MedicineBond UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Donna Sellers
- Department of Cell PhysiologyNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
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Investigation of the Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Its Type 1 (PAC1) Receptor in Uterine Contractility during Endometritis in Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105467. [PMID: 35628275 PMCID: PMC9146118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine inflammation is a common pathology in animals, leading to disturbances in reproductive processes and reduced production profitability. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) effects at the uterine level during inflammation are not known. In the current study, we analyzed the relative PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC1R) mRNA transcript and protein abundances in the myometrium (MYO), as well s PACAP and PAC1R involvement in the contractile function of inflamed pig uterus. To that end, E. coli suspension (E. coli group) or saline (SAL group) was injected into the uterine horns or laparotomy was performed (CON group). Eight days after the bacteria injections, severe acute endometritis and a reduced relative abundance of PAC1R protein in the MYO were observed. Compared to the period before PACAP in vitro administration, PACAP (10-7 M) in the CON and SAL groups decreased in amplitude in the MYO and endometrium (ENDO)/MYO, whereas in the E. coli group, increased amplitude in the MYO and reduced amplitude in the ENDO/MYO were observed. In the E. coli group, PACAP enhanced the amplitude in the MYO (10-7 M) and decreased the amplitude in the ENDO/MYO (10-8 M) compared with other groups. PACAP (10-7 M) increased the frequency of both kinds of strips in the CON and SAL groups compared with the pretreatment period. PACAP (both doses) did not significantly change the frequency in the E. coli group, whereas in response to PACAP (10-7 M), the frequency was reduced compared to other groups. In the MYO, PAC1R antagonist decreased the amplitude reduction (CON and SAL groups) and reversed a rise in PACAP (10-7 M)-evoked amplitude (E. coli group). PAC1R blocking reversed (MYO) and abolished (ENDO/MYO) the stimulatory effect of PACAP (10-7 M) on the frequency (CON and SAL groups). PAC1R antagonist and PACAP (10-7 M) evoked the appearance of frequency depression in both kinds of strips (E. coli group). In summary, in pigs, severe acute endometritis reduces the relative abundance of PAC1R protein in the MYO, and PAC1R mediates the influence of PACAP on inflamed uterus contractility.
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The Influence of an Adrenergic Antagonist Guanethidine on the Distribution Pattern and Chemical Coding of Caudal Mesenteric Ganglion Perikarya and Their Axons Supplying the Porcine Bladder. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094896. [PMID: 34063103 PMCID: PMC8124201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at disclosing the influence of intravesically instilled guanethidine (GUA) on the distribution, relative frequency and chemical coding of both the urinary bladder intramural sympathetic nerve fibers and their parent cell bodies in the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CaMG) in juvenile female pigs. GUA instillation led to a profound decrease in the number of perivascular nerve terminals. Furthermore, the chemical profile of the perivascular innervation within the treated bladder also distinctly changed, as most of axons became somatostatin-immunoreactive (SOM-IR), while in the control animals they were found to be neuropeptide Y (NPY)-positive. Intravesical treatment with GUA led not only to a significant decrease in the number of bladder-projecting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) CaMG somata (94.3 ± 1.8% vs. 73.3 ± 1.4%; control vs. GUA-treated pigs), but simultaneously resulted in the rearrangement of their co-transmitters repertoire, causing a distinct decrease in the number of TH+/NPY+ (89.6 ± 0.7% vs. 27.8 ± 0.9%) cell bodies and an increase in the number of SOM-(3.6 ± 0.4% vs. 68.7 ± 1.9%), calbindin-(CB; 2.06 ± 0.2% vs. 9.1 ± 1.2%) or galanin-containing (GAL; 1.6 ± 0.3% vs. 28.2 ± 1.3%) somata. The present study provides evidence that GUA significantly modifies the sympathetic innervation of the porcine urinary bladder wall, and thus may be considered a potential tool for studying the plasticity of this subdivision of the bladder innervation.
