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Huang TH, Lai MC, Chen YS, Huang CW. The Roles of Glutamate Receptors and Their Antagonists in Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030686. [PMID: 36979664 PMCID: PMC10045490 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. When compared to chronic epilepsy, it is distinguished by the durability of seizures and frequent resistance to benzodiazepine (BZD). The Receptor Trafficking Hypothesis, which suggests that the downregulation of γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, and upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors play major roles in the establishment of SE is the most widely accepted hypothesis underlying BZD resistance. NMDA and AMPA are ionotropic glutamate receptor families that have important excitatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS). They are both essential in maintaining the normal function of the brain and are involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Based on animal and human studies, antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors have a significant impact in ending SE; albeit most of them are not yet approved to be in clinically therapeutic guidelines, due to their psychomimetic adverse effects. Although there is still a dearth of randomized, prospective research, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and the AMPA antagonist, perampanel, are regarded to be reasonable optional adjuvant therapies in controlling SE, refractory SE (RSE) or super-refractory SE (SRSE), though there are still a lack of randomized, prospective studies. This review seeks to summarize and update knowledge on the SE development hypothesis, as well as clinical trials using NMDA and AMPA antagonists in animal and human studies of SE investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
- Zhengxin Neurology & Rehabilitation Center, Tainan 70459, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
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Nicolo JP, O'Brien TJ, Kwan P. Role of cerebral glutamate in post-stroke epileptogenesis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102069. [PMID: 31795040 PMCID: PMC6883323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most important causes of acquired epilepsy in the adult population. While factors such as cortical involvement and haemorrhage have been associated with increased seizure risk, the mechanisms underlying the development of epilepsy after stroke remain unclear. One hypothesised mechanism is an excitotoxic effect of abnormal glutamate release following a stroke. Cerebral extracellular glutamate levels are known to rise in the setting of acute stroke, and numerous studies have implicated glutamate in the pathogenesis of seizures and epilepsy, both through direct measurement of glutamate from the epileptic brain and by analysis of receptors and transporters central to glutamate homeostasis. While experimental evidence suggests the cellular injury induced by glutamate exposure may lead to development of an epileptic phenotype, there is little direct data linking the rise in glutamate during stroke with the later development of epilepsy. Clinical research in this field has been hampered by the lack of non-invasive methods to measure cerebral glutamate. However, with the increasing availability of 7T MRI technology, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is able to better resolve glutamate from other chemical species at this field strength, and Glutamate Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (GluCEST) imaging has been applied to localise epileptic foci in non-lesional focal epilepsy. This review outlines the evidence implicating a pivotal role for cerebral glutamate in the development of post-stroke epilepsy, and exploring the role of MRI in studying glutamate as a biomarker and therefore its suitability as a molecular target for anti-epileptogenic therapies. We hypothesise that the rise in glutamate levels in the setting of acute stroke is a clinically relevant biomarker for the development of post-stroke epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Nicolo
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street Parkville Victoria Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne Victoria Australia.
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne Victoria Australia; Department of Medicine (The Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria Australia.
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street Parkville Victoria Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne Victoria Australia.
