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Kahl N, Lüsebrink N, Schubert-Bast S, Freiman TM, Kieslich M. Bilateral Foramina Parietalia Permagna - A Calvarial Defect Caused by Haploinsufficiency of the Msh Homeobox 2 Gene: A Case Report and Current Literature Review. Neuropediatrics 2024; 55:205-208. [PMID: 38447947 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1781465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Foramina parietalia permagna (FPP) is a rare anatomical defect that affects the parietal bones of the human skull. FPP is characterized by symmetric perforations on either side of the skull, which are caused by insufficient ossification during embryogenesis. These openings are typically abnormally large and can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Enlarged foramina are often discovered incidentally during anatomical or radiological examinations and in most cases left untreated unless symptoms develop. Although this calvarial defect is usually asymptomatic, it may be accompanied by neurological or vascular conditions that can have clinical significance in certain cases. FPP is an inherited disorder and arises due to mutations in either Msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) or aristaless-like homeobox 4 (ALX4) genes. In almost all cases, one parent is affected. Clinical findings and diagnostic imaging typically contribute to determine the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kahl
- Division of Neurology, Neurometabolics and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Natalia Lüsebrink
- Division of Neurology, Neurometabolics and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Schubert-Bast
- Division of Neurology, Neurometabolics and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Kieslich
- Division of Neurology, Neurometabolics and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Norton LA, Abdala F, Benoit J. Craniodental anatomy in Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220084. [PMID: 37183903 PMCID: PMC10184251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals are diagnosed by more than 30 osteological characters (e.g. squamosal-dentary jaw joint, three inner ear ossicles, etc.) that are readily preserved in the fossil record. However, it is the suite of physiological, soft tissue and behavioural characters (e.g. endothermy, hair, lactation, isocortex and parental care), the evolutionary origins of which have eluded scholars for decades, that most prominently distinguishes living mammals from other amniotes. Here, we review recent works that illustrate how evolutionary changes concentrated in the cranial and dental morphology of mammalian ancestors, the Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes, can potentially be used to document the origin of some of the most crucial defining features of mammals. We discuss how these soft tissue and behavioural traits are highly integrated, and how their evolution is intermingled with that of craniodental traits, thus enabling the tracing of their previously out-of-reach phylogenetic history. Most of these osteological and dental proxies, such as the maxillary canal, bony labyrinth and dental replacement only recently became more easily accessible-thanks, in large part, to the widespread use of X-ray microtomography scanning in palaeontology-because they are linked to internal cranial characters. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Dissection of mendelian predisposition and complex genetic architecture of craniovertebral junction malformation. Hum Genet 2023; 142:89-101. [PMID: 36098810 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is an anatomically complex region of the axial skeleton that provides protection of the brainstem and the upper cervical spinal cord. Structural malformation of the CVJ gives rise to life-threatening neurological deficits, such as quadriplegia and dyspnea. Unfortunately, genetic studies on human subjects with CVJ malformation are limited and the pathogenesis remains largely elusive. In this study, we recruited 93 individuals with CVJ malformation and performed exome sequencing. Manual interpretation of the data identified three pathogenic variants in genes associated with Mendelian diseases, including CSNK2A1, MSX2, and DDX3X. In addition, the contribution of copy number variations (CNVs) to CVJ malformation was investigated and three pathogenic CNVs were identified in three affected individuals. To further dissect the complex mutational architecture of CVJ malformation, we performed a gene-based rare variant association analysis utilizing 4371 in-house exomes as control. Rare variants in LGI4 (carrier rate = 3.26%, p = 3.3 × 10-5) and BEST1 (carrier rate = 5.43%, p = 5.77 × 10-6) were identified to be associated with CVJ malformation. Furthermore, gene set analyses revealed that extracellular matrix- and RHO GTPase-associated biological pathways were found to be involved in the etiology of CVJ malformation. Overall, we comprehensively dissected the genetic underpinnings of CVJ malformation and identified several novel disease-associated genes and biological pathways.
