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Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Systemic Sclerosis-A Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233912. [PMID: 36497169 PMCID: PMC9739132 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune, multi-organ, connective tissue disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies demonstrate limited efficacy. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is more efficacious but carries associated risks, including treatment-related mortality. Here, we review HCT as a treatment for SSc, its efficacy and toxicity in comparison to conventional therapies, and the proposed mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of and recent developments in patient selection. Finally, we highlight the knowledge gaps and future work required to further improve patient outcomes.
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Guolo F, Minetto P, Pesce S, Ballerini F, Clavio M, Cea M, Frello M, Garibotto M, Greppi M, Bozzo M, Miglino M, Passannante M, Marcolin R, Tedone E, Colombo N, Mangerini R, Bo A, Ruzzenenti MR, Carlier P, Serio A, Luchetti S, Dominietto A, Varaldo R, Candiani S, Agostini V, Ravetti JL, Del Zotto G, Marcenaro E, Lemoli RM. Post-Transplant Nivolumab Plus Unselected Autologous Lymphocytes in Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Feasible and Promising Salvage Therapy Associated With Expansion and Maturation of NK Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753890. [PMID: 34804039 PMCID: PMC8603402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CI) have demonstrated clinical activity in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) patients relapsing after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), although only 20% complete response (CR) rate was observed. The efficacy of CI is strictly related to the host immune competence, which is impaired in heavily pre-treated HL patients. Here, we aimed to enhance the activity of early post-ASCT CI (nivolumab) administration with the infusion of autologous lymphocytes (ALI). Twelve patients with relapse/refractory (R/R) HL (median age 28.5 years; range 18-65), underwent lymphocyte apheresis after first line chemotherapy and then proceeded to salvage therapy. Subsequently, 9 patients with progressive disease at ASCT received early post-transplant CI supported with four ALI, whereas 3 responding patients received ALI alone, as a control cohort. No severe adverse events were recorded. HL-treated patients achieved negative PET scan CR and 8 are alive and disease-free after a median follow-up of 28 months. Four patients underwent subsequent allogeneic SCT. Phenotypic analysis of circulating cells showed a faster expansion of highly differentiated NK cells in ALI plus nivolumab-treated patients as compared to control patients. Our data show anti-tumor activity with good tolerability of ALI + CI for R/R HL and suggest that this setting may accelerate NK cell development/maturation and favor the expansion of the “adaptive” NK cell compartment in patients with HCMV seropositivity, in the absence of HCMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Guolo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Minetto
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Ballerini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Clavio
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Frello
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Garibotto
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Greppi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Miglino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Passannante
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marcolin
- Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tedone
- PathologIcal Anatomy and Histology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- PathologIcal Anatomy and Histology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosa Mangerini
- PathologIcal Anatomy and Histology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bo
- Stem Cell Processing Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Carlier
- Blood Transfusion Service and Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Serio
- Stem Cell Processing Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Luchetti
- Stem Cell Processing Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alida Dominietto
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Varaldo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Candiani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Agostini
- Blood Transfusion Service and Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean Louis Ravetti
- PathologIcal Anatomy and Histology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Core Facilities, Area Aggregazione Sevizi e Laboratori Diagnostici, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Massimo Lemoli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPOE), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Clinic of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Harrison N, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Graf A, Trapin D, Tauber P, Aberle JH, Stiasny K, Schmidt R, Greinix H, Rabitsch W, Ramharter M, Burgmann H, Pickl WF, Bahrs C. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Specific Lymphocyte Response after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Predicts Humoral Immunity after Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080908. [PMID: 34452033 PMCID: PMC8402406 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to assess lymphocyte proliferative and cytokine response prior to and following tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) immunization among patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Seventeen adult patients 11–13 months after HSCT and eight unvaccinated healthy adults received up to three TBE vaccinations. Following in vitro stimulation with TBE-antigen, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF) were analyzed by thymidine incorporation assay and the Luminex system. Ten patients (59%) showed significant baseline TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferation (stimulation index (SI) > 3) prior to vaccination, but none of the unvaccinated controls (p = 0.002). All patients with a TBE-specific antibody response after two vaccinations (at least 2-fold increase of neutralization test titers) exhibited a strong TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative response at baseline (SI > 10). Patients with sibling donors had a significantly stronger baseline TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative and IL-13 cytokine response than patients with unrelated donors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a relevant proportion of patients showed TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative and cytokine responses prior to vaccination after HSCT, which predicted the humoral response to the vaccine. Patients with vaccinated sibling donors were more likely to elicit a cellular immune response than patients with unrelated donors of unknown vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Section of Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Doris Trapin
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Peter Tauber
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Judith H. Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.H.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.H.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Division of Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hildegard Greinix
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Christina Bahrs
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-14040044400; Fax: +43-14040044180
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Krämer I, Engelhardt M, Fichtner S, Neuber B, Medenhoff S, Bertsch U, Hillengass J, Raab MS, Hose D, Ho AD, Goldschmidt H, Hundemer M. Lenalidomide enhances myeloma-specific T-cell responses in vivo and in vitro. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1139662. [PMID: 27467960 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1139662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation is an important part of lenalidomide's mode of action. We analyzed the impact of lenalidomide on T cells from patients with multiple myeloma during lenalidomide therapy in vivo and in patients with lenalidomide-refractory disease in vitro Patients enrolled in the German Speaking Myeloma Multicenter Group (GMMG) MM5 trial received a consolidation therapy with two cycles of lenalidomide after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Half of the study population continued treatment with lenalidomide maintenance therapy for 2 y, while the other patients received lenalidomide maintenance therapy until complete remission. We analyzed 58 patients with (n = 30) or without (n = 28) lenalidomide therapy and 12 patients refractory to lenalidomide with regards to their anti-myeloma-specific T-cell responses displayed by IFNγ, Granzyme B, and Perforin secretion. The immunophenotype of T-cells was investigated by flow cytometry. Significantly, more myeloma-specific T-cell responses were observed in patients during lenalidomide therapy, compared to patients without treatment. Furthermore, we found on T-cells from patients treated with lenalidomide a decreased CD45RA expression, indicating a maturated immunophenotype and a decreased expression of CD57, indicating functional T cells. An improved myeloma-specific T-cell response was observed in 6 out of 12 heavily pretreated patients (refractory to lenalidomide) after in vitro incubation with lenalidomide. Complementary to the results in vivo, lenalidomide decreased CD45RA expression on T cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Engelhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Fichtner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neuber
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergej Medenhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Bertsch
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Hillengass
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc-Steffen Raab
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hose
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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Decker WK, Safdar A. Dendritic cell vaccines for the immunocompromised patient: prevention of influenza virus infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:721-30. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Targeted Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S330-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Novel strategies for immunotherapy in multiple myeloma: previous experience and future directions. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:753407. [PMID: 22649466 PMCID: PMC3357929 DOI: 10.1155/2012/753407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a life-threatening haematological malignancy for which standard therapy is inadequate. Autologous stem cell transplantation is a relatively effective treatment, but residual malignant sites may cause relapse. Allogeneic transplantation may result in durable responses due to antitumour immunity mediated by donor lymphocytes. However, morbidity and mortality related to graft-versus-host disease remain a challenge. Recent advances in understanding the interaction between the immune system of the patient and the malignant cells are influencing the design of clinically more efficient study protocols for MM.
Cellular immunotherapy using specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to overcome aspects of immune incompetence in MM patients, has received great attention, and numerous clinical trials have evaluated the potential for dendritic cell (DC) vaccines as a novel immunotherapeutic approach. This paper will summarize the data investigating aspects of immunity concerning MM, immunotherapy for patients with MM, and strategies, on the way, to target the plasma cell more selectively. We also include the MM antigens and their specific antibodies that are of potential use for MM humoral immunotherapy, because they have demonstrated the most promising preclinical results.