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Yang Y, Lu F, Zhuang L, Yang S, Kong Y, Tan W, Gong Z, Zhan S. Combined preconditioning with hypoxia and GYKI-52466 protects rats from cerebral ischemic injury by HIF-1α/eNOS pathway. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5308-5319. [PMID: 29312485 PMCID: PMC5752883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury has been the leading cause of death and long term disability in the world because of the lack of successful therapies to it, leading to neurological and behavioral deficits. The present study aims to investigate the effects of combined preconditioning (PC) with hypoxia and GYKI-52466 (GYKI) on cerebral ischemic injury and to explore the mechanism. The results showed that combined preconditioning with hypoxia and GYKI-52466 increased the survival rate of cerebral ischemia rats, alleviated the neurological deficit, increased the object recognition and social recognition memory of rats and suppressed the inflammatory reaction induced by cerebral ischemia. Further experiments found that preconditioning with hypoxia and GYKI-52466 significantly increased the HIF-1α and eNOS expression as well as eNOS activity, while inhibitors of HIF-1α and eNOS abolished the protective effects of hypoxia+GYKI PC on neurological deficit. Taken together, these results indicate that combined preconditioning with hypoxia and GYKI-52466 is effective to prevent cerebral ischemia injury, while HIF-1α and eNOS may be involved in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Lihua Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Yingnan Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Wenli Tan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Zhigang Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 185, Pu An Road, Shanghai 200021, China
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Inhibition of glutamate release by cilnidipine in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Neuroreport 2017; 28:527-532. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ling I, Mihalik B, Etherington LA, Kapus G, Pálvölgyi A, Gigler G, Kertész S, Gaál A, Pallagi K, Kiricsi P, Szabó É, Szénási G, Papp L, Hársing LG, Lévay G, Spedding M, Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Barkóczy J, Volk B, Simig G, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA. A novel GABA(A) alpha 5 receptor inhibitor with therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:497-507. [PMID: 26169564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2,3-benzodiazepine and related isoquinoline derivatives, substituted at position 1 with a 2-benzothiophenyl moiety, were synthesized to produce compounds that potently inhibited the action of GABA on heterologously expressed GABAA receptors containing the alpha 5 subunit (GABAA α5), with no apparent affinity for the benzodiazepine site. Substitutions of the benzothiophene moiety at position 4 led to compounds with drug-like properties that were putative inhibitors of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors and had substantial blood-brain barrier permeability. Initial characterization in vivo showed that 8-methyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]-1,9-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepin-2-one was devoid of sedative, pro-convulsive or motor side-effects, and enhanced the performance of rats in the object recognition test. In summary, we have discovered a first-in-class GABA-site inhibitor of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors that has promising drug-like properties and warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ling
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lori-An Etherington
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gábor Kapus
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Pálvölgyi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gigler
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kertész
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaál
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pallagi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kiricsi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Papp
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László G Hársing
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - József Barkóczy
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Volk
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Simig
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gacsályi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary.
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Schulze-Bonhage A, Hintz M. Perampanel in the management of partial-onset seizures: a review of safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:1143-51. [PMID: 26316718 PMCID: PMC4542413 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s63951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perampanel (PER) is a novel antiepileptic drug recently introduced for the adjunctive treatment in epilepsy patients aged 12 years or older with partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in the US and Europe. Its antiepileptic action is based on noncompetitive inhibition of postsynaptic AMPA receptors, decreasing excitatory synaptic transmission. Evaluation of efficacy in three placebo-controlled randomized Phase III studies showed that add-on therapy of PER decreased seizure frequencies significantly compared to placebo at daily doses between 4 mg/day and 12 mg/day. PER's long half-life of 105 hours allows for once-daily dosing that is favorable for patient compliance with intake. Long-term extension studies showed a 62.5%-69.6% adherence of patients after 1 year of treatment, comparing favorably with other second-generation antiepileptic drugs. Whereas these trials demonstrated an overall favorable tolerability profile of PER, nonspecific central nervous system adverse effects like somnolence, dizziness, headache, and fatigue may occur. In addition, neuropsychiatric disturbances ranging from irritability to suicidality were reported in several case reports; both placebo-controlled and prospective long-term extension trials showed a low incidence of such behavioral and psychiatric complaints. For early recognition of neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, and aggression, slow titration and close monitoring during drug introduction are mandatory. This allows on the one hand to recognize patients particularly susceptible to adverse effects of the drug, and on the other hand to render the drug's full potential of seizure control available for the vast majority of patient groups tolerating the drug well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany, Tel +49 761 2705 4250, Fax +49 761 2705 0030, Email
