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Alvarez-Frutos L, Barriuso D, Duran M, Infante M, Kroemer G, Palacios-Ramirez R, Senovilla L. Multiomics insights on the onset, progression, and metastatic evolution of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1292046. [PMID: 38169859 PMCID: PMC10758476 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1292046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women. Despite progress to date, 700,000 women worldwide died of this disease in 2020. Apparently, the prognostic markers currently used in the clinic are not sufficient to determine the most appropriate treatment. For this reason, great efforts have been made in recent years to identify new molecular biomarkers that will allow more precise and personalized therapeutic decisions in both primary and recurrent breast cancers. These molecular biomarkers include genetic and post-transcriptional alterations, changes in protein expression, as well as metabolic, immunological or microbial changes identified by multiple omics technologies (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, glycomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, immunomics and microbiomics). This review summarizes studies based on omics analysis that have identified new biomarkers for diagnosis, patient stratification, differentiation between stages of tumor development (initiation, progression, and metastasis/recurrence), and their relevance for treatment selection. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance of clinical trials based on multiomics studies and the need to advance in this direction in order to establish personalized therapies and prolong disease-free survival of these patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Alvarez-Frutos
- Laboratory of Cell Stress and Immunosurveillance, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Barriuso
- Laboratory of Cell Stress and Immunosurveillance, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Duran
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Cancer, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mar Infante
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Cancer, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Cell Stress and Immunosurveillance, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Laboratory of Cell Stress and Immunosurveillance, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid – Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Jiang A, Luo P, Chen M, Fang Y, Liu B, Wu Z, Qu L, Wang A, Wang L, Cai C. A new thinking: deciphering the aberrance and clinical implication of copper-death signatures in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:209. [PMID: 36581992 PMCID: PMC9801655 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent research has indicated that cuprotosis, or copper induced cell death, is a novel type of cell death that could be utilized as a new weapon for cancer management. However, the characteristics and implications of such signatures in cancers, especially in clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC), remain elusive. METHODS Expression, methylation, mutation, clinical information, copy number variation, functional implication, and drug sensitivity data at the pan-cancer level were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas. An unsupervised clustering algorithm was applied to decipher ccRCC heterogeneity. Immune microenvironment construction, immune therapy response, metabolic pattern, and cancer progression signature between subgroups were also investigated. RESULTS Cuprotosis related genes were specifically downregulated in various cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and were correlated with hypermethylation and copy number variation. Cuprotosis scores were also dysregulated in tumor tissues, and we found that such a signature could positively regulate oxidative phosphorylation and Myc and negatively regulate epithelial mesenchymal translation and myogenesis pathways. CPCS1 (cuprotosis scores high) and CPCS2 (cuprotosis scores low) in ccRCC displayed distinctive clinical profiles and biological characteristics; the CPCS2 subtype had a higher clinical stage and a worse prognosis and might positively regulate cornification and epidermal cell differentiation to fuel cancer progression. CPCS2 also displayed a higher tumor mutation burden and low tumor stemness index, while it led to a low ICI therapy response and dysfunctional tumor immunity state. The genome-copy numbers of CPCS2, including arm- gain and arm- loss, were higher than those of CPCS1. The prognostic model constructed based on subgroup biomarkers exerted satisfactory performance in both the training and validation cohorts. In addition, overexpression of the copper death activator DLAT suppressed the malignant ability, including cell migration and proliferation, of renal cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Finally, activation of cuprotosis in tumors could enhance antitumor immunity through dsDNA-cGAS-STING signaling in ccRCC. CONCLUSION The activation of cuprotosis might function as a promising approach among multiple cancers. The cuprotosis related signatures could reshape tumor immunity in the ccRCC microenvironment via cGAS-STING signal, thus activating tumor antigen-presenting process. Upregulation of DLAT expression in ccRCC cell lines could reactivate the copper death pattern and be treated as a suitable target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Jiang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Peng Luo
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280 China
| | - Ming Chen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003 China
| | - Yu Fang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Bing Liu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 201805 China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Le Qu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Urology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