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Condomines M, Veyrune JL, Larroque M, Quittet P, Latry P, Lugagne C, Hertogh C, Kanouni T, Rossi JF, Klein B. Increased plasma-immune cytokines throughout the high-dose melphalan-induced lymphodepletion in patients with multiple myeloma: a window for adoptive immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1079-84. [PMID: 19966210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-dose melphalan (HDM) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard treatment for patients with multiple myeloma. However, lymphocyte reconstitution is impaired after HDM. Recent work has suggested that the lymphopenia period occurring after various immunosuppressive or chemotherapy treatments may provide an interesting opportunity for adoptive antitumor immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine an immunotherapy window after HDM and ASCT, evaluating T cell lymphopenia, and measuring circulating immune cytokine concentrations in patients with multiple myeloma. The counts of T cell subpopulations reached a nadir at day 8 post-ASCT (day 10 post-HDM) and recovered by day 30. IL-6, IL-7, and IL-15 plasma levels increased on a median day 8 post-ASCT, respectively, 35-fold, 8-fold, and 10-fold compared with pre-HDM levels (p < or = 0.05). The increases in IL-7 and IL-15 levels were inversely correlated to the absolute lymphocyte count, unlike monocyte or myeloid counts. Furthermore, we have shown that CD3 T cells present in the ASC graft are activated, die rapidly when they are cultured without cytokine in vitro, and that addition of IL-7 or IL-15 could induce their survival and proliferation. In conclusion, the early lymphodepletion period, occurring 4-11 d post-HDM and ASCT, is associated with an increase of circulating immune cytokines and could be an optimal window to enhance the survival and proliferation of polyclonal T cells present in the ASC autograft and also of specific antimyeloma T cells previously expanded in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Condomines
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Institute of Research in Biotherapy, Montpellier, France
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Li YG, Wang ZP, Tian JQ, Tian BQ, Rodrigues R, Shang PF, Zhang T. Dendritic cell transfected with secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine and/or interleukin-2 gene-enhanced cytotoxicity of T-lymphocyte in human bladder tumor cell S in vitro. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:909-17. [PMID: 19832038 DOI: 10.3109/07357900802375746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with human secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (hSLC) and human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) genes are capable of improving DC's proliferation and to produce a marked antitumor effect in vitro combined with T-lymphocyte (TC). METHODS SLC gene primer was designed based on the corresponding gene sequence in GenBank. The Kpn I site was introduced into the upstream of the primer and Xho I site into the downstream. The SLC gene was amplified with the template of pET32a(+)-SLC by polymerase chain reaction. SLC was cloned into pBudCE4.1/IL-2 (TRAIL was cut from pBudCE4.1/TRAIL- IL-2 before) to construct recombinant plasmid pBudCE4.1/SLC-IL-2(PSI). DCs were transfected with pBudCE4.1/SLC-IL-2 by gene electric transfection. Protein expression was determined with Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cytotoxicity of TC and DC against the human bladder tumor cell were examined by chromium release assay. Flow cytometric analyses were performed to determine the apoptosis of tumor cells and the percentage of Treg. RESULTS A high level of expression of SLC and IL-2 was observed in DCs transfected with SLC and IL-2 genes. The mean production of IL-2 was 19.8 +/- 2.5, 511.10 +/- 52.36, and 541.3 +/- 62.04 ng/10(6) cells/24 hours in the DC/vector, DC/IL-2, and DC/SLC-IL-2, respectively. The mean SLC production was 29.8 +/- 4.43, 506.10 +/- 42.36, and 567.34 +/- 52.05 ngs/10(6)cells/24 hours in the DC/ vector, DC/SLC, and DC/SLC-IL-2, respectively. Cytotoxicity to bladder cancer cells was increased. The mean cytotoxicity (the effector/target ratio, 40:1) of TC-DC/parental, TC-DC/IL-2, TC-DC/SLC, and TC-DC/SLC-IL-2(TDSI) to the human bladder cancer cells was 32.1 +/- 5.5%, 63.5 +/- 6.6%, 78.1 +/- 9.63%, respectively. The apoptotsis rate of bladder cancer cells treated with TDSI was 18.6% by flow cytometry. Treg cells' percentage was very small in the DC medium. CONCLUSIONS SLC and IL-2 were produced by autocrine in DCs transfected with SLC and IL-2 genes. DC/SLC-IL-2 can promote DC proliferation, while TC-DC/SLC-IL-2 and TC-DC/SLC could strongly enhance significant cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cell that was induced by the coculture of DCs (transfected with SLC and IL-2) and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou, China
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Braiteh F, Hymes SR, Giralt SA, Jones R. Complete remission of psoriasis after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4511-3. [PMID: 18802165 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Braiteh
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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