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Hörner M, Weber W. Spatially Defined Gene Delivery into Native Cells with the Red Light-Controlled OptoAAV Technology. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e440. [PMID: 35671165 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The OptoAAV technology allows spatially defined delivery of transgenes into native target cells down to single-cell resolution by the illumination with cell-compatible and tissue-penetrating red light. The system is based on an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector of serotype 2 with an engineered capsid (OptoAAV) and a photoreceptor-containing adapter protein mediating the interaction of the OptoAAV with the surface of the target cell in response to low doses of red and far-red light. In this article, we first provide detailed protocols for the production, purification, and analysis of the OptoAAV and the adapter protein. Afterward, we describe in detail the application of the OptoAAV system for the light-controlled transduction of human cells with global and patterned illumination. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Production, purification, and analysis of PhyB-DARPinEGFR adapter protein Basic Protocol 2: Production, purification, and analysis of OptoAAV Basic Protocol 3: Red light-controlled viral transduction with the OptoAAV system Support Protocol: Spatially resolved transduction of two transgenes with the OptoAAV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hörner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Hörner M, Jerez-Longres C, Hudek A, Hook S, Yousefi OS, Schamel WWA, Hörner C, Zurbriggen MD, Ye H, Wagner HJ, Weber W. Spatiotemporally confined red light-controlled gene delivery at single-cell resolution using adeno-associated viral vectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabf0797. [PMID: 34134986 PMCID: PMC8208708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Methodologies for the controlled delivery of genetic information into target cells are of utmost importance for genetic engineering in both fundamental and applied research. However, available methods for efficient gene transfer into user-selected or even single cells suffer from low throughput, the need for complicated equipment, high invasiveness, or side effects by off-target viral uptake. Here, we engineer an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector system that transfers genetic information into native target cells upon illumination with cell-compatible red light. This OptoAAV system allows adjustable and spatially resolved gene transfer down to single-cell resolution and is compatible with different cell lines and primary cells. Moreover, the sequential application of multiple OptoAAVs enables spatially resolved transduction with different transgenes. The approach presented is likely extendable to other classes of viral vectors and is expected to foster advances in basic and applied genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hörner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Jerez-Longres
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hudek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hook
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cindy Hörner
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanna J Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020528. [PMID: 32075165 PMCID: PMC7073817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a unique intervention which involves the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. PCI is based on the use of photosensitizers placed in endocytic vesicles that, following light activation, lead to rupture of the endocytic vesicles and the release of the macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. This technology has been shown to improve the biological activity of a number of macromolecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus and oligonucleotides and certain chemotherapeutics, such as bleomycin. This new intervention has also been found appealing for intracellular delivery of drugs incorporated into nanocarriers and for cancer vaccination. PCI is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Data from the first-in-human phase I clinical trial as well as an update on the development of the PCI technology towards clinical practice is presented here.
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Chen W, Deng W, Xu X, Zhao X, Vo JN, Anwer AG, Williams TC, Cui H, Goldys EM. Photoresponsive endosomal escape enhances gene delivery using liposome-polycation-DNA (LPD) nanovectors. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5269-5281. [PMID: 32254764 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00994e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanocarriers with stimuli responsiveness have been utilized as controlled release systems for gene/drug delivery applications. In our work, by taking advantage of the high complexation capability of polycations and the light triggered properties, we designed a novel photoresponsive liposome-polycation-DNA (LPD) platform. This LPD carrier incorporates verteporfin (VP) in lipid bilayers and the complex of polyethylenimine (PEI)/plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding EGFP (polyplex) in the central cavities of the liposomes. The liposomes were formulated with cationic lipids, PEGylated neutral lipids and cholesterol molecules, which improve their stability and cellular uptake in the serum-containing media. We evaluated the nanocomplex stability by monitoring size changes over six days, and the cellular uptake of the nanocomplex by imaging the intracellular route. We also demonstrated that light triggered the cytoplasmic release of pDNA upon irradiation with a 690 nm LED light source. Furthermore, this light triggered mechanism has been studied at the subcellular level. The activated release is driven by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from VP after light illumination. These ROS oxidize and destabilize the liposomal and endolysosomal membranes, leading to the release of pDNA into the cytosol and subsequent gene transfer activities. Light-triggered endolysosomal escape of pDNA at different time points was confirmed by a quantitative analysis of colocalization between pDNA and endolysosomes. The increased expression of the reporter EGFP in human colorectal cancer cells was also quantified after light illumination at various time points. The efficiency of this photo-induced gene transfection was demonstrated to be more than double compared to non-irradiated controls. Additionally, we observed a reduced cytotoxicity of the LPDs compared with the polyplexes alone. This study has thus shown that light-triggered and biocompatible LPDs enable an improved control of efficient gene delivery, which will be beneficial for future gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Wang J, Xie L, Wang T, Wu F, Meng J, Liu J, Xu H. Visible light-switched cytosol release of siRNA by amphiphilic fullerene derivative to enhance RNAi efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2017; 59:158-169. [PMID: 28511875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cationic macromolecules are attractive for use as small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers due to their performance in non-immunological reactions, customization during synthesis, and low costs compared to viral carriers. However, their low transfection efficiency substantially hinders their application in both clinical practices and academic research, which is mostly attributable to the low capacity of siRNA/cationic macromolecule complexes to escape lysosomes. To address this challenge, we designed an amphiphilic fullerene derivative (C60-Dex-NH2) for efficient and controllable siRNA delivery. To synthesize C60-Dex-NH2, terminally aminated dextran was conjugated to C60. The conjugate was further cationized by covalently introducing ethylenediamine to the dextran. The physicochemical characteristics of C60-Dex-NH2 was examined with elemental analyses, gel permeation chromatography, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C, HPDEC), agarose gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and in vitro RNA interference (RNAi) of siRNA/C60-Dex-NH2 complex was evaluated in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The RNAi efficiencies mediated by C60-Dex-NH2in vivo was evaluated in subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that C60-Dex-NH2 has a specific amphiphilic skeleton and could form micelle-like aggregate structures in water, which could prevent siRNA from destroying by reactive oxygen species (ROS). When exposed to visible light, C60-Dex-NH2 could trigger controllable ROS generation which could destroy the lysosome membrane, promote the lysosomal escape, and enhance the gene silencing efficiency of siRNA in vitro and in vivo. The gene silencing efficiency could reach a maximum of 53% in the MDA-MB-231-EGFP cells and 69% in the 4T1-GFP-Luc2 tumor-bearing mice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We designed a novel photosensitive amphiphilic carrier (C60-Dex-NH2) for efficient and controllable siRNA delivery, which can be used in gene therapy. We showed that C60-Dex-NH2 could destroy lysosome membrane via controllable generation of ROS when exposed to light, which can help siRNA to escape from lysosome before degradation. This can enhance the gene silencing efficiency significantly and provides a useful way to regulate RNAi efficiency by light. One advantage for C60-Dex-NH2 system is C60 has broad absorbance spectrum and can be activated by weak visible light; Furthermore, C60-Dex-NH2 has a specific amphiphilic structure, which may prevent siRNA from degrading and allows C60-Dex-NH2 to embed into the lipid membrane of lysosome to improve the ROS induced lysosomal disturbance after internalization.