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Fernandes VS, Hernández M. The Role of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Urinary Tract Function. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119 Suppl 3:34-41. [PMID: 26866922 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This MiniReview focuses on the role played by nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in physiology of the upper and lower urinary tract. NO and H2 S, together with carbon monoxide, belong to the group of gaseous autocrine/paracrine messengers or gasotransmitters, which are employed for intra- and intercellular communication in almost all organ systems. Because they are lipid-soluble gases, gaseous transmitters are not constrained by cellular membranes, so that their storage in vesicles for later release is not possible. Gasotransmitter signals are terminated by falling concentrations upon reduction in production that are caused by reacting with cellular components (essentially reactive oxygen species and NO), binding to cellular components or diffusing away. NO and, more recently, H2 S have been identified as key mediators in neurotransmission of the urinary tract, involved in the regulation of ureteral smooth muscle activity and urinary flow ureteral resistance, as well as by playing a crucial role in the smooth muscle relaxation of bladder outlet region. Urinary bladder function is also dependent on integration of inhibitory mediators, such as NO, released from the urothelium. In the bladder base and distal ureter, the co-localization of neuronal NO synthase with substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves as well as the existence of a high nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons also suggests the involvement of NO as a sensory neurotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor S Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Medardo Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Hydrogen sulfide plays a key role in the inhibitory neurotransmission to the pig intravesical ureter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113580. [PMID: 25415381 PMCID: PMC4240656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to previous observations nitric oxide (NO), as well as an unknown nature mediator are involved in the inhibitory neurotransmission to the intravesical ureter. This study investigates the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) role in the neurogenic relaxation of the pig intravesical ureter. We have performed western blot and immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the H2S synthesis enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), measurement of enzymatic production of H2S and myographic studies for isometric force recording. Immunohistochemical assays showed a high CSE expression in the intravesical ureter muscular layer, as well as a strong CSE-immunoreactivity within nerve fibres distributed along smooth muscle bundles. CBS expression, however, was not consistently observed. On ureteral strips precontracted with thromboxane A2 analogue U46619, electrical field stimulation (EFS) and the H2S donor P-(4-methoxyphenyl)-P-4-morpholinylphosphinodithioic acid (GYY4137) evoked frequency- and concentration-dependent relaxations. CSE inhibition with DL-propargylglycine (PPG) reduced EFS-elicited responses and a combined blockade of both CSE and NO synthase (NOS) with, respectively, PPG and NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), greatly reduced such relaxations. Endogenous H2S production rate was reduced by PPG, rescued by addition of GYY4137 and was not changed by L-NOARG. EFS and GYY4137 relaxations were also reduced by capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents (CSPA) desensitization with capsaicin and blockade of ATP-dependent K+ (KATP) channels, transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (VIP/PACAP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors with glibenclamide, HC030031, AMG9810, PACAP6–38 and CGRP8–37, respectively. These results suggest that H2S, synthesized by CSE, is involved in the inhibitory neurotransmission to the pig intravesical ureter, through an NO-independent pathway, producing smooth muscle relaxation via KATP channel activation. H2S also promotes the release of inhibitory neuropeptides, as PACAP 38 and/or CGRP from CSPA through TRPA1, TRPV1 and related ion channel activation.