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Keyimu R, Tuerdi M, Zhao Z. MSX2 represses tumor stem cell phenotypes within oral squamous cell carcinomas via SOX2 degradation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2660-2670. [PMID: 34435915 PMCID: PMC8669173 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth malignancy in the world with high incidence. The MSX2 (muscle segment homeobox 2)-Sry-related high-mobility box 2 (SOX2) signaling pathway plays a significant role in maintaining cancer stem cells, which are the origin of malignancy, leading to unfavorable outcomes in several carcinomas. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which the MSX2-SOX2 pathway controls the cancer stem cell-like characterization in OSCC. The results showed that MSX2 was remarkably downregulated in OSCC and that the MSX2 expression level was related to unfavorable outcomes in patients with OSCC. Meanwhile, the MSX2 expression level was lower in the CD44+/CD24- population than in the other populations of OSCC cells. The OSCC2 cells exhibited decreased percentage of CD44+/CD24- cells, owing to MSX2 overexpression but increased owing to MSX2 knockdown. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between MSX2 expression and is SOX2 transcriptional levels in different populations within the OSCC cell lines. Regarding the loss and gain of function, cancer stem cell phenotypes such as tumor globular formation, CD44+ subpopulation cells, and stem cell-associated gene expression were enhanced by MSX2 knockdown in OSCC CD44+/CD24- cells but decreased by MSX2 overexpression in other OSCC populations. However, these events were counteracted by the co-knockdown or SOX2 overexpression. Cells with MSX2 overexpression or knockdown formed smaller or bigger cancers in vivo, thereby showing a lower or a higher tumor incidence, respectively. Thus, our results confirm that MSX2 has a tumor suppression effect on the cancer stem cell phenotypes of OSCC and indicate that the MSX2-SOX2 signaling pathway could be a useful target for OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reziwan Keyimu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Maimaitituxun Tuerdi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (Stomatological Hospital) of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Liu D, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zheng S. An Exploration of Mutagenesis in a Family with Cleidocranial Dysplasia without RUNX2 Mutation. Front Genet 2021; 12:748111. [PMID: 34737766 PMCID: PMC8560734 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.748111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant inheritable skeletal disorder characterized by cranial dysplasia, clavicle hypoplasia, and dental abnormalities. Mutations involving Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) are currently the only known molecular etiology for CCD but are not identified in all CCD patients. No RUNX2 abnormality can be detected in about 20–30% of patients, and the molecular cause remains unknown. The present study includes a family case with typical features of CCD. RUNX2 mutation was first screened by sequencing analysis, and no mutation was detected. Copy number alterations of the RUNX2 gene were then measured by quantitative PCR and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). No copy number variation in RUNX2 could be detected. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify the underlying genetic mutations. Unexpectedly, no abnormalities could be detected in genes related to the RUNX2 signaling pathway. Therefore, it was supposed that other new unknown gene variations might contribute to the CCD phenotype. We focused on Immunoglobulin superfamily member 10 (IGSF10), a gene related to bone development. An IGSF10 frameshift mutation (c.6001_6002delCT, p.Leu2001Valfs*24) was detected by WES. Sanger sequencing verified that this mutation was only detected in the patient and her affected mother but not in her unaffected father. Bioinformatics studies demonstrated that this mutation could change the 3D structure of the IGSF10 protein and severely damage its function. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the ability to form mineralized nodules were inhibited by IGSF10 knockdown compared with normal controls. The expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) was significantly reduced by IGSF10 knockdown, but not that of other osteogenic markers. Our results provide new genetic evidence that IGSF10 mutation might contribute to CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - XianLi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Central Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chenying Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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6
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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7