| | - Mandy Hintz
- Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Citraro R, Aiello R, Franco V, De Sarro G, Russo E. Targeting α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors in epilepsy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:319-34. [PMID: 24387310 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.874416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite epilepsies being between the oldest and most studied neurological diseases, new treatment remains an unmet need of scientific research due to the high percentage of refractory patients. Several studies have identified new suitable anti-seizure targets. Glutamate activation of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors (AMPARs) have long ago been identified as suitable targets for the development of anti seizure drugs. AREAS COVERED Here, we describe: i) AMPARs' structure and their involvement and role during seizures and in epilepsy and ii) the efficacy of AMPAR antagonists in preclinical models of seizures and epilepsy. EXPERT OPINION The physiological and pathological role of AMPAR in the CNS and the development of AMPAR antagonists have recently gained attention considering their recent involvement in status epilepticus and the marketing of perampanel. The need for new anti-seizure drugs represents a major challenge in both preclinical and clinical epilepsy. The introduction into the market of perampanel for the treatment of epilepsy will shed new light on the real potential of AMPAR antagonism in clinical settings outside the limited world of clinical trials. While research will go on in this area, fundamental will be the post-marketing evaluation of perampanel efficacy and tolerability and a better definition of the role of this receptor in the epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department , Catanzaro , Italy
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8
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Dorandeu F, Dhote F, Barbier L, Baccus B, Testylier G. Treatment of status epilepticus with ketamine, are we there yet? CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:411-27. [PMID: 23601960 PMCID: PMC6493567 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE), a neurological emergency both in adults and in children, could lead to brain damage and even death if untreated. Generalized convulsive SE (GCSE) is the most common and severe form, an example of which is that induced by organophosphorus nerve agents. First- and second-line pharmacotherapies are relatively consensual, but if seizures are still not controlled, there is currently no definitive data to guide the optimal choice of therapy. The medical community seems largely reluctant to use ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor. However, a review of the literature clearly shows that ketamine possesses, in preclinical studies, antiepileptic properties and provides neuroprotection. Clinical evidences are scarcer and more difficult to analyze, owing to a use in situations of polytherapy. In absence of existing or planned randomized clinical trials, the medical community should make up its mind from well-conducted preclinical studies performed on appropriate models. Although potentially active, ketamine has no real place for the treatment of isolated seizures, better accepted drugs being used. Its best usage should be during GCSE, but not waiting for SE to become totally refractory. Concerns about possible developmental neurotoxicity might limit its pediatric use for refractory SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), La Tronche Cedex, France.
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9
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Nayak P, Zhang H, Kerr D. Determination of 1-(4′-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylene-dioxy-2,3-benzodiazepine by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection in plasma and brain in healthy and hypoxic–ischaemic rats. Neuroscience 2013; 232:139-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nayak PK, Kerr DS. Low-dose GYKI-52466: prophylactic preconditioning confers long-term neuroprotection and functional recovery following hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Neuroscience 2012; 232:128-38. [PMID: 23246617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental preconditioning provides beneficial outcomes in conditions such as cardiac surgery, brain surgery and stroke. Here we evaluated the protective effects of low-dose subcutaneous GYKI-52466 preconditioning in a rat model of hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) brain injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 26) were administered saline or GYKI-52466 (GYKI; 3-mg/kg, 90 min; 1-mg/kg, twice in 120 min; or 0.5-mg/kg, thrice in 180 min) prior to left common carotid artery occlusion. Animals were allowed to recover for 2h, and then placed in a hypoxia chamber (8% O₂/92% N₂; 33 ± 1°C) for 1h. A sham surgery group received saline without HI. Seizure activity was scored during hypoxia and sensorimotor tests performed before surgery and at 1, 7, 14 and 90 days post-HI. On days 14 and 90 brains were fixed and sectioned for the assessment of infarct size and ventricular enlargement. Low-dose GYKI-52466 preconditioning significantly reduced infarct volume and ventricular enlargement relative to saline-treated controls at day 14 after HI. On day 90, tissue loss was significantly reduced by GYKI 3-mg/kg compared to saline. Foot-faults, paw use asymmetry, and postural reflex scores were significantly improved in all GYKI treatment groups. Our results show that GYKI-52466 is effective at doses well-below, and at pre-administration intervals well-beyond previous studies, and suggest that a classical blockade of ionotropic AMPA receptors does not underlie its neuroprotective effects. Low-dose GYKI-52466 preconditioning represents a novel, prophylactic strategy for neuroprotection in a field almost devoid of effective pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D S Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Russo E, Gitto R, Citraro R, Chimirri A, De Sarro G. New AMPA antagonists in epilepsy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1371-89. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.705277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- University of Messina, Farmaco-Chimico Department,