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Ribeiro ASF, Fernandes VS, Martínez MP, López-Oliva ME, Barahona MV, Recio P, Martínez AC, Blaha I, Orensanz LM, Bustamante S, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Hernández M. Pre- and post-junctional bradykinin B2 receptors regulate smooth muscle tension to the pig intravesical ureter. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 35:115-21. [PMID: 25327836 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal and non-neuronal bradykinin (BK) receptors regulate the contractility of the bladder urine outflow region. The current study investigates the role of BK receptors in the regulation of the smooth muscle contractility of the pig intravesical ureter. METHODS Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to show the expression of BK B1 and B2 receptors and myographs for isometric force recordings. RESULTS B2 receptor expression was consistently detected in the intravesical ureter urothelium and smooth muscle layer, B1 expression was not detected where a strong B2 immunoreactivity was observed within nerve fibers among smooth muscle bundles. On ureteral strips basal tone, BK induced concentration-dependent contractions, were potently reduced by extracellular Ca(2+) removal and by B2 receptor and voltage-gated Ca(2+) (VOC) channel blockade. BK contraction did not change as a consequence of urothelium mechanical removal or cyclooxygenase and Rho-associated protein kinase inhibition. On 9,11-dideoxy-9a,11a-methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2α (U46619)-precontracted samples, under non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) and nitric oxide (NO)-independent NANC conditions, electrical field stimulation-elicited frequency-dependent relaxations which were reduced by B2 receptor blockade. Kallidin, a B1 receptor agonist, failed to increase preparation basal tension or to induce relaxation on U46619-induced tone. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that BK produces contraction of pig intravesical ureter via smooth muscle B2 receptors coupled to extracellular Ca(2+) entry mainly via VOC (L-type) channels. Facilitatory neuronal B2 receptors modulating NO-dependent or independent NANC inhibitory neurotransmission are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor S Fernandes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Barahona
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paz Recio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Blaha
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Orensanz
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Bustamante
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albino García-Sacristán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Medardo Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Burliński P, Czujkowska A, Arciszewski M, Całka J. Upregulation of LENK and VIP in paracervical ganglion neurons supplying the urinary bladder of tetrodotoxin- and resiniferatoxin-treated female pigs. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:383-93. [PMID: 22903083 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both resiniferatoxin (RTX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) have been reported to be effective in several clinical trials aiming to cure urinary bladder dysfunction. The goal of this experiment was to study the effect of intravesical administration of RTX and TTX on the chemical coding of paracervical ganglion (PCG) neurons that supply the urinary bladder in pigs. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the opioid family member Leu5-enkephalin (LENK) are both known for their regulatory effects in the function of the porcine genitourinary tract. The PCG neurons innervating the urinary bladder were identified by application of the retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB), injected into the bladder wall prior to intravesical RTX or TTX administration. Immunocytochemical detection of LENK and VIP expression in the FB-labelled perikarya revealed that in the control group 25.15% of the FB-positive PCG neurons contained LENK, and 9.22% of them expressed VIP. Intravesical infusion of RTX resulted in an increase in the number of LENKIR neurons to 48.19% and VIP-IR perikarya to 11.25%. Optional treatment with TTX induced increase of LENK-IR neurons up to 81.67% and VIP-IR population to 16.46% of the FB-positive PCG cells. The present results show that both neurotoxins affect the chemical coding of PCG nervous cells supplying the porcine urinary bladder and that they stimulate both LENK and VIP expression. Furthermore, the results indicate a possible involvement of LENK and VIP neurons in the mechanisms of action of RTX and TTX in the therapy of overactive bladder disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Burliński
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 13 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czujkowska
- 2 University of Life Sciences Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lublin Poland
| | - Marcin Arciszewski
- 2 University of Life Sciences Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lublin Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Oczapowskiego 13 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