| | - Anbang Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200003 China
| | - Linhui Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Chen Cai
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Special Clinic, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433 China
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Bennett C, Carroll C, Wright C, Awad B, Park JM, Farmer M, Brown E(B, Heatherly A, Woodard S. Breast Cancer Genomics: Primary and Most Common Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3046. [PMID: 35804819 PMCID: PMC9265113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific genomic alterations have been found in primary breast cancer involving driver mutations that result in tumorigenesis. Metastatic breast cancer, which is uncommon at the time of disease onset, variably impacts patients throughout the course of their disease. Both the molecular profiles and diverse genomic pathways vary in the development and progression of metastatic breast cancer. From the most common metastatic site (bone), to the rare sites such as orbital, gynecologic, or pancreatic metastases, different levels of gene expression indicate the potential involvement of numerous genes in the development and spread of breast cancer. Knowledge of these alterations can, not only help predict future disease, but also lead to advancement in breast cancer treatments. This review discusses the somatic landscape of breast primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bennett
- Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Caleb Carroll
- Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Cooper Wright
- Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (C.B.); (C.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Barbara Awad
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| | - Jeong Mi Park
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA;
| | - Meagan Farmer
- Department of Genetics, Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth (Bryce) Brown
- Laboratory Genetics Counselor, UAB Medical Genomics Laboratory, Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Suite 332, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Alexis Heatherly
- Department of Genetics, Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (M.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Stefanie Woodard
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA;
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Sangodkar J, Farrington C, McClinch K, Galsky MD, Kastrinsky DB, Narla G. All roads lead to PP2A: exploiting the therapeutic potential of this phosphatase. FEBS J 2016; 283:1004-24. [PMID: 26507691 PMCID: PMC4803620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. A confirmed tumor suppressor protein, PP2A is genetically altered or functionally inactivated in many cancers highlighting a need for its therapeutic reactivation. In this review we discuss recent literature on PP2A: the elucidation of its structure and the functions of its subunits, and the identification of molecular lesions and post-translational modifications leading to its dysregulation in cancer. A final section will discuss the proteins and small molecules that modulate PP2A and how these might be used to target dysregulated forms of PP2A to treat cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sangodkar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Farrington
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly McClinch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D. Galsky
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B. Kastrinsky
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goutham Narla
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zhang Y, Talmon G, Wang J. MicroRNA-587 antagonizes 5-FU-induced apoptosis and confers drug resistance by regulating PPP2R1B expression in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1845. [PMID: 26247730 PMCID: PMC4558495 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the major hurdles for cancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown and therapeutic options remain limited. In this study, we show that microRNA (miR)-587 confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis in vitro and reduces the potency of 5-FU in the inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. Further studies indicate that miR-587 modulates drug resistance through downregulation of expression of PPP2R1B, a regulatory subunit of the PP2A complex, which negatively regulates AKT activation. Knockdown of PPP2R1B expression increases AKT phosphorylation, which leads to elevated XIAP expression and enhanced 5-FU resistance; whereas rescue of PPP2R1B expression in miR-587-expressing cells decreases AKT phosphorylation/XIAP expression, re-sensitizing colon cancer cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a specific and potent AKT inhibitor, MK2206, reverses miR-587-conferred 5-FU resistance. Importantly, studies of colorectal cancer specimens indicate that the expression of miR-587 and PPP2R1B positively and inversely correlates with chemoresistance, respectively, in colorectal cancer. These findings indicate that the miR-587/PPP2R1B/pAKT/XIAP signaling axis has an important role in mediating response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. A major implication of our study is that inhibition of miR-587 or restoration of PPP2R1B expression may have significant therapeutic potential to overcome drug resistance in colorectal cancer patients and that the combined use of an AKT inhibitor with 5-FU may increase efficacy in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1] Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - G Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - J Wang
