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Braun LM, Zeiser R. Kinase Inhibition as Treatment for Acute and Chronic Graft- Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760199. [PMID: 34868001 PMCID: PMC8635802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients suffering from hematological malignancies via the donor immune system driven graft-versus-leukemia effect. However, the therapy is mainly limited by severe acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), both being life-threatening complications after allo-HCT. GvHD develops when donor T cells do not only recognize remaining tumor cells as foreign, but also the recipient’s tissue, leading to a severe inflammatory disease. Typical GvHD target organs include the skin, liver and intestinal tract. Currently all approved strategies for GvHD treatment are immunosuppressive therapies, with the first-line therapy being glucocorticoids. However, therapeutic options for glucocorticoid-refractory patients are still limited. Novel therapeutic approaches, which reduce GvHD severity while preserving GvL activity, are urgently needed. Targeting kinase activity with small molecule inhibitors has shown promising results in preclinical animal models and clinical trials. Well-studied kinase targets in GvHD include Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase 2 (ROCK2), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) to control B- and T-cell activation in acute and chronic GvHD. Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) and 2 (JAK2) are among the most intensively studied kinases in GvHD due to their importance in cytokine production and inflammatory cell activation and migration. Here, we discuss the role of kinase inhibition as novel treatment strategies for acute and chronic GvHD after allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Braun
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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A Conantokin Peptide Con-T[M8Q] Inhibits Morphine Dependence with High Potency and Low Side Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010044. [PMID: 33478061 PMCID: PMC7835912 DOI: 10.3390/md19010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists have been found to be effective to inhibit morphine dependence. However, the discovery of the selective antagonist for NMDAR GluN2B with low side-effects still remains challenging. In the present study, we report a selective NMDAR GluN2B antagonist con-T[M8Q](a conantokin-T variant) that potently inhibits the naloxone-induced jumping and conditioned place preference of morphine-dependent mice at nmol/kg level, 100-fold higher than ifenprodil, a classical NMDAR NR2B antagonist. Con-T[M8Q] displays no significant impacts on coordinated locomotion function, spontaneous locomotor activity, and spatial memory mice motor function at the dose used. Further molecular mechanism experiments demonstrate that con-T[M8Q] effectively inhibited the transcription and expression levels of signaling molecules related to NMDAR NR2B subunit in hippocampus, including NR2B, p-NR2B, CaMKII-α, CaMKII-β, CaMKIV, pERK, and c-fos. The high efficacy and low side effects of con-T[M8Q] make it a good lead compound for the treatment of opiate dependence and for the reduction of morphine usage.
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Navarro-Zaragoza J, Laorden ML, Milanés MV. Glucocorticoid receptor but not mineralocorticoid receptor mediates the activation of ERK pathway and CREB during morphine withdrawal. Addict Biol 2017; 22:342-353. [PMID: 26598419 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that glucocorticoids are involved in the development of addiction to drugs of abuse. They share this role with dopamine (DA), and with different signalling pathways and/or transcription factors such as extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). However, the relation between them is not completely elucidated. In this report, we further characterize the role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor (GR and MR) signalling in DA turnover at the Nacc, and in opiate withdrawal-induced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, ERK and CREB phosphorylation (activation) in the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS-A2 ). The role of GR and MR signalling was assessed with the selective GR antagonist, mifepristone or the MR antagonist, spironolactone (i.p.). Rats were implanted two morphine (or placebo) pellets. Six days later rats were pretreated with mifepristone, spironolactone or vehicle 30 min before naloxone, and DA turnover, TH expression, ERK and CREB phosphorylation, were measured using HPLC and immunoblotting. Glucocorticoid receptor blockade attenuated ERK and CREB phosphorylation and the TH expression induced by morphine withdrawal. In contrast, no changes were seen after MR blockade. Finally, GR and MR blockade did not alter the morphine withdrawal-induced increase seen both in DA turnover and DA metabolite production, in the NAcc. These results show that not only ERK and CREB phosphorylation but also TH expression in the NTS is modulated by GR signalling. The present results suggest that GR is a therapeutic target to improve aversive events associated with opiate withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Navarro-Zaragoza
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
| | - M. Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
| | - M. Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB); Murcia Spain
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Yayeh T, Yun K, Jang S, Oh S. Morphine dependence is attenuated by red ginseng extract and ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K. J Ginseng Res 2016; 40:445-452. [PMID: 27746699 PMCID: PMC5052441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. METHODS While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. RESULTS Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. CONCLUSION RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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SEO SOYOUNG, KWON YOUNGSOOK, YU KWEON, KIM SEUNGWHAN, KWON OYU, KANG KYUNGHEE, KWON KISANG. Naloxone induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1395-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Navarro-Zaragoza J, Martínez-Laorden E, Mora L, Hidalgo J, Milanés M, Laorden M. Cardiac adverse effects of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal on right ventricle: Role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) 1 receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 275:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Almela P, García-Carmona JA, Martínez-Laorden E, Milanés MV, Laorden ML. Crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase receptor (TXR) in the heart after morphine withdrawal. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:164. [PMID: 24409147 PMCID: PMC3873507 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large family of membrane receptors involved in signal transduction. These receptors are linked to a variety of physiological and biological processes such as regulation of neurotransmission, growth, and cell differentiation among others. Some of the effects of GPCRs are known to be mediated by the activation of mitogen-activated extracellular kinase (MAPK) pathways. Cross-talk among various signal pathways plays an important role in activation of intracellular and intranuclear signal transduction cascades. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal leads to an up-regulation of adenyl cyclase-mediated signaling, resulting in high expression of protein kinase (PK) A. In addition, there is also an increased expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), one member of MAPK. For this reason, the crosstalk between these GPCRs and receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (TKR) can be considered a possible mechanism for adaptive changes that occurs after morphine withdrawal. Morphine withdrawal activates ERK1/2 and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at Ser31 in the right and left ventricle. When N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (HA-1004), a PKA inhibitor was infused, the ability of morphine withdrawal to activate ERK, which phosphorylates TH at Ser31, was reduced. The present finding demonstrated that the enhancement of ERK1/2 expression and the phosphorylation state of TH at Ser31 during morphine withdrawal are dependent on PKA and suggest cross-talk between PKA and ERK1/2 transduction pathway mediating morphine withdrawal-induced activation of TH. Increasing understanding of the mechanisms that interconnect the two pathway regulated by GPCRs and TKRs may facilitate the design of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Almela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María-Luisa Laorden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
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Ramos-Miguel A, Miralles A, García-Sevilla JA. Correlation of rat cortical Fas-associated death domain (FADD) protein phosphorylation with the severity of spontaneous morphine abstinence syndrome: role of α(2)-adrenoceptors and extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1691-702. [PMID: 21088039 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110387842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fas-associated death domain (FADD) phosphorylation was recently implicated in opiate-induced neuroplasticity. To further explore the role of FADD in the mechanisms of morphine-induced physical dependence, the regulation of cortical p-FADD (and their interactions with α(2)-adrenoceptors and other signalling pathways) was assessed during spontaneous opiate withdrawal (SW) in morphine-dependent rats (10-100 mg/kg for 6 days). The main results indicated that oligomeric p-FADD in the cerebral cortex mirrored the time course of morphine SW (12-96 h), which resulted in a striking correlation between p-FADD and the intensity (behavioural scores) of morphine abstinence (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.59, n = 39, p < 0.0001). The inactivation of brain α(2)-adrenoceptors (EEDQ at SW 12 h) further enhanced morphine abstinence intensity and cortical p-FADD content at SW 24 h. The disruption of ERK1/2 signalling (SL 327 at SW 4 h and SW 8 h) did not alter morphine abstinence at SW 12 h, but it attenuated the behavioural syndrome at SW 24 h. This inhibition of ERK1/2, however, did not prevent the up-regulation of oligomeric p-FADD at SW 12 h and 24 h. These data indicate that cortical oligomeric p-FADD, mainly through an interaction with inhibitory α(2)-adrenoceptors, plays a functional role in the behavioural expression of morphine abstinence in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, IUNICS, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal evokes phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 in rat heart through extracellular signal-regulated kinase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Goldsmith JR, Uronis JM, Jobin C. Mu opioid signaling protects against acute murine intestinal injury in a manner involving Stat3 signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:673-83. [PMID: 21801866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opiates have long been used as analgesics to relieve pain associated with various medical conditions. Here, we evaluated the effect and mechanism of mu opioid signaling on the intestinal wound healing response and assessed downstream pathways known to be protective against intestinal injury. Mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days or 4% DSS for 5 days followed by 7 days of water. The mu opioid receptor (MOR)-specific agonist [D-Arg2,Lys4]dermorphin-(1,4)-amide (DALDA) and the antagonist cyprodime were injected s.c. daily for in vivo studies or used for in vitro analysis. We found that MOR activation attenuated DSS-induced histologic and gross intestinal injury and weight loss; diminished Ifng, Tnf, and Il6 mRNA expression; and promoted intestinal healing during recovery. DALDA also enhanced colonocyte proliferation (Ki-67 staining) by 350%. MOR activation increased Stat3 phosphorylation in both DALDA-treated mice and the CMT-93 cell line. Importantly, DALDA-induced colonocyte migration was completely ablated by shStat3 knockdown. Together, this work shows that MOR activation protects against and enhances recovery from DSS-induced intestinal injury. This is associated with an increase in Stat3 activation. Furthermore, Stat3 is required for DALDA-induced colonocyte migration. Consequently, manipulation of MOR signaling may represent a novel means to promote mucosal healing and to maintain intestinal homeostasis after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in the amygdala mediates elevated plus maze behavior during opioid withdrawal. Behav Pharmacol 2011; 20:576-83. [PMID: 19738463 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832ec57e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) contributes to the increased open-arm time observed in the elevated plus maze (EPM) during opioid withdrawal. We applied SL327, a selective ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, to specific limbic areas and examined the effect on EPM behaviors of controls and during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. We next confirmed that ERK activation increased in limbic areas of mice undergoing naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Direct injection of SL327 into the amygdala blocked the withdrawal-induced increase in open-arm time; however, injecting SL327 into the septum had no effect. Consistent with these results, both 0.2 and 2 mg/kg naloxone increased ERK activation in the central amygdala of morphine-dependent mice. In drug-naive mice, 2 mg/kg naloxone, but not 0.2 mg/kg, increased ERK activation in the central amygdala. During withdrawal, increased ERK activation was also observed in the lateral septum. In the locus coeruleus, a significant increase was observed only in morphine-dependent mice receiving 2 mg/kg, but not 0.2 mg/kg naloxone. In conclusion, ERK activation in limbic areas is likely involved in both the aversive properties of naloxone and in the affective/emotional symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including mediating EPM behaviors.