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Sasaki E, Byrne AT, Murray DJ, Reardon W. Caput membranaceum: A novel clinical presentation of ZIC1 related skull malformation and craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2994-2998. [PMID: 32975022 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report clinical and radiological features of a patient born with an isolated skull malformation of caput membranaceum and partial bicoronal craniosynostosis with a novel, de novo heterozygous missense variant in ZIC1 [NM_003412.3:c.1183C>G, p.(Pro395Ala)]. Caput membranaceum, or boneless skull, is a rare manifestation of skull ossification defect. It can result from an isolated, enlarged parietal foramina or it can present as part of skeletal dysplasia syndromes associated with poor mineralization such as hypophosphatasia, osteogenesis imperfecta type II, and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Their causative genes are well described. ZIC1, Zinc Finger protein of the cerebellum 1 (OMIM #600470) belongs to ZIC family genes, each encoding a Cys2 His2-type zinc finger domain-containing transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that pathogenic variants in ZIC1 have deleterious effect in developing human central nerves system and skull bone. ZIC1 related clinical conditions are reported and include cerebellum malformation, Dandy-Walker malformation, spinal dysraphism, microcephaly, and craniosynostosis with associated intellectual disability. To-date, there is no report of pathogenic variant in ZIC1 causing isolated caput membranaceum. Our observation adds to the clinical spectrum of ZIC1 related skull malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Sasaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Angela T Byrne
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan J Murray
- National Paediatric Craniofacial Centre (NPCC), Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Reardon
- Clinical Genetics Department, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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10
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Benoit J, Manger PR, Rubidge BS. Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25604. [PMID: 27157809 PMCID: PMC4860582 DOI: 10.1038/srep25604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rich fossil record chronicles the distant origins of mammals, but the evolution of defining soft tissue characters of extant mammals, such as mammary glands and hairs is difficult to interpret because soft tissue does not readily fossilize. As many soft tissue features are derived from dermic structures, their evolution is linked to that of the nervous syutem, and palaeoneurology offers opportunities to find bony correlates of these soft tissue features. Here, a CT scan study of 29 fossil skulls shows that non-mammaliaform Prozostrodontia display a retracted, fully ossified, and non-ramified infraorbital canal for the infraorbital nerve, unlike more basal therapsids. The presence of a true infraorbital canal in Prozostrodontia suggests that a motile rhinarium and maxillary vibrissae were present. Also the complete ossification of the parietal fontanelle (resulting in the loss of the parietal foramen) and the development of the cerebellum in Probainognathia may be pleiotropically linked to the appearance of mammary glands and having body hair coverage since these traits are all controlled by the same homeogene, Msx2, in mice. These suggest that defining soft tissue characters of mammals were already present in their forerunners some 240 to 246 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - B S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School for Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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MSX2 mediates entry of human pluripotent stem cells into mesendoderm by simultaneously suppressing SOX2 and activating NODAL signaling. Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26427715 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.118.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
How BMP signaling integrates into and destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to initiate differentiation into individual germ layers is a long-standing puzzle. Here we report muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2), a homeobox transcription factor of msh family, as a direct target gene of BMP signaling and a master mediator of hPSCs' differentiation to mesendoderm. Enforced expression of MSX2 suffices to abolish pluripotency and induce directed mesendoderm differentiation of hPSCs, while MSX2 depletion impairs mesendoderm induction. MSX2 is a direct target gene of the BMP pathway in hPSCs, and can be synergistically activated by Wnt signals via LEF1 during mesendoderm induction. Furthermore, MSX2 destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry through direct binding to the SOX2 promoter and repression of SOX2 transcription, while MSX2 controls mesendoderm lineage commitment by simultaneous suppression of SOX2 and induction of NODAL expression through direct binding and activation of the Nodal promoter. Interestingly, SOX2 can promote the degradation of MSX2 protein, suggesting a mutual antagonism between the two lineage-specifying factors in the control of stem cell fate. Together, our findings reveal crucial new mechanisms of destabilizing pluripotency and directing lineage commitment in hPSCs.
