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Qun T, Zhou T, Hao J, Wang C, Zhang K, Xu J, Wang X, Zhou W. Antibacterial activities of anthraquinones: structure-activity relationships and action mechanisms. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1446-1471. [PMID: 37593578 PMCID: PMC10429894 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of untreatable infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the discovery of new drugs from natural products has become a hot research topic. The antibacterial activity of anthraquinones widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicine has attracted much attention. Herein, the structure and activity relationships (SARs) of anthraquinones as bacteriostatic agents are reviewed and elucidated. The substituents of anthraquinone and its derivatives are closely related to their antibacterial activities. The stronger the polarity of anthraquinone substituents is, the more potent the antibacterial effects appear. The presence of hydroxyl groups is not necessary for the antibacterial activity of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives. Substitution of di-isopentenyl groups can improve the antibacterial activity of anthraquinone derivatives. The rigid plane structure of anthraquinone lowers its water solubility and results in the reduced activity. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanisms of anthraquinone and its analogs are explored, mainly including biofilm formation inhibition, destruction of the cell wall, endotoxin inhibition, inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and blockage of energy metabolism and other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Qun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University 440113 Guangzhou China
| | - Jiongkai Hao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jing Xu
- Huanghua Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau Bohai New Area 061100 Hebei China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 200241 Shanghai China
- Key laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai 200241 China
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Pan Y, Li S, Xie X, Li M. Association between thromboxane A2 receptor polymorphisms and asthma risk: A meta-analysis. J Asthma 2016; 53:576-82. [PMID: 27058349 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1126849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is an association between thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) gene polymorphisms (+924C/T and +795C/T) and asthma risk by conducting a meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Pubmed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang database were searched (updated May 1, 2015). STUDY SELECTIONS Articles evaluating the association between TBXA2R gene polymorphisms and asthma risk were selected. RESULTS A total of 7 studies on +924C/T polymorphism and 6 studies on +795C/T polymorphism were included in this meta-analysis. There was a significant association between TBXA2R +924C/T polymorphism and asthma risk in the recessive model (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.01-1.75, P = 0.045). No significant association between +795C/T polymorphism and asthma risk in the overall population was demonstrated. In subgroup analyzes, significant association was observed in atopic asthma risk in the recessive model (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.01-2.01, P = 0.043), but no significant association was found between TBXA2R +924C/T polymorphism and asthma risk in Asians (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.80-1.63, P = 0.457). TBXA2R +795C/T polymorphism was associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) risk when stratified by asthma subphenotype in the allelic model (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.60, P = 0.014) and dominant model (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.11-2.03, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that TBXA2R +924C/T polymorphism is associated with asthma risk, and +795C/T polymorphism may be a risk factor for AIA. Larger-scale and well-designed studies are required to validate the association identified in the current meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Pan
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
| | - Shaojun Li
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
| | - Xinming Xie
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
| | - Manxiang Li
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , China
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Malik EM, Müller CE. Anthraquinones As Pharmacological Tools and Drugs. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:705-48. [PMID: 27111664 DOI: 10.1002/med.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoanthracenes) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications. Besides their utilization as colorants, anthraquinone derivatives have been used since centuries for medical applications, for example, as laxatives and antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. Current therapeutic indications include constipation, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, biologically active anthraquinones derived from Reactive Blue 2 have been utilized as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological studies. They may serve as lead structures for the development of future drugs. However, the presence of the quinone moiety in the structure of anthraquinones raises safety concerns, and anthraquinone laxatives have therefore been under critical reassessment. This review article provides an overview of the chemistry, biology, and toxicology of anthraquinones focusing on their application as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas M Malik
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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Lei Y, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Edvinsson L, Xu CB. Enhanced airway smooth muscle cell thromboxane receptor signaling via activation of JNK MAPK and extracellular calcium influx. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:629-38. [PMID: 21036122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane is a key inflammatory mediator and potent airway constrictor. It acts on thromboxane A(2) (TP) receptors and contributes to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness that is the characteristic feature of asthma. The present study was designed to study TP receptor signaling in airway smooth muscle cells by using an organ culture model and a set of selective pharmacological inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcium signal pathways. Western-blot, immunohistochemistry, myograph and a selective TP receptor agonist U46619 were used for examining TP receptor signal proteins and function. Organ culture of rat bronchial segments for up to 48 h induces a time-dependently increased airway contractile response to U46619. This indicates that organ culture increases TP receptor signaling in the airway smooth muscle cells. The enhanced bronchial contraction was attenuated by the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK activity, chelation of extracellular calcium and calcium channel blocker nifedipine, suggesting that JNK MAPK activity and elevated intracellular calcium level are required for the TP receptor signaling. In conclusion, airway smooth muscle cell TP receptor signaling occurs via JNK MAPK activity and the elevation of extracellular calcium influx, which may provide knowledge for understanding the signaling pathway responsible for the modulation of TP receptor mediated airway hyperresponsiveness to thromboxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Science in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kurokawa S, Suda M, Okuda T, Miyake Y, Matsumura Y, Ishimura M, Saito R, Nakamura T. Effect of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotriene and thromboxane A2 receptors, on a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:425-31. [PMID: 20457270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) are important mediators in inflammatory lung diseases such as bronchial asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We examined the effects of inhaled KP-496, a novel dual antagonist of the cysLTs and TXA(2) receptors, on bleomycin-induced IPF in mice. Mice were intravenously injected bleomycin on day 0, and 0.5% of KP-496 was inhaled twice a day (30 min/time) for the entire experimental period. The effects of KP-496 were evaluated by the number of infiltrated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung, and histopathology. Analyses of BALF on days 7 and 21 revealed that inhaled KP-496 significantly decreased total cell numbers, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils on both days. KP-496 significantly decreased hydroxyl-L-proline content in the lung on day 21. Histopathological analyses of lungs on day 21 demonstrated that KP-496 significantly suppressed inflammatory and fibrotic changes. Our results suggested that the suppression of cysLTs and TXA(2) pathways by KP-496 could control airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, and that KP-496 could be a new therapeutic agent for lung diseases with inflammation and fibrogenesis such as IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Benzoates/administration & dosage
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Bleomycin
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Leukotriene Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Leukotriene Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Kurokawa
- Pharmacology Department, Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Ishimura M, Maeda T, Kataoka S, Suda M, Kurokawa S, Hiyama Y. Effects of KP-496, a novel dual antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and thromboxane A2 receptor, on Sephadex-induced airway inflammation in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1057-61. [PMID: 19483315 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Eosinophils are involved in airway inflammation and play crucial roles in asthma. There is accumulating evidence to suggest contributions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and thromboxane (TX) A(2) to the recruitment of eosinophils into lung in asthmatics. KP-496 is a novel dual antagonist for CysLT receptor type 1 and TXA(2) receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of KP-496 on Sephadex-induced airway inflammation. Sephadex suspension was intratracheally injected into rats. Amounts of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and eotaxin, and numbers of infiltrating cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured 24 and 48 h after Sephadex injection, respectively. KP-496 (30, 100 microg/head) was intratracheally administered to rats 1 h before and 7 h after Sephadex injection. KP-496 and prednisolone (10 mg/kg, per os) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on infiltration of total cells and eosinophils into lung. Production of RANTES was significantly inhibited by KP-496 and prednisolone. Production of eotaxin was significantly inhibited by prednisolone. KP-496 also inhibited the production of eotaxin, though this effect was not significant. These results demonstrate that KP-496 exhibited the anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting infiltration of inflammatory cells and productions of RANTES and eotaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishimura
- Pharmacology Department, Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan.
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Baqi Y, Atzler K, Köse M, Glänzel M, Müller CE. High-Affinity, Non-Nucleotide-Derived Competitive Antagonists of Platelet P2Y12 Receptors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3784-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstraβe 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Atzler
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstraβe 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstraβe 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glänzel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstraβe 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstraβe 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapies for asthma are aimed at controlling disease symptoms and for the majority of asthmatics inhaled corticosteroid anti-inflammatory therapy is effective. However, this approach requires life-time therapy while a subset of patients remains symptomatic despite optimal treatment creating a clear unmet medical need. OBJECTIVES It is recognised that airway inflammation is key to asthma pathogenesis. Biopharmaceutical approaches may identify new therapies that target key cells and mediators that drive the inflammatory responses in the asthmatic lung. Such an approach may provide disease-modifying treatments. RESULTS Significant areas of drug development include humanised monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for asthma therapy including those against IgE, IL-4 and IL-5. Asthma-relevant cytokines or chemokines have been targeted in a number of other ways. These include the use of humanised receptor blocking mAb or the removal of cytokines or chemokines via their binding to soluble receptor constructs. Small-molecule receptor antagonists also target receptors or the cellular signal transduction pathways that are activated following cytokine or chemokine receptor ligation. Another approach is to target asthma relevant mediators or the pathways controlling pro-inflammatory leukocyte accumulation within the asthmatic lung. CONCLUSIONS This review will discuss the current status, therapeutic potential and potential problems of these novel drug developments in asthma therapy. Current therapies for asthma are aimed at controlling disease symptoms, and for the majority of asthmatics inhaled corticosteroid anti-inflammatory therapy is effective. However, this approach requires lifetime therapy; and a subset of patients remains symptomatic despite optimal treatment, creating a clear unmet medical need. It is recognised that airway inflammation is key to asthma pathogenesis. Biopharmaceutical approaches may identify new therapies that target key cells and mediators that drive the inflammatory responses in the asthmatic lung. Such an approach may provide disease-modifying treatments. Significant areas of drug development include humanised mAb for asthma therapy, including those against IgE, IL-4 and IL-5. Asthma-relevant cytokines or chemokines have been targeted in a number of other ways. These include the use of humanised receptor blocking mAb or the removal of cytokines or chemokines via their binding to soluble receptor constructs. Small-molecule receptor antagonists also target receptors or the cellular signal transduction pathways that are activated following cytokine or chemokine receptor ligation. Another approach is to target asthma-relevant mediators, or the pathways controlling pro-inflammatory leukocyte accumulation within the asthmatic lung. This review will discuss the current status, therapeutic potential and potential problems of these novel drug developments in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry M Walsh
- Division of Applied Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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