- 1] Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Salhia B, Kiefer J, Ross JTD, Metapally R, Martinez RA, Johnson KN, DiPerna DM, Paquette KM, Jung S, Nasser S, Wallstrom G, Tembe W, Baker A, Carpten J, Resau J, Ryken T, Sibenaller Z, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Ramanathan RK, Berens ME, Tran NL. Integrated genomic and epigenomic analysis of breast cancer brain metastasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85448. [PMID: 24489661 PMCID: PMC3906004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a common site of metastatic disease in patients with breast cancer, which has few therapeutic options and dismal outcomes. The purpose of our study was to identify common and rare events that underlie breast cancer brain metastasis. We performed deep genomic profiling, which integrated gene copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation datasets on a collection of breast brain metastases. We identified frequent large chromosomal gains in 1q, 5p, 8q, 11q, and 20q and frequent broad-level deletions involving 8p, 17p, 21p and Xq. Frequently amplified and overexpressed genes included ATAD2, BRAF, DERL1, DNMTRB and NEK2A. The ATM, CRYAB and HSPB2 genes were commonly deleted and underexpressed. Knowledge mining revealed enrichment in cell cycle and G2/M transition pathways, which contained AURKA, AURKB and FOXM1. Using the PAM50 breast cancer intrinsic classifier, Luminal B, Her2+/ER negative, and basal-like tumors were identified as the most commonly represented breast cancer subtypes in our brain metastasis cohort. While overall methylation levels were increased in breast cancer brain metastasis, basal-like brain metastases were associated with significantly lower levels of methylation. Integrating DNA methylation data with gene expression revealed defects in cell migration and adhesion due to hypermethylation and downregulation of PENK, EDN3, and ITGAM. Hypomethylation and upregulation of KRT8 likely affects adhesion and permeability. Genomic and epigenomic profiling of breast brain metastasis has provided insight into the somatic events underlying this disease, which have potential in forming the basis of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodour Salhia
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BS); (NLT)
| | - Jeff Kiefer
- Collaborative Center for Bioinformatics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Julianna T. D. Ross
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Raghu Metapally
- Collaborative Center for Bioinformatics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rae Anne Martinez
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kyle N. Johnson
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Danielle M. DiPerna
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Paquette
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sara Nasser
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Waibhav Tembe
- Collaborative Center for Bioinformatics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Angela Baker
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John Carpten
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jim Resau
- The Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy Ryken
- Iowa Spine and Brain Institute, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zita Sibenaller
- Department of Radiation Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ramesh K. Ramanathan
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center, Scottsdale Healthcare, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BS); (NLT)
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Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), one of the main serine-threonine phosphatases in mammalian cells, maintains cell homoeostasis by counteracting most of the kinase-driven intracellular signalling pathways. Unrestrained activation of oncogenic kinases together with inhibition of tumour suppressors is often required for development of cancer. PP2A has been shown to be genetically altered or functionally inactivated in many solid cancers and leukaemias, and is therefore a tumour suppressor. For example, the phosphatase activity of PP2A is suppressed in chronic myeloid leukaemia and other malignancies characterised by aberrant activity of oncogenic kinases. Preclinical studies show that pharmacological restoration of PP2A tumour-suppressor activity by PP2A-activating drugs (eg, FTY720) effectively antagonises cancer development and progression. Here, we discuss PP2A as a druggable tumour suppressor in view of the possible introduction of PP2A-activating drugs into anticancer therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-2207, USA.
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A genome-wide association study identifies a genetic variant in the SIAH2 locus associated with hormonal receptor-positive breast cancer in Japanese. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:766-71. [PMID: 22951594 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. To identify genetic variants associated with the disease susceptibility, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a total of 1086 Japanese female patients with hormonal receptor-positive (HRP) breast cancer and 1816 female controls. We selected 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with suggestive associations in GWAS (P-value of <1 × 10(-4)) as well as 4 SNPs that were previously implicated their association with breast cancer for further replication by an independent set of 1653 cases and 2797 controls. We identified significant association of the disease with a SNP rs6788895 (P(combined) of 9.43 × 10(-8) with odds ratio (OR) of 1.22) in the SIAH2 (intron of seven in absentia homolog 2) gene on chromosome 3q25.1 where the involvement in estrogen-dependent diseases was suggested. In addition, rs3750817 in intron 2 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene, which was reported to be associated with breast cancer susceptibility, was significantly replicated with P(combined) of 8.47 × 10(-8) with OR=1.22. Our results suggest a novel susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q25.1 for a HRP breast cancer.