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12
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Wu Q, Zhang L, Su P, Lei X, Liu X, Wang H, Lu L, Bai Y, Xiong T, Li D, Zhu Z, Duan E, Jiang E, Feng S, Han M, Xu Y, Wang F, Zhou J. MSX2 mediates entry of human pluripotent stem cells into mesendoderm by simultaneously suppressing SOX2 and activating NODAL signaling. Cell Res 2015; 25:1314-32. [PMID: 26427715 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How BMP signaling integrates into and destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to initiate differentiation into individual germ layers is a long-standing puzzle. Here we report muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2), a homeobox transcription factor of msh family, as a direct target gene of BMP signaling and a master mediator of hPSCs' differentiation to mesendoderm. Enforced expression of MSX2 suffices to abolish pluripotency and induce directed mesendoderm differentiation of hPSCs, while MSX2 depletion impairs mesendoderm induction. MSX2 is a direct target gene of the BMP pathway in hPSCs, and can be synergistically activated by Wnt signals via LEF1 during mesendoderm induction. Furthermore, MSX2 destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry through direct binding to the SOX2 promoter and repression of SOX2 transcription, while MSX2 controls mesendoderm lineage commitment by simultaneous suppression of SOX2 and induction of NODAL expression through direct binding and activation of the Nodal promoter. Interestingly, SOX2 can promote the degradation of MSX2 protein, suggesting a mutual antagonism between the two lineage-specifying factors in the control of stem cell fate. Together, our findings reveal crucial new mechanisms of destabilizing pluripotency and directing lineage commitment in hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Leisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Lu
- College of Life Sciences at Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences at Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Florisson JMG, Verkerk AJMH, Huigh D, Hoogeboom AJM, Swagemakers S, Kremer A, Heijsman D, Lequin MH, Mathijssen IMJ, van der Spek PJ. Boston type craniosynostosis: report of a second mutation in MSX2. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2626-33. [PMID: 23949913 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a family that segregated an autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis characterized by variable expression and limited extra-cranial features. Linkage analysis and genome sequencing were performed to identify the underlying genetic mutation. A c.443C>T missense mutation in MSX2, which predicts p.Pro148Leu was identified and segregated with the disease in all affected family members. One other family with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis (Boston type) has been reported to have a missense mutation in MSX2. These data confirm that missense mutations altering the proline at codon 148 of MSX2 cause dominantly inherited craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M G Florisson
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Dutch Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Janssen A, Hosen MJ, Jeannin P, Coucke PJ, De Paepe A, Vanakker OM. Second family with the Boston-type craniosynostosis syndrome: novel mutation and expansion of the clinical spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2352-7. [PMID: 23918290 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, caused by early fusion of one or more cranial sutures, can affect the coronal or lambdoid sutures, or include premature fusion of the sagittal (scaphocephaly) or metopic suture (trigonocephaly). Often occurring as isolated finding, their co-existence in a craniosynostosis syndrome is infrequent. We describe a four-generation family with variable expression of a craniosynostosis phenotype with scaphocephaly and a particularly severe trigonocephaly. Molecular analysis revealed a missense mutation in the MSX2-associated with the Boston-type craniosynostosis syndrome-affecting the same amino-acid residue as in the original Boston family. Besides unique features such as the cranial sutures involved, minor limb abnormalities and incomplete penetrance, our patients share with the original family autosomal dominant inheritance and the presence of multiple endocranial erosions on CT imaging. Though these findings appear to be important diagnostic clues for MSX2-related craniosynostosis, it is noteworthy that the first affected generation in this family presented merely with isolated sagittal or unicoronal craniosynostosis and cutaneous syndactyly. Molecular analysis of MSX2 should therefore be considered in patients with isolated scaphocephaly/unicoronal synostosis, especially in the presence of a family history for craniosynostosis or syndactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Janssen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Bhatt S, Diaz R, Trainor PA. Signals and switches in Mammalian neural crest cell differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/2/a008326. [PMID: 23378583 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types during vertebrate development. These include cartilage and bone, tendons, and connective tissue, as well as neurons, glia, melanocytes, and endocrine and adipose cells; this remarkable lineage potential persists into adult life. Taken together with a limited capacity for self-renewal, neural crest cells bear the hallmarks of stem and progenitor cells and are considered to be synonymous with vertebrate evolution. The neural crest has provided a system for exploring the mechanisms that govern developmental processes such as morphogenetic induction, cell migration, and fate determination. Today, much of the focus on neural crest cells revolves around their stem cell-like characteristics and potential for use in regenerative medicine. A thorough understanding of the signals and switches that govern mammalian neural crest patterning is central to potential therapeutic application of these cells and better appreciation of the role that neural crest cells play in vertebrate evolution, development, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Bhatt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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16