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Gaware VS, Håkerud M, Juzeniene A, Høgset A, Berg K, Másson M. Endosome Targeting meso-Tetraphenylchlorin-Chitosan Nanoconjugates for Photochemical Internalization. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1108-1126. [PMID: 28245649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four amphiphilic covalently linked meso-tetraphenylchlorin-chitosan nanoconjugates were synthesized and evaluated for use in photochemical internalization (PCI) in vitro and in vivo. The synthetic protocol for the preparation of two different hydrophobic chlorin photosensitizers, 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylchlorin and 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylchlorin, was optimized. These monofunctional photosensitizers were covalently attached to carrier chitosan via silyl-protected 3,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-chitosan (Di-TBDMS-chitosan) with 0.10 degree of substitution per glucosamine (DS). Hydrophilic moieties such as trimethylamine and/or 1-methylpiperazine were incorporated with 0.9 DS to give fully water-soluble conjugates after removal of the TBDMS groups. A dynamic light scattering (DLS) study confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with a 140-200 nm diameter. These nanoconjugates could be activated at 650 nm (red region) light, with a fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) of 0.43-0.45, and are thus suitable candidates for use in PCI. These nanoconjugates were taken up and localized in the endocytic vesicles of HCT116/LUC human colon carcinoma cells, and upon illumination they substantially enhanced plasmid DNA transfection. The nanoconjugates were also evaluated in preliminary in vivo experiments in tumor-bearing mice, showing that the nanoconjugates could induce a strong photodynamic therapy (PDT) and also PCI effects in treatment with bleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Gaware
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.,PCI Biotech AS , Ullernchauséen 64, N0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Håkerud
- PCI Biotech AS , Ullernchauséen 64, N0379 Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital , The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Oslo University Hospital , The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Høgset
- PCI Biotech AS , Ullernchauséen 64, N0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Oslo University Hospital , The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Biology, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Sultan AA, Jerjes W, Berg K, Høgset A, Mosse CA, Hamoudi R, Hamdoon Z, Simeon C, Carnell D, Forster M, Hopper C. Disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a)-induced photochemical internalisation of bleomycin in patients with solid malignancies: a phase 1, dose-escalation, first-in-man trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:1217-29. [PMID: 27475428 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photochemical internalisation, a novel minimally invasive treatment, has shown promising preclinical results in enhancing and site-directing the effect of anticancer drugs by illumination, which initiates localised chemotherapy release. We assessed the safety and tolerability of a newly developed photosensitiser, disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a), in mediating photochemical internalisation of bleomycin in patients with advanced and recurrent solid malignancies. METHODS In this phase 1, dose-escalation, first-in-man trial, we recruited patients (aged ≥18 to <85 years) with local recurrent, advanced, or metastatic cutaneous or subcutaneous malignancies who were clinically assessed as eligible for bleomycin chemotherapy from a single centre in the UK. Patients were given TPCS2a on day 0 by slow intravenous injection, followed by a fixed dose of 15 000 IU/m(2) bleomycin by intravenous infusion on day 4. After 3 h, the surface of the target tumour was illuminated with 652 nm laser light (fixed at 60 J/cm(2)). The TPCS2a starting dose was 0·25 mg/kg and was then escalated in successive dose cohorts of three patients (0·5, 1·0, and 1·5 mg/kg). The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of TPCS2a; other co-primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicity and maximum tolerated dose. The primary analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00993512, and has been completed. FINDINGS Between Oct 3, 2009, and Jan 14, 2014, we recruited 22 patients into the trial. 12 patients completed the 3-month follow-up period. Adverse events related to photochemical internalisation were either local, resulting from the local inflammatory process, or systemic, mostly as a result of the skin-photosensitising effect of TPCS2a. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were unexpected higher transient pain response (grade 3) localised to the treatment site recorded in nine patients, and respiratory failure (grade 4) noted in two patients. One dose-limiting toxicity was reported in the 1·0 mg/kg cohort (skin photosensitivity [grade 2]). Dose-limiting toxicities were reported in two of three patients at a TPCS2a dose of 1·5 mg/kg (skin photosensitivity [grade 3] and wound infection [grade 3]); thus, the maximum tolerated dose of TPCS2a was 1·0 mg/kg. Administration of TPCS2a was found to be safe and tolerable by all patients. No deaths related to photochemical internalisation treatment occurred. INTERPRETATION TPCS2a-mediated photochemical internalisation of bleomycin is safe and tolerable. We identified TPCS2a 0·25 mg/kg as the recommended treatment dose for future trials. FUNDING PCI Biotech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Sultan
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Waseem Jerjes
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Charles A Mosse
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zaid Hamdoon
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Celia Simeon
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Dawn Carnell
- Head and Neck Unit, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Martin Forster
- Head and Neck Unit, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Colin Hopper
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK; Head and Neck Unit, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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Feng X, Jiang D, Kang T, Yao J, Jing Y, Jiang T, Feng J, Zhu Q, Song Q, Dong N, Gao X, Chen J. Tumor-Homing and Penetrating Peptide-Functionalized Photosensitizer-Conjugated PEG-PLA Nanoparticles for Chemo-Photodynamic Combination Therapy of Drug-Resistant Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17817-17832. [PMID: 27332148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy holds great potential in combating drug-resistant cancers. However, the major challenge that lies ahead is how to achieve high coloading capacity for both photosensitizer and chemo-drugs and how to gain efficient delivery of drugs to the drug-resistant tumors. In this study, we prepared a nanovehicle for codelivery of photosensitizer (pyropheophorbide-a, PPa) and chemo-drugs (paclitaxel, PTX) based on the synthesis of PPa-conjugated amphiphilic copolymer PPa-PLA-PEG-PLA-PPa. The obtained nanoparticles (PP NP) exhibited a satisfactory high drug-loading capacity for both drugs. To achieve effective tumor-targeting therapy, the surface of PP NP was decorated with a tumor-homing and penetrating peptide F3. In vitro cellular experiments showed that F3-functionalized PP NP (F3-PP NP) exhibited higher cellular association than PP NP and resulted in the strongest antiproliferation effect. In addition, compared with the unmodified nanoparticles, F3-PP NP exhibited a more preferential enrichment at the tumor site. Pharmacodynamics evaluation in vivo demonstrated that a longer survival time was achieved by the tumor-bearing mice treated with PP NP (+laser) than those treated with chemotherapy only or PDT only. Such antitumor efficacy of combination therapy was further improved following the F3 peptide functionalization. Collectively, these results suggested that targeted combination therapy may pave a promising way for the therapy of drug-resistant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Feng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ting Kang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yixian Jing