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Reglodi D, Kiss P, Horvath G, Lubics A, Laszlo E, Tamas A, Racz B, Szakaly P. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the urinary system, with special emphasis on its protective effects in the kidney. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:61-70. [PMID: 21621841 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widespread neuropeptide with diverse effects in the nervous system and peripheral organs. One of the most well-studied effects of PACAP is its cytoprotective action, against different harmful stimuli in a wide variety of cells and tissues. PACAP occurs in the urinary system, from the kidney to the lower urinary tract. The present review focuses on the nephroprotective effects of PACAP and summarizes data obtained regarding the protective effects of PACAP in different models of kidney pathologies. In vitro data show that PACAP protects tubular cells against oxidative stress, myeloma light chain, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A and hypoxia. In vivo data provide evidence for its protective effects in ischemia/reperfusion, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A, myeloma kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and gentamicin-induced kidney damage. Results accumulated on the renoprotective effects of PACAP suggest that PACAP is an emerging candidate for treatment of human kidney pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Martínez-Sáenz A, Recio P, Orensanz LM, Fernandes VS, Martínez MP, Bustamante S, Carballido J, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Hernández M. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in inhibitory neurotransmission to the pig bladder neck. J Urol 2011; 186:728-35. [PMID: 21683385 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmission to the pig bladder neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used immunohistochemical techniques to determine the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive fibers as well as organ baths for isometric force recording. We investigated relaxation due to endogenously released or exogenously applied calcitonin gene-related peptide in urothelium denuded phenylephrine precontracted strips treated with guanethidine, atropine and NG-nitro-L-arginine to block noradrenergic neurotransmission, muscarinic receptors and nitric oxide synthase, respectively. RESULTS Rich calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive innervation was found penetrating through the adventitia and distributed in the suburothelial and muscle layers. Numerous, variable size, varicose calcitonin gene-related peptide immunopositive terminals were seen close below the urothelium. In the muscle layer calcitonin gene-related peptide immunopositive nerves usually appeared as varicose terminals running along muscle fibers. Electrical field stimulation (2 to 16 Hz) and exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (0.1 nM to 0.3 μM) evoked frequency and concentration dependent relaxation, respectively. Nerve responses were potentiated by capsaicin, decreased by calcitonin gene-related peptide (8-37) and abolished by tetrodotoxin, capsaicin sensitive primary afferent blockers, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors and neuronal voltage gated Na+ channels. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced relaxation was potentiated by the neuronal voltage gated Ca2+ channels blocker ω-conotoxin-GVIA and decreased by calcitonin gene-related peptide (8-37). Calcitonin gene-related peptide relaxation was not modified by blockade of endopeptidases, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase and cyclooxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that calcitonin gene-related peptide is involved in the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmission of the pig bladder neck, producing relaxation through neuronal and muscle calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors. Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclooxygenase pathways do not seem to be involved in such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Sáenz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Al-Aown A, Kyriazis I, Kallidonis P, Sakellaropoulos G, Vrettos T, Perimenis P, Filos K, Liatsikos E. Vardenafil Effect on Ureteric Smooth Muscle: In Vitro Study in Porcine Model. J Endourol 2011; 25:505-9. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2010.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iason Kyriazis
- Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Theofanis Vrettos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Kriton Filos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Jobling P. Autonomic control of the urogenital tract. Auton Neurosci 2010; 165:113-26. [PMID: 20727839 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The urogenital tract houses many of the organs that play a major role in homeostasis, in particular those that control water and salt balance, and reproductive function. This review focuses on the anatomical and functional innervation of the kidneys, urinary ducts and bladders of the urinary system, and the gonads, gonadal ducts, and intromittent organs of the reproductive tract. The literature, especially in recent years, is overwhelmingly skewed toward the situation in mammals. Nevertheless, where specific neurochemical markers have been investigated, common patterns of innervation can be found in representatives from most vertebrate classes. Not surprisingly the vasculature, epithelia and smooth muscle of all urogenital organs receives adrenergic innervation. These nerves may contain non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters such as ATP and NPY. Cholinergic nerves increase motility in most urogenital organs with the exception of the kidney. The major NANC nerves found to influence urogenital organs include those containing VIP/PACAP, galanin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. These can be found associated with both smooth muscle and epithelia. The role these nerves play, and the circumstances where they are activated are for the most part unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.