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Wu DD, Zhang YP. Positive selection drives population differentiation in the skeletal genes in modern humans. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2341-6. [PMID: 20233747 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, the human skeletal system has evolved rapidly leading to an incredible array of phenotypic diversity, including variations in height and bone mineral density. However, the genetic basis of this phenotypic diversity and the relatively rapid tempo of evolution have remained largely undocumented. Here, we discover that skeletal genes exhibit a significantly greater level of population differentiation among humans compared with other genes in the genome. The pattern is exceptionally evident at amino acid-altering sites within these genes. Divergence is greater between Africans and both Europeans and East Asians. In contrast, relatively weak differentiation is observed between Europeans and East Asians. SNPs with higher levels of differentiation have correspondingly higher derived allele frequencies in Europeans and East Asians. Thus, it appears that positive selection has operated on skeletal genes in the non-African populations and this may have been initiated with the human colonization of Eurasia. In conclusion, we provide genetic evidence supporting the rapid evolution of the human skeletal system and the associated diversity of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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17
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18
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Kariminejad A, Kariminejad R, Tzschach A, Ullmann R, Ahmed A, Asghari-Roodsari A, Salehpour S, Afroozan F, Ropers HH, Kariminejad MH. Craniosynostosis in a patient with 2q37.3 deletion 5q34 duplication: Association of extra copy ofMSX2with craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1544-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Finnerty JR, Mazza ME, Jezewski PA. Domain duplication, divergence, and loss events in vertebrate Msx paralogs reveal phylogenomically informed disease markers. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:18. [PMID: 19154605 PMCID: PMC2655272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Msx originated early in animal evolution and is implicated in human genetic disorders. To reconstruct the functional evolution of Msx and inform the study of human mutations, we analyzed the phylogeny and synteny of 46 metazoan Msx proteins and tracked the duplication, diversification and loss of conserved motifs. Results Vertebrate Msx sequences sort into distinct Msx1, Msx2 and Msx3 clades. The sister-group relationship between MSX1 and MSX2 reflects their derivation from the 4p/5q chromosomal paralogon, a derivative of the original "MetaHox" cluster. We demonstrate physical linkage between Msx and other MetaHox genes (Hmx, NK1, Emx) in a cnidarian. Seven conserved domains, including two Groucho repression domains (N- and C-terminal), were present in the ancestral Msx. In cnidarians, the Groucho domains are highly similar. In vertebrate Msx1, the N-terminal Groucho domain is conserved, while the C-terminal domain diverged substantially, implying a novel function. In vertebrate Msx2 and Msx3, the C-terminal domain was lost. MSX1 mutations associated with ectodermal dysplasia or orofacial clefting disorders map to conserved domains in a non-random fashion. Conclusion Msx originated from a MetaHox ancestor that also gave rise to Tlx, Demox, NK, and possibly EHGbox, Hox and ParaHox genes. Duplication, divergence or loss of domains played a central role in the functional evolution of Msx. Duplicated domains allow pleiotropically expressed proteins to evolve new functions without disrupting existing interaction networks. Human missense sequence variants reside within evolutionarily conserved domains, likely disrupting protein function. This phylogenomic evaluation of candidate disease markers will inform clinical and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Finnerty
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Mata Zubillaga D, Lapeña López de Armentia S. Disostosis cleidocraneal. Revisión de once casos en cinco generaciones. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 69:162-6. [DOI: 10.1157/13124897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Aïoub M, Lézot F, Molla M, Castaneda B, Robert B, Goubin G, Néfussi JR, Berdal A. Msx2 -/- transgenic mice develop compound amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and periodental osteopetrosis. Bone 2007; 41:851-9. [PMID: 17878071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiological function of the transcription factor Msx2 in tooth and alveolar bone was analysed using a knock-in transgenic mouse line. In this mouse line, the beta-galactosidase gene was used to disrupt Msx2: thus, beta-galactosidase expression was driven by the Msx2 promoter, but Msx2 was not produced. This allowed to monitor Msx2 expression using a beta-galactosidase assay. Msx2 transgenic mice ubiquitously and continuously expressed the mutated Msx2-nlacZ gene in cells of the complex formed by tooth and alveolar bone. Msx2 -/- homozygous mice displayed a wide spectrum of alterations in tooth eruption and morphology as well as dental and periodontal defects from the first post-natal weeks up to 6 months. These defects culminated with the formation of an odontogenic tumour at the mandibular third molar site. This study suggests that bone resorption is a functional target of Msx2 in the alveolar compartment, since Msx2 was expressed in osteoclasts, with the highest expression levels found in the active sites of bone modelling associated with tooth eruption and root elongation. The RANK osteoclast differentiation pathway was affected in microdissected Msx2 -/- mouse alveolar bone (as inferred by RANK ligand mRNA levels) compared to basal bone and wild-type controls. Decreased alveolar osteoclast activity was observed in Msx2 -/- mice, similar to that seen in osteopetrosis, another condition in which osteoclast activity is impaired and odontogenic tumours form. These data suggest a pleiotropic role for Msx2 in oral bone growth from birth until adult homeostasis. RANK pathway appeared to be modulated by Msx2, in addition to the previously reported modulations of BMP4 and laminin5alpha3 in early tooth development. Non-overlapping Msx1 and Msx2 expression patterns suggested that these two homeogenes play non-redundant roles in skeletal growth, with Msx1 targeting basal bone and Msx2 targeting alveolar bone. This study provides a detailed analysis of the phenotype resulting from the Msx2 null mutation and identifies the impact of Msx1 and Msx2 on post-natal oral bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aïoub