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Tianze Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jingxian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Nan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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Maurice-Duelli A, Ndoye A, Bouali S, Leroux A, Merlin JL. Enhanced Cell Growth Inhibition following PTEN Nonviral Gene Transfer Using Polyethylenimine and Photochemical Internalization in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 3:459-65. [PMID: 15453811 DOI: 10.1177/153303460400300507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene mapped on chromosome 10q23.3 and encodes a dual specificity phosphatase. PTEN has major implication in PI3 kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway and negatively controls PI3 phosphorylation. It has been reported to be implicated in cell cycle progression and cell death control through inhibition of PI3K-Akt signal transduction pathway and in the control of cell migration and spreading through its interaction with focal adhesion kinase. Somatic mutations of PTEN are frequently detected in several cancer types including brain, prostate and endometrium with more than 30% of tumor tissue specimens bearing PTEN mutations and/or deletions. Because of its high frequency of mutations and its important function as tumor suppressor gene, PTEN is a good candidate for gene therapy. Inducible expression of PTEN has been also reported. In cancer cells bearing PTEN abnormalities, the reversion of PTEN function by external gene transfer becomes more and more investigated in cancer treatment research. Several technologies including the photochemical internalization (PCI) and aiming at improving the transfection efficiency have been reported. PCI is an innovative procedure based on light-induced delivery of macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and other therapeutic molecules from endocytic vesicles to the cytosol of target cells. PCI has been reported to enhance the gene delivery potential of viral and nonviral vectors. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of photochemical internalization on polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated PTEN gene transfer and its effects on the cellular viability in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells bearing PTEN abnormalities. PCI was found to significantly (P < 0.01) enhance PTEN mRNA expression (4.2 fold increase). Subsequently, following PEI-mediated PTEN gene transfer, the restoration of the PTEN protein expression was observed. As a consequence, significant cell growth inhibition (44%) was observed in Ishikawa endometrial cells. Using PCI for PEI-mediated PTEN gene transfer was found to further enhance PTEN mRNA and protein expression as well as PTEN-related cell growth inhibition reaching 89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maurice-Duelli
- Unite de Biologie des Tumeurs, EA 3452 Universite Henri Poincare, Centre Alexis Vautrin, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les Nancy cedex, France
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Yuan Y, Zhang CJ, Liu B. A Photoactivatable AIE Polymer for Light-Controlled Gene Delivery: Concurrent Endo/Lysosomal Escape and DNA Unpacking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yuan Y, Zhang C, Liu B. A Photoactivatable AIE Polymer for Light‐Controlled Gene Delivery: Concurrent Endo/Lysosomal Escape and DNA Unpacking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11419-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youyong Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117585 (Singapore)
| | - Chong‐Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117585 (Singapore)
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, Singapore 117585 (Singapore)
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore, 117602 (Singapore)
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Basic and Clinical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:279-93. [PMID: 25048432 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1310] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) in combination with harmless visible light that is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In a series of three reviews we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in the field of PDT. Part one discusses the recent explosion in discovery and chemical synthesis of new PS. Some guidelines on how to choose an ideal PS for a particular application are presented. The photochemistry and photophysics of PS and the two pathways known as Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) photochemical processes are discussed. To carry out PDT effectively in vivo, it is necessary to ensure sufficient light reaches all the diseased tissue. This involves understanding how light travels within various tissues and the relative effects of absorption and scattering. The fact that most of the PS are also fluorescent allows various optical imaging and monitoring strategies to be combined with PDT. The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. Examples of PS that localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes are given. Finally the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid as a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, stimulates accumulation of the PS protoporphyrin IX is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Increased sensitivity of glioma cells to 5-fluorocytosine following photo-chemical internalization enhanced nonviral transfection of the cytosine deaminase suicide gene. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:29-37. [PMID: 24610460 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the outcomes of patients with GBM have not significantly improved. Tumor recurrence in the resection margins occurs in more than 80% of cases indicating aggressive treatment modalities, such as gene therapy are warranted. We have examined photochemical internalization (PCI) as a method for the non-viral transfection of the cytosine deaminase (CD) suicide gene into glioma cells. The CD gene encodes an enzyme that can convert the nontoxic antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine, into the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-fluorouracil. Multicell tumor spheroids derived from established rat and human glioma cell lines were used as in vitro tumor models. Plasmids containing either the CD gene alone or together with the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRT) gene combined with the gene carrier protamine sulfate were employed in all experiments.PCI was performed with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a and 670 nm laser irradiance. Protamine sulfate/CD DNA polyplexes proved nontoxic but inefficient transfection agents due to endosomal entrapment. In contrast, PCI mediated CD gene transfection resulted in a significant inhibition of spheroid growth in the presence of, but not in the absence of, 5-FC. Repetitive PCI induced transfection was more efficient at low CD plasmid concentration than single treatment. The results clearly indicate that AlPcS2a-mediated PCI can be used to enhance transfection of a tumor suicide gene such as CD, in malignant glioma cells and cells transfected with both the CD and UPRT genes had a pronounced bystander effect.
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15
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The evolution of adenoviral vectors through genetic and chemical surface modifications. Viruses 2014; 6:832-55. [PMID: 24549268 PMCID: PMC3939484 DOI: 10.3390/v6020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A long time has passed since the first clinical trial with adenoviral (Ad) vectors. Despite being very promising, Ad vectors soon revealed their limitations in human clinical trials. The pre-existing immunity, the marked liver tropism and the high toxicity of first generation Ad (FG-Ad) vectors have been the main challenges for the development of new approaches. Significant effort toward the development of genetically and chemically modified adenoviral vectors has enabled researchers to create more sophisticated vectors for gene therapy, with an improved safety profile and a higher transduction ability of different tissues. In this review, we will describe the latest findings in the high-speed, evolving field of genetic and chemical modifications of adenoviral vectors, a field in which different disciplines, such as biomaterial research, virology and immunology, co-operate synergistically to create better gene therapy tools for modern challenges.