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Phosphatases: the new brakes for cancer development? Enzyme Res 2011; 2012:659649. [PMID: 22121480 PMCID: PMC3206369 DOI: 10.1155/2012/659649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of processes such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism in all cells and tissues. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway occurs in patients with many cancers and other disorders. This aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is primarily caused by loss of function of all negative controllers known as inositol polyphosphate phosphatases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. Recent studies provided evidence of distinct functions of the four main phosphatases—phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), Src homology 2-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP), inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)—in different tissues with respect to regulation of cancer development. We will review the structures and functions of PTEN, SHIP, INPP4B, and PP2A phosphatases in suppressing cancer progression and their deregulation in cancer and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the PI3K/Akt signaling axis.
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Zha Y, Chen XM, Lam CW, Lee SC, Tong SF, Gao ZQ. Is the c.3G>C mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit D (SDHD
) gene due to a founder effect in Chinese head and neck paraganglioma patients? Laryngoscope 2011; 121:1760-4. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.21850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Liu LJ, Xie R, Hussain S, Lian JB, Rivera-Perez J, Jones SN, Stein JL, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ. Functional coupling of transcription factor HiNF-P and histone H4 gene expression during pre- and post-natal mouse development. Gene 2011; 483:1-10. [PMID: 21605641 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor Histone Nuclear Factor P (HiNF-P; gene symbol Hinfp) mediates cell cycle control of histone H4 gene expression to support the packaging of newly replicated DNA as chromatin. The HiNF-P/p220(NPAT) complex controls multiple H4 genes in established human cell lines and is critical for cell proliferation. The mouse Hinfp(LacZ) null allele causes early embryonic lethality due to a blastocyst defect. However, neither Hinfp function nor its temporal expression relative to histone H4 genes during fetal development has been explored. Here, we establish that expression of Hinfp is biologically coupled with expression of twelve functional mouse H4 genes during pre- and post-natal tissue-development. Both Hinfp and H4 genes are robustly expressed at multiple embryonic (E) days (from E5.5 to E15.5), coincident with ubiquitous LacZ staining driven by the Hinfp promoter. Five highly expressed mouse H4 genes (Hist1h4d, Histh4f, Hist1h4m and Hist2h4) account for >90% of total histone H4 mRNA throughout development. Post-natal expression of H4 genes in mice is most evident in lung, spleen, thymus and intestine, and with few exceptions (e.g., adult liver) correlates with Hinfp gene expression. Histone H4 gene expression decreases butHinfp levels remain constitutive upon cell growth inhibition in culture. The in vivo co-expression of Hinfp and histone H4 genes is consistent with the biological function of Hinfp as a principal transcriptional regulator of histone H4 gene expression during mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655, USA
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12
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Chang X, Yamashita K, Sidransky D, Kim MS. Promoter methylation of heat shock protein B2 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2011; 38:1129-35. [PMID: 21258768 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of gene promoters and the corresponding loss of gene expression are recognized as a hallmark of human cancer, and DNA methylation has emerged as a promising biomarker for the detection of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). To identify novel genes methylated in ESCC, we screened 35 candidate genes identified from an oligonucleotide microarray. Among them, the heat shock protein B2 (HSPB2) was methylated in 95.7% (67/70) of primary ESCCs, whereas no methylation was found in normal esophageal tissues from ESCC patients (0%, 0/20). RT-PCR analysis revealed that HSPB2 expression was silenced or weakly expressed in most ESCC cell lines, and re-activated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxy-cytidine. These results indicate that promoter methylation of HSPB2 is one of the causal factors for loss or down-regulation of HSPB2 expression. mRNA expression of HSPB2 in ESCC tissues was significantly down-regulated compared to normal tissues. Our data suggest that promoter methylation of HSPB2 deserves further attention as a novel molecular biomarker in human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II-5M, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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The histone gene activator HINFP is a nonredundant cyclin E/CDK2 effector during early embryonic cell cycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12359-64. [PMID: 19590016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905651106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Competency for DNA replication is functionally coupled to the activation of histone gene expression at the onset of S phase to form chromatin. Human histone nuclear factor P (HiNF-P; gene symbol HINFP) bound to its cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) responsive coactivator p220(NPAT) is a key regulator of multiple human histone H4 genes that encode a major subunit of the nucleosome. Induction of the histone H4 transcription factor (HINFP)/p220(NPAT) coactivation complex occurs in parallel with the CDK-dependent release of pRB from E2F at the restriction point. Here, we show that the downstream CDK-dependent cell cycle effector HINFP is genetically required and, in contrast to the CDK2/cyclin E complex, cannot be compensated. We constructed a mouse Hinfp-null mutation and found that heterozygous Hinfp mice survive, indicating that 1 allele suffices for embryogenesis. Homozygous loss-of-function causes embryonic lethality: No homozygous Hinfp-null mice are obtained at or beyond embryonic day (E) 6.5. In blastocyst cultures, Hinfp-null embryos exhibit a delay in hatching, abnormal growth, and loss of histone H4 gene expression. Our data indicate that the CDK2/cyclin E/p220(NPAT)/HINFP/histone gene signaling pathway at the G1/S phase transition is an essential, nonredundant cell cycle regulatory mechanism that is established early in embryogenesis.