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Sándor K, Bölcskei K, McDougall JJ, Schuelert N, Reglődi D, Elekes K, Pethő G, Pintér E, Szolcsányi J, Helyes Z. Divergent peripheral effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 on nociception in rats and mice. Pain 2009; 141:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Agonistic Behavior of PACAP6-38 on Sensory Nerve Terminals and Cytotrophoblast Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Revisión de estudios funcionales en experimentación básica en urología. Actas Urol Esp 2008; 32:390-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(08)73852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Canda AE, Turna B, Cinar GM, Nazli O. Physiology and pharmacology of the human ureter: basis for current and future treatments. Urol Int 2007; 78:289-98. [PMID: 17495484 DOI: 10.1159/000100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article sets out to be a review regarding agents that affect contraction and relaxation of the ureter in order to establish a basis for current and future treatments for upper urinary tract obstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS A complete review of the English literature using MEDLINE was performed between 1960 and 2007 on ureter physiology and pharmacology with special emphasis on signal transduction mechanisms involved in the contractile regulation of the human ureter. RESULTS Activation of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors increases the amplitude of ureteral contractions. The sympathetic nerves modulate the contractions by alpha-adrenoceptors and relaxation by beta-adrenoceptors. The purinergic system is important in sensory/motor functions and ATP is an important non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) agent causing contraction. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter causing relaxation. Serotonin causes contraction. Prostaglandin-F(2)alpha contracts whereas prostaglandin-E(1)/E(2) relaxes the ureter. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) and the Rho-kinase pathway have recently been identified in the human ureter. PDE-IV inhibitors, K(+) channel openers, calcium antagonists, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists and NO donors seem to be promising drugs in relieving obstruction and facilitating stone passage. CONCLUSIONS Further understanding of the ureteral function and pharmacology may lead to the discovery of promising new drugs that could be useful in relieving ureteral colic, facilitating spontaneous stone passage, preparing the ureter for ureteroscopy as well as acting adjunctive to extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erdem Canda
- Manisa State Hospital, Urology Clinic, Manisa, Turkey
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Hernández M, Barahona MV, Recio P, Benedito S, Martínez AC, Rivera L, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Orensanz LM. Neuronal and smooth muscle receptors involved in the PACAP- and VIP-induced relaxations of the pig urinary bladder neck. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:100-9. [PMID: 16847435 PMCID: PMC1629402 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE As pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP 38)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are widely distributed in the urinary tract, the current study investigated the receptors and mechanisms involved in relaxations induced by these peptides in the pig bladder neck. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Urothelium-denuded strips were suspended in organ baths for isometric force recordings and the relaxations to VIP and PACAP analogues were investigated. KEY RESULTS VIP, PACAP 38, PACAP 27 and [Ala(11,22,28)]-VIP produced similar relaxations. Inhibition of neuronal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels reduced relaxations to PACAP 38 and increased those induced by VIP. Blockade of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents (CSPA), nitric oxide (NO)-synthase or guanylate cyclase reduced the PACAP 38 relaxations but failed to modify the VIP responses. Inhibition of VIP/PACAP receptors and of voltage-gated K(+) channels reduced PACAP 38 and VIP relaxations, which were not modified by the K(+) channel blockers iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, apamin or glibenclamide. The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin produced potent relaxations. Blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) reduced PACAP 38- and VIP-induced relaxations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PACAP 38 and VIP relax the pig urinary bladder neck through muscle VPAC(2) receptors linked to the cAMP-PKA pathway and involve activation of voltage-gated K(+) channels. Facilitatory PAC(1) receptors located at CSPA and coupled to NO release, and inhibitory VPAC receptors at motor endings are also involved in the relaxations to PACAP 38 and VIP, respectively. VIP/PACAP receptor antagonists could be useful in the therapy of urinary incontinence produced by intrinsic sphincter deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Hernández M, Barahona MV, Recio P, Bustamante S, Benedito S, Rivera L, García-Sacristán A, Prieto D, Orensanz LM. PACAP 38 is involved in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the pig urinary bladder neck. Neurourol Urodyn 2006; 25:490-7. [PMID: 16721838 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role played by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP 38) in the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmission of the pig urinary bladder neck. METHODS Urothelium-denuded bladder neck strips were dissected and mounted in organ baths containing a physiological saline solution (PSS) at 37 degrees C and gassed with 5% CO(2) and 95% O(2), for isometric force recording. The relaxations to transmural nerve stimulation (EFS) or PACAP 38 were performed on strips precontracted with 1 microM phenylephrine (PhE). EFS experiments were carried out in the