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16
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Zamora G, Wang F, Sun CH, Trinidad A, Kwon YJ, Cho SK, Berg K, Madsen SJ, Hirschberg H. Photochemical internalization-mediated nonviral gene transfection: polyamine core-shell nanoparticles as gene carrier. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:105009. [PMID: 25341069 PMCID: PMC4206751 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.10.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The overall objective of the research was to investigate the utility of photochemical internalization (PCI) for the enhanced nonviral transfection of genes into glioma cells. The PCI-mediated introduction of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or the cytosine deaminase (CD) pro-drug activating gene into U87 or U251 glioma cell monolayers and multicell tumor spheroids were evaluated. In the study reported here, polyamine-DNA gene polyplexes were encapsulated in a nanoparticle (NP) with an acid degradable polyketal outer shell. These NP synthetically mimic the roles of viral capsid and envelope, which transport and release the gene, respectively. The effects of PCI-mediated suppressor and suicide genes transfection efficiency employing either “naked” polyplex cores alone or as NP-shelled cores were compared. PCI was performed with the photosensitizer AlPcS 2a and λ=670-nm laser irradiance. The results clearly demonstrated that the PCI can enhance the delivery of both the PTEN or CD genes in human glioma cell monolayers and multicell tumor spheroids. The transfection efficiency, as measured by cell survival and inhibition of spheroid growth, was found to be significantly greater at suboptimal light and DNA levels for shelled NPs compared with polyamine-DNA polyplexes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesis Zamora
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Frederick Wang
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Chung-Ho Sun
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Anthony Trinidad
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering/Material Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
- University of California, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Soo Kyung Cho
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering/Material Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Kristian Berg
- Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Department of Radiation Biology, Ullernchausseen 70, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Steen J. Madsen
- University of Nevada, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of Nevada, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
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17
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Park SJ, Na K. Photo-mediated internalization of nanocomplex for effective gene delivery to adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:177-85. [PMID: 23974003 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To deliver efficiently osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic induction genes, such as Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α, to adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), a photo-mediated nanocomplex internalization gene delivery system was designed using chlorin e6 as a photosensitizer (PS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a gene delivery carrier. In this system, gene delivery efficacy was significantly increased in ADSCs by photo irradiation. The gene transfection efficiency of Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α was increased by 8.6-, 6.7- and 9.3-fold, respectively, by applying 0.7J/cm(2) of irradiation. Osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation was confirmed by differentiation-related markers and histological analysis. ADSCs transfected with Runx2, SOX9 and C/EBP-α genes via photo irradiation indicated enhanced differentiation in comparison to the non-irradiated cells. These findings demonstrate that photo-mediated internalization is a promising system for efficient gene delivery and differentiation in ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-jung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokkok2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea
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18
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Mathews MS, Shih EC, Zamora G, Sun CH, Cho SK, Kwon YJ, Hirschberg H. Glioma cell growth inhibition following photochemical internalization enhanced non-viral PTEN gene transfection. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:746-54. [PMID: 23018764 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE One of many limitations for cancer gene therapy is the inability of the therapeutic gene to transfect a sufficient number of tumor cells. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a photodynamic therapy-based approach for improving the delivery of macromolecules and genes into the cell cytosol. The utility of PCI for the delivery of the GFP reporter gene on the same plasmid as a tumor suppressor gene (PTEN) was investigated in monolayers of U251 human glioma cells and muticell U87 glioma spheroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS U251 monolayers or U87 spheroids were incubated in AlPcS(2a) and non-viral vector polyplexes for 18 hours. In all cases, light treatment was performed with a diode laser at a wavelength of 670 nm. The non-viral transfection agents, branched polyethylenimine (bPEI), or protamine sulfate (PS), were used with the plasmid constructs GFP/PTEN or GFP. RESULTS PS/GFP polyplexes were much less toxic to the glioma cells compared to bPEI/GFP polyplexes but were highly inefficient at gene transfection if used alone. PCI resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in GFP protein expression compared to controls. PCI-bPEI/PTEN or PCI-PS/PTEN transfection of either U251 monolayers or U87 spheroids significantly inhibited their growth. but had no effect on MCF-7 cells containing a wild-type PTEN gene. In addition PCI-GFP transfection of gliomas cells had no effect on their growth pattern. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results suggest that AlPcS(2a) -mediated PCI can be used to enhance cell growth inhibition via transfection of tumor suppressor genes in glioma cells containing mutant PTEN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Mathews
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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19
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Higuchi A, Shen PY, Zhao JK, Chen CW, Ling QD, Chen H, Wang HC, Bing JT, Hsu ST. Osteoblast Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells Irradiated with Visible Light. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2593-602. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Shen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chow Wang
- Hungchi Women and Children's Hospital, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berstad MEB, Bostad M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tumor-targeted protein toxins. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:721-33. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Wang T, Upponi JR, Torchilin VP. Design of multifunctional non-viral gene vectors to overcome physiological barriers: dilemmas and strategies. Int J Pharm 2011; 427:3-20. [PMID: 21798324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene-based therapeutics hold great promise for medical advancement and have been used to treat various human diseases with mixed success. However, their therapeutic application in vivo is limited due largely to several physiological barriers. The design of non-viral gene vectors with the ability to overcome delivery obstacles is currently under extensive investigation. These efforts have placed an emphasis on the development of multifunctional vectors able to execute multiple tasks to simultaneously overcome both extracellular and intracellular obstacles. However, the assembly of these different functionalities into a single system to create multifunctional gene vectors faces many conflicts that largely limit the safe and efficient application of lipoplexes and polyplexes in a systemic delivery. In the review, we have described the dilemmas inherent in the design of a viable, non-viral gene vector equipped with multiple functionalities. The strategies directed towards individual delivery barriers are first summarized, followed by a focus on the design of so-called smart multifunctional vectors with the capability to overcome the delivery difficulties of gene medicines, including the so-called the "polycation dilemma", the "PEG dilemma" and the "package and release dilemma".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, 312 Mugar Life Sciences Building, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Bøe S, Prasmickaite L, Engesæter B, Hovig E. Light-directed delivery of nucleic acids. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 764:107-121. [PMID: 21748636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-188-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A major barrier within the field of non-viral gene therapy toward therapeutic strategies, e.g., tumor therapy, has been lack of appropriate specific delivery strategies to the intended target tissues or cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for light-directed delivery of nucleic acids through the use of photochemical internalization (PCI) technology. PCI is based on a photosensitizing compound that localizes to endocytic membranes. Upon illumination, the photosensitizing compound induces damage to the endocytic membranes, resulting in release of endocytosed material, i.e., nucleic acids into cytosol. The main benefit of the strategy described is the possibility for site-specific delivery of nucleic acids to a place of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, N-0310, Norway.
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23
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Ling QD, Ho LY, Ko YA, Chang Y, Higuchi A. Visible Light-Regulated Gene Expression and Neurite Outgrowth of Nerve Cells. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.10we204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
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24
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Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Høgset A, Norum OJ, Berstad MB, Vikdal M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization provides time- and space-controlled endolysosomal escape of therapeutic molecules. J Control Release 2010; 148:2-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Photochemical internalization: a new tool for gene and oligonucleotide delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:251-81. [PMID: 21504105 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles. Upon activation by light such photosensitizers induce a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to increase the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins, immunotoxins, plasmids, adenovirus, various oligonucleotides, dendrimer-based delivery of chemotherapeutica and unconjugated chemotherapeutica such as bleomycin and doxorubicin. This review will present the basis for the PCI concept and the most recent significant developments.