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Perrotti D, Neviani P. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a drugable tumor suppressor in Ph1(+) leukemias. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:159-68. [PMID: 18213449 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) is one of the major cellular serine-threonine phosphatases and is involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis through the negative regulation of signaling pathways initiated by protein kinases. As several cancers are characterized by the aberrant activity of oncogenic kinases, it was not surprising that a phosphatase like PP2A has progressively been considered as a potential tumor suppressor. Indeed, multiple solid tumors (e.g. melanomas, colorectal carcinomas, lung and breast cancers) present with genetic and/or functional inactivation of different PP2A subunits and, therefore, loss of PP2A phosphatase activity towards certain substrates. Likewise, impaired PP2A phosphatase activity has been linked to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and blast crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia. Remarkably, drugs such as forskolin, 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin and FTY720 which lead to PP2A activation effectively antagonize leukemogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo models of these cancers. Thus, PP2A is now in the spotlight as a highly promising drugable target for the development of a new series of anticancer agents potentially capable of overcoming drug-resistance induced in patients by continuous exposure to kinase inhibitor monotherapy. Herein, we review current knowledge of PP2A biology and function with particular emphasis on its tumor suppressor activity and possible therapeutic implications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
A confluence of recent observations has indicted the Ras-family G-proteins RALA and RALB as key offenders in the subversion of core biological systems driving oncogenic transformation. Here, we will focus on current developments highlighting the pivotal contribution of Ral proteins to the regulatory framework supporting tumorigenesis, and evaluate mechanistic connections between Ral effector activation and generation of this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O Bodemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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16
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Sablina AA, Chen W, Arroyo JD, Corral L, Hector M, Bulmer SE, DeCaprio JA, Hahn WC. The tumor suppressor PP2A Abeta regulates the RalA GTPase. Cell 2007; 129:969-82. [PMID: 17540176 PMCID: PMC1945132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric enzyme family that regulates numerous signaling pathways. Biallelic mutations of the structural PP2A Abeta subunit occur in several types of human tumors; however, the functional consequences of these cancer-associated PP2A Abeta mutations in cell transformation remain undefined. Here we show that suppression of PP2A Abeta expression permits immortalized human cells to achieve a tumorigenic state. Cancer-associated Abeta mutants fail to reverse tumorigenic phenotype induced by PP2A Abeta suppression, indicating that these mutants function as null alleles. Wild-type PP2A Abeta but not cancer-derived Abeta mutants form a complex with the small GTPase RalA. PP2A Abeta-containing complexes dephosphorylate RalA at Ser183 and Ser194, inactivating RalA and abolishing its transforming function. These observations identify PP2A Abeta as a tumor suppressor gene that transforms immortalized human cells by regulating the function of RalA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Sablina
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jason D. Arroyo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115 USA
| | - Laura Corral
- DF/HCC Monoclonal Antibody Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 21-27 Burlington Ave., Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Melissa Hector
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sara E. Bulmer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115 USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Contact information: William C. Hahn, M.D., Ph.D., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Dana 1538, Boston, MA 02115, Tel: 617-632-2641, Fax: 617-632-4005,
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17
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Yeh LS, Hsieh YY, Chang JG, Chang WWC, Chang CC, Tsai FJ. Mutation analysis of the tumor suppressor gene PPP2R1B in human cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:868-71. [PMID: 17343570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme plays a critical role in cell cycle control and growth factor signaling. The PPP2R1B gene encodes the beta isoforms of the subunit A of the PP2A. We aimed to evaluate the role of the PPP2R1B gene in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Twenty-four women with primary cervical cancer were included. All resected specimens were divided into two groups: (1) cervical cancers (n = 24), (2) nearby noncancerous tissues (n = 24). We performed nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis and complementary DNA sequencing on the