- INSERM, UMR S 872, Les Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
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22
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Bernardini L, Castori M, Capalbo A, Mokini V, Mingarelli R, Simi P, Bertuccelli A, Novelli A, Dallapiccola B. Syndromic craniosynostosis due to complex chromosome 5 rearrangement andMSX2 gene triplication. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2937-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Ghassibé M, Bernier V, Boon LM, Vikkula M. A novel mutation in the MSX2 homeobox gene of a family with foramina parietalia permagna, headache and vascular anomaly. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165:734-5. [PMID: 16642368 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michella Ghassibé
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74 (+5), 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Mavrogiannis LA, Taylor IB, Davies SJ, Ramos FJ, Olivares JL, Wilkie AOM. Enlarged parietal foramina caused by mutations in the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2: from genotype to phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:151-8. [PMID: 16319823 PMCID: PMC1477589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the homeobox genes ALX4 and MSX2 cause skull defects termed enlarged parietal foramina (PFM) and cranium bifidum (CB); a single MSX2 mutation has been documented in a unique craniosynostosis (CRS) family. However, the relative mutational contribution of these genes to PFM/CB and CRS is not known and information on genotype-phenotype correlations is incomplete. We analysed ALX4 and MSX2 in 11 new unrelated cases or families with PFM/CB, 181 cases of CRS, and a single family segregating a submicroscopic deletion of 11p11.2, including ALX4. We explored the correlations between skull defect size and age, gene, and mutation type, and reviewed additional phenotypic manifestations. Four PFM cases had mutations in either ALX4 or MSX2; including previous families, we have identified six ALX4 and six MSX2 mutations, accounting for 11/13 familial, but only 1/6 sporadic cases. The deletion family confirms the delineation of a mental retardation locus to within 1.1 Mb region of 11p11.2. Overall, no significant size difference was found between ALX4- and MSX2-related skull defects, but the ALX4 mutation p.R218Q tends to result in persistent CB and is associated with anatomical abnormalities of the posterior fossa. We conclude that PFM caused by mutations in ALX4 and MSX2 have a similar prevalence and are usually clinically indistinguishable. Mutation screening has a high pickup rate in PFM, especially in familial cases, but is not indicated in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros A Mavrogiannis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Indira B Taylor
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally J Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Feliciano J Ramos
- Sección Genética, Departamento Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Olivares
- Departamento Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrew OM Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence: Professor AOM Wilkie, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. Tel: +44 1865 222619; Fax: +44 1865 222500; E-mail:
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25
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Spruijt L, Verdyck P, Van Hul W, Wuyts W, de Die-Smulders C. A novel mutation in theMSX2 gene in a family with foramina parietalia permagna (FPP). Am J Med Genet A 2005; 139:45-7. [PMID: 16222674 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Spruijt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Antonopoulou I, Mavrogiannis LA, Wilkie AOM, Morriss-Kay GM. Alx4 and Msx2 play phenotypically similar and additive roles in skull vault differentiation. J Anat 2004; 204:487-99. [PMID: 15198690 PMCID: PMC1571319 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alx4 and Msx2 encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors that show a clear functional overlap. In both mice and humans, loss of function of either gene is associated with ossification defects of the skull vault, although the major effect is on the frontal bones in mice and the parietal bones in humans. This study was undertaken to discover whether Alx4 and Msx2 show a genetic interaction in skull vault ossification, and to test the hypothesis that they interact with the pathway that includes the Fgfr genes, Twist1 and Runx2. We generated Alx4(+/-)/Msx2(+/-) double heterozygous mutant mice, interbred them to produce compound genotypes and analysed the genotype-phenotype relationships. Loss of an increasing number of alleles correlated with an incremental exacerbation of the skull vault defect; loss of Alx4 function had a marginally greater effect than loss of Msx2 and also affected skull thickness. In situ hybridization showed that Alx4 and Msx2 are expressed in the cranial skeletogenic mesenchyme and in the growing calvarial bones. Studies of the coronal suture region at embryonic day (E)16.5 revealed that Alx4 expression was decreased, but not abolished, in Msx2(-/-) mutants, and vice versa; expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr1, but not Twist1, was reduced in both mutants at the same stage. Runx2 expression was unaffected in the coronal suture; in contrast, expression of the downstream ossification marker Spp1 was delayed. Double homozygous pups showed substantial reduction of alkaline phosphatase expression throughout the mineralized skull vault; they died at birth due to defects of the heart, lungs and diaphragm not previously associated with Alx4 or Msx2. Our observations suggest that Alx4 and Msx2 are partially functionally redundant, acting within a network of transcription factors and signalling events that regulate the rate of osteogenic proliferation and differentiation at a stage after the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenesis.