Messina, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alba Chimirri
- University of Messina, Farmaco-Chimico Department,
Messina, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department,
Catanzaro, Italy
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine,
Via T. Campanella, 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ;
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Kovács AD, Saje A, Wong A, Ramji S, Cooper JD, Pearce DA. Age-dependent therapeutic effect of memantine in a mouse model of juvenile Batten disease. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:769-75. [PMID: 22683643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is no treatment for juvenile Batten disease, a fatal childhood neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene. The Cln3-knockout (Cln3(Δex1-6)) mouse model recapitulates several features of the human disorder. Cln3(Δex1-6) mice, similarly to juvenile Batten disease patients, have a motor coordination deficit detectable as early as postnatal day 14. Previous studies demonstrated that acute attenuation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor activity by the non-competitive AMPA antagonist, EGIS-8332, in both 1- and 6-7-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice results in improvement in motor coordination. Here we show that acute inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors by memantine (1 and 5 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect on the impaired motor coordination of one-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice. At a later stage of the disease, in 6-7-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice, memantine induced a delayed but extended (8 days) improvement of motor skills similarly to that observed previously with EGIS-8332 treatment. An age-dependent therapeutic effect of memantine implies that the pathomechanism in juvenile Batten disease changes during disease progression. In contrast to acute treatment, repeated administration of memantine or EGIS-8332 (1 mg/kg, once a week for 4 weeks) to 6-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice had no beneficial effect on motor coordination. Moreover, repeated treatments did not impact microglial activation or the survival of vulnerable neuron populations. Memantine did not affect astrocytosis in the cortex. EGIS-8332, however, decreased astrocytic activation in the somatosensory barrelfield cortex. Acute inhibition of NMDA receptors can induce a prolonged therapeutic effect, identifying NMDA receptors as a new therapeutic target for juvenile Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila D Kovács
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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Kovács AD, Saje A, Wong A, Szénási G, Kiricsi P, Szabó E, Cooper JD, Pearce DA. Temporary inhibition of AMPA receptors induces a prolonged improvement of motor performance in a mouse model of juvenile Batten disease. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:405-9. [PMID: 20971125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the CLN3 gene cause juvenile Batten disease, a fatal pediatric neurodegenerative disorder. The Cln3-knockout (Cln3(Δex1-6)) mouse model of the disease displays many pathological characteristics of the human disorder including a deficit in motor coordination. We have previously found that attenuation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor activity in one-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice resulted in an immediate improvement of their motor skills. Here we show that at a later stage of the disease, in 6-7-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice, acute inhibition of AMPA receptors by a single intraperitoneal injection (1mg/kg) of the non-competitive AMPA antagonist, EGIS-8332, does not have an immediate effect. Instead, it induces a delayed but prolonged improvement of motor skills. Four days after the injection of the AMPA antagonist, Cln3(Δex1-6) mice reached the same motor skill level as their wild type (WT) counterparts, an improvement that persisted for an additional four days. EGIS-8332 was rapidly eliminated from the brain as measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Histological analysis performed 8 days after the drug administration revealed that EGIS-8332 did not have any impact upon glial activation or the survival of vulnerable neuron populations in 7-month-old Cln3(Δex1-6) mice. We propose that temporary inhibition of AMPA receptors can induce a prolonged correction of the pre-existing abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo for juvenile Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila D Kovács