genomic DNA samples of all specimens. The aberrant transcripts and gene mutation as well as the genotype and allele frequencies of codon 66 CTA/CTG of PPP2R1B genes in both groups were compared. The percentages of aberrant transcripts between both groups were nonsignificantly different (20.8% vs 33.3%). There was no mutation in all specimens. The genotype and allele frequencies between both groups were non-different. Proportions of CTA homozygote/heterozygote/CTG homozygote were (1) 66.7/8.3/25% and (2) 58.3/12.5/29.2%. Proportions of CTA/CTG alleles in both groups were (1) 70.8/29.2% and (2) 64.6/35.4%. We conclude that PPP2R1B genes may not play a role in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Mutations of PPP2R1B gene are not frequent in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-S Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review contemporary molecular biological literature related to skull base tumor biology and tumorigenesis. DATA SOURCES PUBMED and Ovid literature searches were performed using keyword search. Only English language articles published between 1965 and December 4, 2003 were chosen. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All relevant articles from the past 8 years, as well as landmark articles in years before 1995, were retrieved and reviewed. CONCLUSION Consistent progress is being made toward the molecular genetic and biological basis of the most common skull base tumors. An understanding of these mechanisms will aid the neurotologist in future diagnosis and management of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal P Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Otology, Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Koch CA, Vortmeyer AO, Zhuang Z, Brouwers FM, Pacak K. New insights into the genetics of familial chromaffin cell tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 970:11-28. [PMID: 12381538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We review genetic aspects and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of familial chromaffin cell tumors (pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma). About 10 percent of pheochromocytomas are familial and occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1). A subset of paragangliomas, tumors that can also produce and secrete catecholamines, are also familial and occur in patients with germline mutations in genes that encode subunits of the mitochondrial complex II. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chromaffin cell tumors remain widely unknown, although recent studies in hereditary tumors help elucidate their development. In MEN 2, overrepresentation of mutant RET in selected adrenomedullary cells may be an important mechanism in initiating the formation of a pheochromocytoma. In VHL disease, pheochromocytoma development appears to occur according to Knudson's two-hit model, a VHL germline mutation and wildtype allelic deletion. Tumorigenesis of NF1-associated pheochromocytomas remains unknown, as does tumor formation (i.e., carotid body tumor) in patients with germline mutations in SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, genes that encode subunits of the mitochondrial complex II, the smallest complex in the respiratory chain. Many genetic alterations have been found in sporadic chromaffin cell tumors. However, at present such genetic changes are difficult to place into context with regard to tumor formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Koch
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Cascon A, Ruiz-Llorente S, Cebrian A, Telleria D, Rivero JC, Diez JJ, Lopez-Ibarra PJ, Jaunsolo MA, Benitez J, Robledo M. Identification of novel SDHD mutations in patients with phaeochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:457-61. [PMID: 12111639 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2002] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 04/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial paraganglioma is a dominantly inherited disorder characterised by the development of highly vascular tumours in the head and neck. Recently, a relationship between hereditary tumours derived from the autonomic nervous system and germline mutations in the gene encoding succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD) is increasingly a subject of study. Familial paraganglioma syndrome is embryologically related to phaeochromocytoma, another neuroendocrine tumour that shows great aetiological and genetic heterogeneity. Some hereditary phaeochromocytomas may be associated with germline mutations in VHL, RET and NF1 genes in genetic disorders such as von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1), respectively. However, there are many cases that cannot be explained by mutations in these genes. In this report, we describe two previously unreported mutations in two patients from 25 unrelated kindreds with phaeochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma disorders and with or without familial antecedents: a mutation featuring the change of tryptophan to a termination codon in exon 2, and a 4-bp deletion in exon 4 that results in a truncated protein. We also describe one missense substitution of uncertain significance. The patients had previously tested negative for germline mutations in VHL and RET genes and had not been previously selected. The involvement of SDHD mutations in familial phaeochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma predisposition is of considerable interest since other studies have shown these alterations to be associated with highly expressed angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cascon