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27
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Rannan-Eliya SV, Taylor IB, De Heer IM, Van Den Ouweland AMW, Wall SA, Wilkie AOM. Paternal origin of FGFR3 mutations in Muenke-type craniosynostosis. Hum Genet 2004; 115:200-7. [PMID: 15241680 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the amino acid substitution Pro250Arg, in the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 gene (FGFR3). This frequently occurs as a new mutation, manifesting one of the highest documented rates for any transversion in the human genome. To understand the biology of this mutation, we have investigated its parental origin, and the ages of the parents, in 19 families with de novo c.749C>G mutations. All ten informative cases originated from the paternal allele (95% confidence interval 74-100% paternal); the average paternal age at birth overall was 34.7 years. An exclusive paternal origin of mutations, and increased paternal age, were previously described for a different mutation (c.1138G>A) of the FGFR3 gene causing achondroplasia, as well as for mutations of the related FGFR2 gene causing Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndromes. We conclude that similar biological processes are likely to shape the occurrence of this c.749C>G mutation as for other mutations of FGFR3 as well as FGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahan V Rannan-Eliya
- NDCLS, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Headington, Oxford, UK
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28
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Sierra OL, Cheng SL, Loewy AP, Charlton-Kachigian N, Towler DA. MINT, the Msx2 interacting nuclear matrix target, enhances Runx2-dependent activation of the osteocalcin fibroblast growth factor response element. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32913-23. [PMID: 15131132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314098200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Msx2 promotes osteogenic lineage allocation from mesenchymal progenitors but inhibits terminal differentiation demarcated by osteocalcin (OC) gene expression. Msx2 inhibits OC expression by targeting the fibroblast growth factor responsive element (OCFRE), a 42-bp DNA domain in the OC gene bound by the Msx2 interacting nuclear target protein (MINT) and Runx2/Cbfa1. To better understand Msx2 regulation of the OCFRE, we have studied functional interactions between MINT and Runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation. In MC3T3E1 osteoblasts (with endogenous Runx2 and FGFR2), MINT augments transcription driven by the OCFRE that is further enhanced by FGF2 treatment. OCFRE regulation can be reconstituted in the naïve CV1 fibroblast cell background. In CV1 cells, MINT synergizes with Runx2 to enhance OCFRE activity in the presence of activated FGFR2. The RNA recognition motif domain of MINT (which binds the OCFRE) is required. Runx2 structural studies reveal that synergy with MINT uniquely requires Runx2 activation domain 3. In confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, MINT adopts a reticular nuclear matrix distribution that overlaps transcriptionally active osteoblast chromatin, extensively co-localizing with the phosphorylated RNA polymerase II meshwork. MINT only partially co-localizes with Runx2; however, co-localization is enhanced 2.5-fold by FGF2 stimulation. Msx2 abrogates Runx2-MINT OCFRE activation, and MINT-directed RNA interference reduces endogenous OC expression. In chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, Msx2 selectively inhibits Runx2 binding to OC chromatin. Thus, MINT enhances Runx2 activation of multiprotein complexes assembled by the OCFRE. Msx2 targets this complex as a mechanism of transcriptional inhibition. In osteoblasts, MINT may serve as a nuclear matrix platform that organizes and integrates osteogenic transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar L Sierra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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