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26
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Berg K, Weyergang A, Prasmickaite L, Bonsted A, Høgset A, Strand MTR, Wagner E, Selbo PK. Photochemical internalization (PCI): a technology for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 635:133-45. [PMID: 20552345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-697-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of macromolecules in therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly relevant. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve targeting and design of cytotoxic agents, DNA complexes, and other macromolecules for clinical applications. To achieve the expected biological effect of these macromolecules, in many cases, internalization to the cell cytosol is crucial. At an intracellular level, the most fundamental obstruction for cytosolic release of the therapeutic molecule is the membrane-barrier of the endocytic vesicles. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles that upon activation by light induces a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to potentiate the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, oligonucleotides, and the chemotherapeutic bleomycin. PCI has also been shown to enhance the treatment effect of targeted therapeutic macromolecules. The present protocol describes PCI of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted protein toxin (Cetuximab-saporin) linked via streptavidin-biotin for screening of targeted toxins as well as PCI of nonviral polyplex-based gene therapy. Although describing in detail PCI of targeted protein toxins and DNA polyplexes, the methodology presented in these protocols are also applicable for PCI of other gene therapy vectors (e.g., viral vectors), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), polymers, nanoparticles, and some chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Spatial regulation of specific gene expression through photoactivation of RNAi. J Control Release 2009; 137:241-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Rothenfluh DA, Hubbell JA. Integration column: Biofunctional polymeric nanoparticles for spatio-temporal control of drug delivery and biomedical applications. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:446-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b907627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Photochemical enhancement of DNA delivery by EGF receptor targeted polyplexes. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2008. [PMID: 18470645 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-248-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a physico-chemical targeting method that enables light directed delivery of nucleic acids into cells. The technology is based on photosensitizers that localize in the membranes of endocytic vesicles. A light activation of the photosensitizers induces photochemical reactions that lead to rupture of the vesicular membranes. This results in the release of endocytosed compounds (e.g., nucleic acids) into the cell cytosol. Physico-chemical and biological targeting techniques can be combined to promote efficient and specific gene delivery to target cells. The present protocol describes PCI of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted DNA polyplexes. The DNA polyplexes made are small (50-100 nm in diameter), and they contain polyethylenimine (PEI) conjugated with the EGF protein as a cell-binding ligand for EGFR-mediated endocytosis and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for masking the polyplex surface charge. PCI of such targeted PEG-PEI/DNA polyplexes enables high and EGFR-specific gene transfer activity in cells. Although describing in detail PCI of DNA polyplexes, the methodology presented in this protocol is also applicable for PCI of other gene therapy vectors (e.g. viral vectors), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and for vectors targeted to alternate cell surface receptors. Generally, PCI can be applied whenever 100% survival of the treated cell population is not required.
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30
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Boe S, Longva AS, Hovig E. Evaluation of Various Polyethylenimine Formulations for Light-Controlled Gene Silencing using Small Interfering RNA Molecules. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:123-32. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Boe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane S. Longva
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Higuchi A, Watanabe T, Noguchi Y, Chang Y, Chen WY, Matsuoka Y. Visible light regulates neurite outgrowth of nerve cells. Cytotechnology 2007; 54:181-8. [PMID: 19003010 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells on collagen-coated glass plates under light emitting diode (LED) irradiation at several wavelengths (i.e., 455, 470, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm) was investigated. No neurite outgrowth was observed during cultivation under irradiation from the lamp of an inverted light microscope through filters (yielding mixed light at ca. 525 nm and more than 800 nm), whereas neurite outgrowth was observed during cultivation in the dark. When these cells were irradiated with monochromatic LED light, neurite outgrowth was slightly, but not completely, suppressed at 455, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm, as was observed in the case of mixed light. Long connected neuronal outgrowths (e.g., 3 mm length) were observed with LED light at 470 nm and 1.8 mW/cm(2) intensity. No such outgrowths were observed at other LED light wavelengths (i.e., 455, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm). Irradiation at 470 nm may have caused specific responses to transductional signals in these cells that led to the connection of neuronal outgrowths between cells. Not only suppressed neurite outgrowth but also long connected neurite outgrowths were observed when PC12 cells were cultured under several different wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan,
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32
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Bøe S, Longva AS, Hovig E. Photochemically Induced Gene Silencing Using Small Interfering RNA Molecules in Combination with Lipid Carriers. Oligonucleotides 2007; 17:166-73. [PMID: 17638521 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2007.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies for efficient delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules with a potential for targeting are required for development of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics. Here, we present a strategy that is based on delivery of siRNA molecules through the endocytic pathway, in order to develop a method for site-specific gene silencing. To achieve this, we combined the use of cationic lipids and photochemical internalization (PCI). Using the human S100A4 gene as a model system, we obtained potent gene silencing in four tested human cancer cell lines following PCI induction when using the cationic lipid jetSI-ENDO. Gene silencing was shown at both the RNA and protein levels, with no observed PCI toxicity when using the jetSI reagent and an optimized PCI protocol. This novel induction method opens for in vivo site-specific delivery of siRNA molecules toward a sequence of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Montebello, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Oliveira S, Fretz MM, Høgset A, Storm G, Schiffelers RM. Photochemical internalization enhances silencing of epidermal growth factor receptor through improved endosomal escape of siRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1211-7. [PMID: 17343820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) has been employed as a tool for site-specific intracellular delivery of a variety of molecules. In this study, for the first time, PCI has been employed to facilitate the endosomal escape of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which are the functional mediators of RNA interference (RNAi). In order to interact with the machinery that will induce post-transcriptional gene silencing, siRNA molecules need to enter the cytoplasm of the cells. This study shows that one of the important rate-limiting steps of siRNA silencing efficiency is the ability of siRNA molecules and/or complexes to escape from the endosomes into the cytosol of the cells. The target of this study, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is known as an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this study, a 10-fold increased efficiency in knockdown of the EGFR protein was obtained when anti-EGFR siRNA treatment was combined with PCI as compared to siRNA treatment alone. The fact that this combined treatment resulted in a stronger silencing efficiency indicates that lower doses of siRNA can be used when PCI is employed to augment siRNA delivery. Lowering doses of siRNA would prevent saturation of the RNAi machinery and reduce off-target effects. In addition, local illumination of target tissue would only induce PCI in the desired cells, which can further increase the specificity of the treatment, supporting PCI as an attractive strategy to improve siRNA silencing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Oliveira
- Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Meyer M, Wagner E. Recent developments in the application of plasmid DNA-based vectors and small interfering RNA therapeutics for cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 17:1062-76. [PMID: 17032153 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of the molecular pathological mechanisms of cancer, the advent of novel molecular tools such as synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) or plasmid DNA-based vectors (pDNA), and technology for the in vivo delivery of such biomolecular therapeutics have provided an encouraging perspective for cancer therapy. Numerous pDNAs and siRNAs have been tested in preclinical cancer models, and these first approaches have reached clinical evaluation. The therapeutic effector mechanisms include interference with neoangiogenesis, blockage of cell division, promotion of apoptosis and sensitization to chemotherapy, delivery of cytotoxic genes, and activation of anticancer immune responses. Physical methods have been developed for highly effective regional delivery. A series of innovative "smart" formulations directs the current development toward safe and effective systemic tumor-targeted delivery of pDNA and siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich 81377, Germany
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35
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Berg K, Høgset A, Prasmickaite L, Weyergang A, Bonsted A, Dietze A, Lou PJ, Bown S, Norum OJ, Møllergård HMT, Selbo PK. Photochemical internalization (PCI): A novel technology for activation of endocytosed therapeutic agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Meyer M, Wagner E. Recent Developments in the Application of Plasmid DNA-Based Vectors and Small Interfering RNA Therapeutics for Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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37
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Prasmickaite L, Cekaite L, Hellum M, Hovig E, Høgset A, Berg K. Transcriptome changes in a colon adenocarcinoma cell line in response to photochemical treatment as used in photochemical internalisation (PCI). FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5739-46. [PMID: 17007842 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical internalisation (PCI) technology liberates endocytosed macromolecules like transgenes from endocytic vesicles in response to photochemical treatment. Thereby PCI improves gene transfection and is suggested for use in gene therapy. It has been proposed that PCI might also stimulate transcription of internalised transgenes, especially if they are controlled by photochemically inducible promoters (transcriptional targeting). In order to identify inducible promoters, and to evaluate the treatments influence on cellular transcriptional activity, the effect of the photochemical treatment as used in PCI (with the photosensitizer disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphin followed by illumination) on gene transcription in WiDr adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated using microarrays. The expression of 390 genes were identified significantly changed (89% were up-regulated), of which genes associated with DNA binding and transcriptional functions were the most represented. This may be important for the expression of a photochemically internalised transgene under a specific promoter control. Real-time PCR verified photochemical up-regulation of the HSP family genes, as well as down-regulation of EGR-1 at 2-10h post-treatment, suggesting that the HSP (particularly HSP70), in addition to the microarray-identified metallothioneins, but not the EGR-1 promoters, could be relevant promoter candidates for transcriptional targeting via PCI. The resulting overview of gene expression changes in WiDr cells exposed to the PCI-relevant photochemical treatment also provide a basis for the design of new PCI-based strategies with respect of transcriptional targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Prasmickaite
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Bonsted A, Bown SG, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of therapeutic macromolecular agents: a novel strategy to kill multidrug-resistant cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:604-12. [PMID: 16902053 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.109165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem for chemotherapy. Entrapment of anticancer drugs in endolysosomal compartments or active extrusions by plasma membrane proteins of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily are important resistance mechanisms. This study evaluated photochemical internalization (PCI) of membrane-impermeable macromolecules that are not the target of ABC drug pumps for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells. We used the drug-sensitive uterine fibrosarcoma cell line MES-SA and its MDR, P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-overexpressing derivative MES-SA/Dx5 with the photosensitizer disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine (TPPS(2a)) and broad spectrum illumination. The PCI of doxorubicin, the ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin and adenoviral transduction were assessed in both cell lines, together with the uptake and excretion of TPPS(2a) and of two fluid phase markers easily detectable by fluorescence [lucifer yellow (LY) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran], as a model of gelonin uptake. Both cell lines were resistant to PCI of doxorubicin, but equally sensitive to PCI of gelonin, even though the endocytosis rates of LY and FITC-dextran were significantly lower in the MDR cells. In control studies, MES-SA/Dx5 cells were more resistant to photodynamic therapy (TPPS(2a) + light only). This was not mediated by P-gp, as there were no differences in the uptake and efflux of TPPS(2a) between the cell lines. After adenoviral infection, PCI enhanced gene delivery in both cell lines. In conclusion, PCI of macromolecular therapeutic agents that are not targets of P-gp is a novel therapeutic strategy to kill MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål K Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Bonsted A, Engesaeter BØ, Høgset A, Maelandsmo GM, Prasmickaite L, D'Oliveira C, Hennink WE, van Steenis JH, Berg K. Photochemically enhanced transduction of polymer-complexed adenovirus targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Gene Med 2006; 8:286-97. [PMID: 16342300 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of methods for specific delivery of genes into target tissues is an important issue for the further progress of gene therapy. Biological and physical targeting techniques may be combined to redirect gene therapy vectors to specific cells and enhance gene transfer. METHODS The polymer poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDMAEMA) was conjugated with avidin or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and complexed with adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Targeting of polymer-coated Ad5 to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was accomplished by the binding of biotin-EGF to pDMAEMA-avidin. A photochemical treatment procedure using photosensitizer and light was applied to increase transduction with EGFR-targeted viral complexes. RESULTS pDMAEMA-avidin efficiently enhanced transduction through unspecific viral uptake into cells, while pDMAEMA-PEG provided charge shielding of the complexes and increased the specificity to EGFR when biotin-EGF ligands were used. Transduction of PEG-containing, EGFR-targeted viral complexes was inhibited by 66% in coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-deficient RD cells and by 47% in CAR-expressing DU 145 cells in receptor antibody experiments. The photochemical treatment had a substantial effect on transduction, enhancing the percentage of reporter gene positive cells from 20% to 75% of the total viable RD cell population and from 10% to 70% in DU 145 cells. CONCLUSION Photochemical treatment of cells infected with targeted viral vectors exhibiting a neutral surface charge is a potent method for enhancing transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Bonsted
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Ndoye A, Dolivet G, Høgset A, Leroux A, Fifre A, Erbacher P, Berg K, Behr JP, Guillemin F, Merlin JL. Eradication of p53-mutated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts using nonviral p53 gene therapy and photochemical internalization. Mol Ther 2006; 13:1156-62. [PMID: 16564229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) technology has been used for PEI-mediated p53 gene transfer in mice bearing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts. Using luciferase as a reporter gene, PCI led to a 20-fold increase in transgene expression 48 h after transfection and sustained transgene expression for 7 days. Therefore, iterative p53 gene transfer was performed by means of a weekly single injection of PEIGlu4/p53 complexes alone or with PCI for 5 (group A) or 7 (group B) weeks. The efficiency of p53 gene therapy was evaluated by following tumor growth and expression of P53-related downstream proteins (P21, MDM2, Bcl2, Bax). Apoptosis induction was evidenced through caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Using PCI, tumor growth inhibition was observed in all transfected animals. Further, successful tumor cure was achieved in 17% (group A) and 83% (group B) of animals. PCI-mediated p53 gene transfer led to higher P53 protein expression that was correlated with induction of Bax and P21 proapoptotic proteins, repression of Bcl2 as well as activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP. The present study demonstrates that PCI enhances the in vivo efficiency of PEI-mediated p53 gene transfer and can be proposed for p53 gene therapy in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alioune Ndoye