- Department of Human Genetics, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Baysal BE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, Drovdlic CM, Savul SA, McLeod DR, Yee HA, Brackmann DE, Slattery WH, Myers EN, Ferrell RE, Rubinstein WS. Prevalence of SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD germline mutations in clinic patients with head and neck paragangliomas. J Med Genet 2002; 39:178-83. [PMID: 11897817 PMCID: PMC1735061 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paragangliomas are rare and highly heritable tumours of neuroectodermal origin that often develop in the head and neck region. Germline mutations in the mitochondrial complex II genes, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, cause hereditary paraganglioma (PGL). METHODS We assessed the frequency of SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD gene mutations by PCR amplification and sequencing in a set of head and neck paraganglioma patients who were previously managed in two otolaryngology clinics in the USA. RESULTS Fifty-five subjects were grouped into 10 families and 37 non-familial cases. Five of the non-familial cases had multiple tumours. Germline SDHD mutations were identified in five of 10 (50%) familial and two of 37 ( approximately 5%) non-familial cases. R38X, P81L, H102L, Q109X, and L128fsX134 mutations were identified in the familial cases and P81L was identified in the non-familial cases. Both non-familial cases had multiple tumours. P81L and R38X mutations have previously been reported in other PGL families and P81L was suggested as a founder mutation. Allelic analyses of different chromosomes carrying these mutations did not show common disease haplotypes, strongly suggesting that R38X and P81L are potentially recurrent mutations. Germline SDHB mutations were identified in two of 10 (20%) familial and one of 33 ( approximately 3%) non-familial cases. P131R and M71fsX80 were identified in the familial cases and Q59X was identified in the one non-familial case. The non-familial case had a solitary tumour. No mutations could be identified in the SDHC gene in the remaining four families and 20 sporadic cases. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in SDHD are the leading cause of head and neck paragangliomas in this clinic patient series. SDHD and SDHB mutations account for 70% of familial cases and approximately 8% of non-familial cases. These results also suggest that the commonness of the SDHD P81L mutation in North America is the result of both a founder effect and recurrent mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Baysal
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J, Rustin P, Mourad JJ, Plouin PF, Corvol P, Rötig A, Jeunemaitre X. The R22X mutation of the SDHD gene in hereditary paraganglioma abolishes the enzymatic activity of complex II in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and activates the hypoxia pathway. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1186-97. [PMID: 11605159 PMCID: PMC1235531 DOI: 10.1086/324413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Accepted: 09/14/2001] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary paragangliomas are usually benign tumors of the autonomic nervous system that are composed of cells derived from the primitive neural crest. Even though three genes (SDHD, SDHC, and SDHB), which encode three protein subunits of cytochrome b of complex II in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, have been identified, the molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis are unknown. We studied a family in which the father and his eldest son had bilateral neck paragangliomas, whereas the second son had a left carotid-body paraganglioma and an ectopic mediastinal pheochromocytoma. A nonsense mutation (R22X) in the SDHD gene was found in these three affected subjects. Loss of heterozygosity was observed for the maternal chromosome 11q21-q25 within the tumor but not in peripheral leukocytes. Assessment of the activity of respiratory-chain enzymes showed a complete and selective loss of complex II enzymatic activity in the inherited pheochromocytoma, that was not detected in six sporadic pheochromocytomas. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments showed a high level of expression of markers of the angiogenic pathway. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR measurements confirmed that vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial PAS domain protein 1 mRNA levels were significantly higher (three- and sixfold, respectively) than those observed in three sporadic benign pheochromocytomas. Thus, inactivation of the SDHD gene in hereditary paraganglioma is associated with a complete loss of mitochondrial complex II activity and with a high expression of angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Département de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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