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Gill MB, Frausto S, Ikoma M, Sasaki M, Oikawa M, Sakai R, Swanson GT. A series of structurally novel heterotricyclic alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor-selective antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1417-29. [PMID: 20590632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A new class of heterotricyclic glutamate analogues recently was generated by incorporating structural elements of two excitotoxic marine compounds, kainic acid and neodysiherbaine A. Rather than acting as convulsants, several of these 'IKM' compounds markedly depressed CNS activity in mice. Here, we characterize the pharmacological profile of the series with a focus on the most potent of these molecules, IKM-159. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacological activity and specificity of IKM compounds were characterized using whole-cell patch clamp recording from neurons and heterologous receptor expression systems, in combination with radioligand binding techniques. KEY RESULTS The majority of the IKM compounds tested reduced excitatory synaptic transmission in neuronal cultures, and IKM-159 inhibited synaptic currents from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices. IKM-159 inhibited glutamate-evoked whole-cell currents from recombinant GluA2- and GluA4-containing alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors most potently, whereas kainate and NMDA receptor currents were not reduced by IKM-159. Antagonism of steady-state currents was agonist concentration dependent, suggesting that its mechanism of action was competitive, although it paradoxically did not displace [(3)H]-AMPA from receptor binding sites. IKM-159 reduced spontaneous action potential firing in both cultured hippocampal neurons in control conditions and during hyperactive states in an in vitro model of status epilepticus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IKM-159 is an AMPA receptor-selective antagonist. IKM-159 and related nitrogen heterocycles represent structurally novel AMPA receptor antagonists with accessible synthetic pathways and potentially unique pharmacology, which could be of use in exploring the role of specific populations of receptors in neurophysiological and neuropathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gill
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mattes H, Carcache D, Kalkman HO, Koller M. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists: from bench to bedside. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5367-82. [PMID: 20356304 DOI: 10.1021/jm901688m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Mattes
- Novartis Pharma AG, Werk Klybeck, WKL-122-241 Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Goulton CS, Patten AR, Kerr JR, Kerr DS. Pharmacological Preconditioning with GYKI 52466: A Prophylactic Approach to Neuroprotection. Front Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20953290 PMCID: PMC2955399 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some toxins and drugs can trigger lasting neuroprotective mechanisms that enable neurons to resist a subsequent severe insult. This “pharmacological preconditioning” has far-reaching implications for conditions in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted. We have previously shown that in vitro preconditioning with the AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 induces tolerance to kainic acid (KA) toxicity in hippocampus. This effect persists well after washout of the drug and may be mediated via inverse agonism of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Given the amplifying nature of metabotropic modulation, we hypothesized that GYKI 52466 may be effective in reducing seizure severity at doses well below those normally associated with adverse side effects. Here we report that pharmacological preconditioning with low-dose GYKI imparts a significant protection against KA-induced seizures in vivo. GYKI (3 mg/kg, s.c.), 90–180 min prior to high-dose KA, markedly reduced seizure scores, virtually abolished all level 3 and level 4 seizures, and completely suppressed KA-induced hippocampal c-FOS expression. In addition, preconditioned animals exhibited significant reductions in high frequency/high amplitude spiking and ECoG power in the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands during KA. Adverse behaviors often associated with higher doses of GYKI were not evident during preconditioning. The fact that GYKI is effective at doses well-below, and at pre-administration intervals well-beyond previous studies, suggests that a classical blockade of ionotropic AMPA receptors does not underlie anticonvulsant effects. Low-dose GYKI preconditioning may represent a novel, prophylactic strategy for neuroprotection in a field almost completely devoid of effective pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Goulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kovács AD, Pearce DA. Attenuation of AMPA receptor activity improves motor skills in a mouse model of juvenile Batten disease. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:288-91. [PMID: 17963751 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile Batten disease, caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene, is a fatal, incurable neurodegenerative disorder in children. The Cln3-loss-of-function (Cln3(Deltaex1-6)) mouse model of the disease exhibits many characteristic pathological features of the human disorder including a deficit in motor skills. Our recent findings [Kovács, A.D., Weimer, J.M., Pearce, D.A., 2006. Selectively increased sensitivity of cerebellar granule cells to AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in a mouse model of Batten disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 22, 575-585] suggested that the neurological deficit in the Cln3(Deltaex1-6) mouse model of the disease might result from an abnormally increased AMPA receptor activity in the cerebellum. Therefore, we tested if administration of low doses of an AMPA receptor antagonist, that attenuate AMPA receptor function but avoid a toxic, complete blockade of the receptor, have beneficial effects in Cln3(Deltaex1-6) mice. Here we show that attenuation of AMPA receptor activity by a single intraperitoneal injection of the non-competitive AMPA antagonist, EGIS-8332 (1 mg/kg), significantly improves the motor skills of Cln3(Deltaex1-6) mice. Our results provide a new, promising therapeutic approach for juvenile Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila D Kovács
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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