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, EA 3452 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré, 54511 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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41
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Hubbell JA. Non-viral gene delivery: Multifunctional polyplexes as locally triggerable nonviral vectors. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1371-2. [PMID: 16541118 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The successful gene therapy largely depends on the vector type that allows a selective and efficient gene delivery to target cells with minimal toxicity. Nonviral vectors are much safer and cheaper, can be produced easily in large quantities, and have higher genetic material carrying capacity. However, they are generally less efficient in delivering DNA and initiating gene expression as compared to viral vectors, particularly when used in vivo. As nonviral vectors, polycations may work well for efficient cell uptake and endosomal escape, because they do form compact and smaller complexes with plasmid DNA and carry amine groups, which give positive charge and buffering ability that allows safe escape from endosome/lysosome. However, this is a disadvantage in the following step, which is releasing the plasmid DNA within the cytosol. In order to initiate transcription and enhance gene expression, the polymer/plasmid complex should dissociate after releasing from endosome safely and effectively. There are also other limitations with some of the polycationic carriers, for example, aggregation, toxicity, etc. Intelligent polymers, also called as 'stimuli responsive polymers', have a great potential as nonviral vectors to obtain site-, timing-, and duration period-specific gene expression, which is already exhibited in recent studies that are briefly summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dinçer
- Chemical Engineering Department and Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Photochemically stimulated drug delivery increases the cytotoxicity and specificity of EGF-saporin. J Control Release 2006; 111:165-73. [PMID: 16466823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting has become a major field in both cancer research and therapy. In the present study an EGF-saporin affinity toxin has been established and evaluated in two EGFR overexpressing cancer cell lines. The binding of saporin to EGF did not influence the ribosome-inactivating activity of saporin as measured by a luminescence based reticulocyte lysate assay. Control experiments, using untargeted saporin, EGFR-negative cell lines and competition with EGF and anti-EGFR antibody were used to document selective uptake of the affinity toxin. One limitation in administration of macromolecular-drugs is lysosomal degradation. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a modality for cytosolic release of macromolecules based on photochemical rupture of endocytic membranes and subsequent drug release. It was shown that PCI increases the toxicity of EGF-saporin significantly in EGFR-positive cells. EGF binding to saporin enhanced the PCI-induced cytotoxicity in NuTu-19 cells about 1000-fold when the photochemical treatment alone killed 50% of the cells. In conclusion, PCI of EGF-saporin is a promising method for increasing the efficiency of protein toxin-based cancer therapies. PCI of targeting toxins also exert a triple tumour-selectivity; utilization of an affinity toxin, preferential accumulation of the photosensitizer in neoplastic lesions, and site-directed light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE. Photochemically enhanced cellular delivery of cell penetrating peptide-PNA conjugates. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1451-6. [PMID: 16460737 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that endosomal release is a major rate-limiting step for cellular delivery via a variety of cationic cell penetrating peptides. Thus, methods and/or protocols for effective release of endosomally entrapped drugs are highly warranted. Photochemical internalization (PCI) has previously been proposed for this purpose. Here, we demonstrate an enhancement of up to two orders of magnitude of the antisense effects (cytosolic/nuclear) of peptide nucleic acid-peptide conjugates (Tat, Arg7, KLA) in HeLa cells by a PCI approach using the photosensitizer AlPc2a. These results emphasize the importance of endosomal release for cellular activity of this type of drug delivery and also raise hope that methods like PCI which have applications for in vivo use may also enhance the bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of these types of conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shiraishi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3c, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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45
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Berg K, Dietze A, Kaalhus O, Høgset A. Site-specific drug delivery by photochemical internalization enhances the antitumor effect of bleomycin. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:8476-85. [PMID: 16322311 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Photochemical internalization is under development for improving macromolecular therapy by inducing photochemical damage to endocytic vesicles. This damage leads to the release of therapeutic macromolecules entrapped in endocytic vesicles into the cytosol. The macromolecules may in this way be able to interact with therapeutic targets instead of being degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. Bleomycin is used in several standard cancer chemotherapy regimens. Its hydrophilic and relatively large chemical structure limits its ability to penetrate membrane structures, which causes the accumulation of bleomycin in endocytic vesicles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS2a)-based photochemical delivery of bleomycin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three tumors of different origin were grown s.c. in BALB/c (nu/nu) mice. The photosensitizer AlPcS2a and bleomycin were systemically administered and the tumor area was exposed to red light when the tumor volume had reached 100 mm3. The tumor volume was measured frequently after treatment and the time for the tumor volume to reach 800 to 1,000 mm3 was selected as the end point. RESULTS The photochemical delivery of bleomycin induced a delayed tumor regrowth, and in two out of three tumor models, lead to 60% complete response, whereas no complete responses were seen after treatment with bleomycin alone. A statistical model to assess synergism was established. Combination of the photochemical treatment and bleomycin was found to induce a synergistic delay in tumor growth. CONCLUSION AlPcS2a-based photochemical internalization of bleomycin induces a synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in three different tumor models. This treatment combination should be further considered for clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology and Oncologic Surgery, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Engesaeter BØ, Tveito S, Bonsted A, Engebraaten O, Berg K, Maelandsmo GM. Photochemical treatment with endosomally localized photosensitizers enhances the number of adenoviruses in the nucleus. J Gene Med 2006; 8:707-18. [PMID: 16518880 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study the physical targeting technique photochemical internalization (PCI) has been used in combination with adenovirus. We have previously shown that PCI enhances transgene expression from AdhCMV-lacZ, and the aim of the present study was to further increase the understanding of photochemically mediated adenoviral transduction. METHODS Two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, WiDr and HCT116, were pre-incubated with the photosensitizer TPPS(2a) or methylene blue derivates (MBD) followed by infection with adenovirus and light exposure. Transgene expression was measured by flow cytometry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to quantify the level of viral DNA in the nuclei. Real-time PCR was also used to measure the level of beta-galactosidase mRNA in samples infected with AdhCMV-lacZ. RESULTS Exposing TPPS(2a)-treated cells to light enhanced the quantity of viral DNA in the nucleus, the mRNA level of the transgene and the transgene expression compared to non-illuminated cells. The increased transgene expression was independent of the promoter used, but dependent on the time of light exposure and the cellular localization of the photosensitizer. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced transgene expression observed after photochemical treatment is most likely not a result of one event, but more an interplay between various mechanisms. An increased level of adenoviral DNA in the nucleus and a dependency of endosomal localization of the photosensitizer to obtain enhanced transgene expression suggested that endosomal rupture facilitated the transport of adenoviruses to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ø Engesaeter