absence and the presence of guanethidine (10 microM), atropine (0.1 microM), and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 100 microM), to block noradrenergic neurotransmission, muscarinic receptors, and nitric oxide (NO) synthase, respectively. RESULTS EFS (2-16 Hz, 1 ms duration, 20 sec trains, 75 mA current output) evoked frequency-dependent relaxations which were reduced by the VIP/PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP (6-38) (3 microM), and by the neurotoxin of the capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents capsaicin (10 microM), and abolished by the neuronal voltage-activated Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 microM). The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist [Lys(1), Pro(2,5), Arg(3,4), Tyr(6)]-VIP (3 microM) failed to modify the EFS-induced relaxations. PACAP 38 (1 nM-1 microM) induced concentration-dependent relaxations which were reduced by PACAP (6-38), TTX and by the neuronal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel inhibitor omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX, 1 microM). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that PACAP 38, mainly released from capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents, is involved in the NANC inhibitory neurotransmission of the pig urinary bladder neck, producing relaxation through neuronal and muscle VIP/PACAP receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medardo Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Zvarova K, Dunleavy JD, Vizzard MA. Changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide expression in urinary bladder pathways after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:46-59. [PMID: 15698618 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
These studies examined changes in the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in micturition reflex pathways after spinal cord injury (SCI) of various durations. In spinal-intact animals, PACAP immunoreactivity (IR) was expressed in fibers in the superficial dorsal horn in all segmental levels examined (L1, L2, L4-S1). Bladder-afferent cells (35-45%) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG; L1, L2, L6, S1) from spinal-intact animals also exhibited PACAP-IR. After SCI (6 weeks), PACAP-IR was dramatically increased in spinal segments and DRG (L1, L2, L6, S1) involved in micturition reflexes. The density of PACAP-IR was increased in the superficial laminae (I-II) of the L1, L2, L6, and S1 spinal segments. No changes in PACAP-IR were observed in the L4-L5 segments. Staining was also dramatically increased in a fiber bundle extending ventrally from Lissauer's tract (LT) in lamina I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) in the L6-S1 spinal segments (lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer, LCP). After SCI (range 48 h to 6 weeks), PACAP-IR in cells in the L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG significantly (P < or = 0.001) increased and the percentage of bladder-afferent cells expressing PACAP-IR also significantly (P < or = 0.001) increased (70-92%). No changes were observed in the L4-L5 DRG. PACAP-IR was reduced throughout the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle whole mounts after SCI. These studies demonstrate changes in PACAP expression in micturition reflex pathways after SCI that may contribute to urinary bladder dysfunction or reemergence of primitive voiding reflexes after SCI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reflex/physiology
- Sacrum
- Spinal Cord Injuries/complications
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Urinary Bladder/innervation
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/etiology
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/pathology
- Urination/physiology
- Urothelium/metabolism
- Visceral Afferents/metabolism
- Visceral Afferents/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zvarova
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, D411 Given Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Bhattacharya A, Lakhman SS, Singh S. Modulation of L-type calcium channels in Drosophila via a pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37291-7. [PMID: 15201281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403819200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of calcium channels plays an important role in many cellular processes. Previous studies have shown that the L-type Ca(2+) channels in Drosophila larval muscles are modulated via a cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated pathway. This raises questions on the identity of the steps prior to cAMP, particularly the endogenous signal that may initiate this modulatory cascade. We now present data suggesting the possible role of a neuropeptide, pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), in this modulation. Mutations in the amnesiac (amn) gene, which encodes a polypeptide homologous to human PACAP-38, reduced the L-type current in larval muscles. Conditional expression of a wild-type copy of the amn gene rescued the current from this reduction. Bath application of human PACAP-38 also rescued the current. PACAP-38 did not rescue the mutant current in the presence of PACAP-6-38, an antagonist at type-I PACAP receptor. 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, prevented PACAP-38 from rescuing the amn current. In addition, 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine reduced the wild-type current to the level seen in amn, whereas it failed to further reduce the current observed in amn muscles. H-89, an inhibitor of PKA, suppressed the effect of PACAP-38 on the current. The above data suggest that PACAP, the type-I PACAP receptors, and adenylyl cyclase play a role in the modulation of L-type Ca(2+) channels via cAMP-PKA pathway. The data also provide support for functional homology between human PACAP-38 and the amn gene product in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA
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