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Núñez C, González-Cuello A, Sánchez L, Vargas ML, Milanés MV, Laorden ML. Effects of rolipram and diazepam on the adaptive changes induced by morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 620:1-8. [PMID: 19683523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A role for the cyclic AMP systems in the development of morphine dependence has been previously reported. In this study we investigated whether morphine dependence was inhibited by phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors rolipram and diazepam. Dependence on morphine was induced by a 7-day s.c. implantation of morphine pellets. On day 8, morphine withdrawal was precipitated by an injection of naloxone. In order to determine the effect of rolipram and diazepam rats were injected with these drugs once daily for seven days as well as 30 min before of naloxone injection. When opioid withdrawal was precipitated, an enhanced noradrenaline turnover and increased level of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were observed 30 min after naloxone administration. Moreover, c-Fos expression was induced in the PVN after naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Co-administration of rolipram or diazepam with morphine during the pre-treatment period, significantly reduced the signs of withdrawal, the enhancement of noradrenaline turnover and the increase in cyclic AMP. However, these inhibitors did not modify either levels of cyclic GMP or c-Fos expression in the PVN. These findings demonstrate that co-administration of rolipram or diazepam with morphine attenuate the withdrawal syndrome and suggest that these compounds may prevent the up-regulation of the cyclic AMP pathway and the associated increase in cyclic AMP level in morphine-withdrawn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Núñez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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Almela P, Atucha NM, Milanés MV, Laorden ML. Cross-Talk between Protein Kinase A and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Signalling in the Adaptive Changes Observed during Morphine Withdrawal in the Heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:771-82. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.154583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Almela P, Victoria Milanés M, Luisa Laorden M. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation after naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in the left ventricle. Basic Res Cardiol 2008; 104:366-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Effects of chronic inflammation and morphine tolerance on the expression of phospho-ERK 1/2 and phospho-P38 in the injured tissue. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 379:315-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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STAT-3 and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation are critical for T-cell alloactivation and graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2008; 112:5254-8. [PMID: 18838616 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-147322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and donor T cells are indispensable for GVHD. Current therapies have limited efficacy, selectivity, and high toxicities. We used a novel flow cytometry technique for the analysis of intracellular phosphorylation events in single cells in murine BMT models to identify and validate novel GVHD drug targets.(1-7) This method circumvents the requirement for large numbers of purified cells, unlike western blots. We defined a signaling profile for alloactivated T cells in vivo and identified the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT-3 as important events during T-cell (allo)activation in GVHD. We establish that interference with STAT-3 phosphorylation can inhibit T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro and GVHD in vivo. This suggests that phospho-specific flow cytometry is useful for the identification of promising drug targets, and ERK1/2 and STAT-3 phosphorylation in alloactivated T cells may be important for GVHD.
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Almela P, Milanés M, Laorden M. The PKs PKA and ERK 1/2 are involved in phosphorylation of TH at Serine 40 and 31 during morphine withdrawal in rat hearts. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:73-83. [PMID: 18536752 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our previous studies have shown that morphine withdrawal induced hyperactivity of cardiac noradrenergic pathways. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of morphine withdrawal on site-specific phosphorylation of TH in the heart. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dependence on morphine was induced by a 7-day s.c. implantation of morphine pellets in rats. Morphine withdrawal was precipitated on day 8 by an injection of naloxone (2 mg kg(-1)). TH phosphorylation was determined by quantitative blot immunolabelling using phosphorylation state-specific antibodies. KEY RESULTS Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal induced phosphorylation of TH at serine (Ser)40 and Ser31 in the right ventricle, associated with both an increase in total TH levels and an enhancement of TH activity. When HA-1004 (PK A inhibitor) was infused, concomitantly with morphine, it diminished the increase in noradrenaline turnover, total TH levels and TH phosphorylation at Ser40 in morphine-withdrawn rats. In contrast, the infusion of calphostin C (PKC inhibitor), did not modify the morphine withdrawal-induced increase in noradrenaline turnover and total TH levels. In addition, we show that the ability of morphine withdrawal to stimulate phosphorylation at Ser31 was reduced by SL327, an inhibitor of ERK 1/2 activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present findings demonstrate that the enhancement of total TH levels and the increased phosphorylation state of TH during morphine withdrawal were dependent on PKA and ERK activities and suggest that these transduction pathways might contribute to the activation of the cardiac catecholaminergic neurons in response to morphine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Almela
- Department of Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
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