- Department of Tumor Biology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Health Enterprise, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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47
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Prasmickaite L, Hellum M, Kaalhus O, Høgset A, Wagner E, Berg K. Photochemical Internalization of Transgenes Controlled by the Heat-shock Protein 70 Promoter. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:809-16. [PMID: 16420102 DOI: 10.1562/2005-11-07-ra-731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a targeting technique that facilitates endosomal escape of macromolecules, such as transgenes, in response to photochemical treatment with endosome/lysosome-localized photosensitizers, such as disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine (TPPS(2a)). In gene therapy this leads to enhanced transgene expression. Moreover, photochemical treatment generally activates transcription of stress-response genes, such as heat-shock proteins (HSPs), via stimulation of corresponding promoters. Therefore, we used HSP70 (HSPp; a promoter from the HSP family gene) and investigated whether the PCI stimulus could also activate HSPp and thereby stimulate transcription (expression) of the HSPp-controlled transgene internalized via PCI. Using human colorectal carcinoma and hepatoma cell lines in vitro, we showed that TPPS(2a)-based photochemical treatment enhances expression of cellular HSP70, which correlated with a photochemically enhanced expression (approximately 2-fold, at PCI-optimal doses) of the HSPp-controlled transgene integrated in the genome. Furthermore, PCI enhanced expression of the HSPp-controlled episomal transgene delivered as a plasmid. However, in plasmid-based transfection, PCI-mediated enhancement with HSPp did not exceed the enhancement achieved with the constitutive active CMV promoter. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the PCI-relevant treatment initiates HSP70 response and that the HSP70 promoter can be used in combination with PCI, leading to PCI-enhanced expression of the HSPp-controlled transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Prasmickaite
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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48
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Bonsted A, Engesaeter BØ, Høgset A, Berg K. Photochemically enhanced adenoviral transduction in a multicellular environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:411-21. [PMID: 16583022 DOI: 10.1039/b515066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) enhances adenovirus (Ad) transgene expression in a variety of cell lines in vitro. However, measurements of the photochemical effect on transduction in multicellular environments are lacking. In this study, spheroids of DU 145 prostate cancer cells were used as a model to evaluate Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) transduction in a multicellular environment in response to PCI treatment. Furthermore, the Ad5 was coated with poly(2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-[(2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-ethyl ester) (pDAMA) to evaluate whether physicochemical properties such as charge and size of viral vectors affect transduction of photochemically treated spheroids. Spheroids incubated with photosensitizer TPPS(2a) (1 microg ml(-1)) and infected with adenovirus contained 3-fold higher percentage of reporter gene expressing cells after exposure to blue light (0.42 J cm(-2)) compared to no light, as analysed by flow cytometry of dissociated spheroids two days after treatment. The cells within the infected spheroids were further divided into three sections corresponding to the interior, intermediate and peripheral layers of the spheroids. This was performed by staining the spheroids with a diffusion-limited dye prior to dissociation. Transduction of cells within photochemically treated and untreated spheroids was heterogeneous, with a radial reduction of transgene expression towards the inner section of the spheroid. The coating of Ad with pDAMA induced up to 2-fold decrease in transduction of cells in the interior section of spheroids compared to uncomplexed Ad, while transduction of the peripheral section remained unchanged. The decrease in transduction could be related to reduced diffusion due to the size of the Ad-pDAMA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Bonsted
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway.
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49
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Engesaeter BØ, Bonsted A, Berg K, Høgset A, Engebråten O, Fodstad Ø, Curiel DT, Maelandsmo GM. PCI-enhanced adenoviral transduction employs the known uptake mechanism of adenoviral particles. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:439-48. [PMID: 15678152 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods for efficient and specific delivery of therapeutic genes into target tissues is an important issue for further development of in vivo gene therapy. In the present study, the physical targeting technique, photochemical internalization (PCI), has been used together with adenovirus. The combination of PCI and adenoviral transduction has previously been shown to be favorable compared to adenovirus used alone, and the aim of this study was to verify the role of the adenoviral receptors and identify the uptake pathway used by adenoviral particles in photochemically treated cells. All examined cell lines showed augmented transduction efficiency after PCI-treatment, with a maximum of 13-fold increase in transgene expression compared to conventionally infected cells. Blocking of CAR induced a complete inhibition of PCI-enhanced transgene expression. However, photochemical treatment managed to enhance the transduction efficiency of the retargeted virus AdRGD-GFP showing also that the virus-CAR interaction is not vital for obtaining a photochemical effect on adenoviral transduction. Blocking the alpha(V)-integrins reduced the gene expression significantly in photochemically treated cells. Subjecting HeLa cells expressing negative mutant-dynamin to light treatment after infection gave no significant increase in gene transfer, while the gene transfer were enhanced seven-fold in cells with wild-type dynamin. Furthermore, chlorpromazine inhibited photochemical transduction in a dose-dependent manner, whereas Filipin III had no effect on the gene transfer. In summary, the data presented imply that adenoviral receptor binding is important and clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the predominant uptake mechanism for adenoviral particles in photochemically treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ø Engesaeter
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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50
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Berg K, Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Dietze A, Prasmickaite L, Bonsted A, Engesaeter BØ, Angell-Petersen E, Warloe T, Frandsen N, Høgset A. Porphyrin-related photosensitizers for cancer imaging and therapeutic applications. J Microsc 2005; 218:133-47. [PMID: 15857375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A photosensitizer is defined as a chemical entity, which upon absorption of light induces a chemical or physical alteration of another chemical entity. Some photosensitizers are utilized therapeutically such as in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and for diagnosis of cancer (fluorescence diagnosis, FD). PDT is approved for several cancer indications and FD has recently been approved for diagnosis of bladder cancer. The photosensitizers used are in most cases based on the porphyrin structure. These photosensitizers generally accumulate in cancer tissues to a higher extent than in the surrounding tissues and their fluorescing properties may be utilized for cancer detection. The photosensitizers may be chemically synthesized or induced endogenously by an intermediate in heme synthesis, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or 5-ALA esters. The therapeutic effect is based on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation of the photosensitizer by light. Singlet oxygen is assumed to be the most important ROS for the therapeutic outcome. The fluorescing properties of the photosensitizers can be used to evaluate their intracellular localization and treatment effects. Some photosensitizers localize intracellularly in endocytic vesicles and upon light exposure induce a release of the contents of these vesicles, including externally added macromolecules, into the cytosol. This is the basis for a novel method for macromolecule activation, named photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI has been shown to potentiate the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins, immunotoxins, gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, peptide-nucleic acids and the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin. The background and present status of PDT, FD and PCI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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