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Adu-Gyamfi EA, Cheeran EA, Salamah J, Lee BK. Long noncoding RNA H19 in ovarian biology and placenta development. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3907. [PMID: 38269505 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As the first long noncoding RNA to be discovered, H19 has gained substantial attention as a key regulator of several biological processes and its roles in female reproductive biology are gradually getting revealed. Herein, we have summarized the current evidence regarding H19 expression pattern and involvement in the developmental and pathological processes associated with the ovary and the placenta. The findings indicate that within the ovaries, H19 is expressed in the antral and cystic atretic follicles as well as in the corpora lutea but absent in the primordial, primary, and secondary follicles. Its normal expression promotes the maturation of antral follicles and prevents their premature selection for the ovulatory journey while its aberrant induction promotes polycystic ovary syndrome development and ovarian cancer metastasis. In the placenta, H19 is highly expressed in the cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts but weakly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer and potentially controls trophoblast cell fate decisions during placenta development. Abnormal expression of H19 is observed in the placental villi of pregnancies affected by pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Therefore, dysregulated H19 is a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for the mitigation of ovarian and placenta-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Elisha Ann Cheeran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Joudi Salamah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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2
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Liao J, Song S, Gusscott S, Fu Z, VanderKolk I, Busscher BM, Lau KH, Brind’Amour J, Szabó PE. Establishment of paternal methylation imprint at the H19/Igf2 imprinting control region. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2050. [PMID: 37672574 PMCID: PMC10482337 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The insulator model explains the workings of the H19 and Igf2 imprinted domain in the soma, where insulation of the Igf2 promoter from its enhancers occurs by CTCF in the maternally inherited unmethylated chromosome but not the paternally inherited methylated allele. The molecular mechanism that targets paternal methylation imprint establishment to the imprinting control region (ICR) in the male germline is unknown. We tested the function of prospermatogonia-specific broad low-level transcription in this process using mouse genetics. Paternal imprint establishment was abnormal when transcription was stopped at the entry point to the ICR. The germline epimutation persisted into the paternal allele of the soma, resulting in reduced Igf2 in fetal organs and reduced fetal growth, consistent with the insulator model and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)'s role as fetal growth factor. These results collectively support the role of broad low-level transcription through the H19/Igf2 ICR in the establishment of its paternal methylation imprint in the male germ line, with implications for Silver-Russell syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liao
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Sangmin Song
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Samuel Gusscott
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S, Canada
| | - Zhen Fu
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ivan VanderKolk
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Kin H. Lau
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Julie Brind’Amour
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S, Canada
| | - Piroska E. Szabó
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Vimercati A, Tannorella P, Orlandini E, Calzari L, Moro M, Guzzetti S, Selicorni A, Crippa M, Larizza L, Bonati MT, Russo S. Case report: atypical Silver-Russell syndrome patient with hand dystonia: the valuable support of the consensus statement to the wide syndromic spectrum. Front Genet 2023; 14:1198821. [PMID: 37529781 PMCID: PMC10387531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1198821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount of Insulin Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) controls the rate of embryonal and postnatal growth. The IGF2 and adjacent H19 are the imprinted genes of the telomeric cluster in the 11p15 chromosomal region regulated by differentially methylated regions (DMRs) or imprinting centers (ICs): H19/IGF2:IG-DMR (IC1). Dysregulation due to IC1 Loss-of-Methylation (LoM) or Gain-of-Methyaltion (GoM) causes Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) disorders associated with growth retardation or overgrowth, respectively. Specific features define each of the two syndromes, but isolated asymmetry is a common cardinal feature, which is considered sufficient for a diagnosis in the BWS spectrum. Here, we report the case of a girl with right body asymmetry, which suggested BWS spectrum. Later, BWS/SRS molecular analysis identified IC1_LoM revealing the discrepant diagnosis of SRS. A clinical re-evaluation identified a relative macrocephaly and previously unidentified growth rate at lower limits of normal at birth, feeding difficulties, and asymmetry. Interestingly, and never previously described in IC1_LoM SRS patients, since the age of 16, she has developed hand-writer's cramps, depression, and bipolar disorder. Trio-WES identified a VPS16 heterozygous variant [NM_022575.4:c.2185C>G:p.Leu729Val] inherited from her healthy mother. VPS16 is involved in the endolysosomal system, and its dysregulation is linked to autosomal dominant dystonia with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. IGF2 involvement in the lysosomal pathway led us to speculate that the neurological phenotype of the proband might be triggered by the concurrent IGF2 deficit and VPS16 alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vimercati
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Tannorella
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Orlandini
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Calzari
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Moro
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Guzzetti
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Milena Crippa
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bonati
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Burlo Garofalo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
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Mussa A, Carli D, Cardaropoli S, Ferrero GB, Resta N. Lateralized and Segmental Overgrowth in Children. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246166. [PMID: 34944785 PMCID: PMC8699773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of lateralized or segmental overgrowth (LO) are heterogeneous conditions with increased tissue growth in a body region. LO can affect every region, be localized or extensive, involve one or several embryonic tissues, showing variable severity, from mild forms with minor body asymmetry to severe ones with progressive tissue growth and related relevant complications. Recently, next-generation sequencing approaches have increased the knowledge on the molecular defects in LO, allowing classifying them based on the deranged cellular signaling pathway. LO is caused by either genetic or epigenetic somatic anomalies affecting cell proliferation. Most LOs are classifiable in the Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum (BWSp), PI3KCA/AKT-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS/AROS), mosaic RASopathies, PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome, mosaic activating variants in angiogenesis pathways, and isolated LO (ILO). These disorders overlap over common phenotypes, making their appraisal and distinction challenging. The latter is crucial, as specific management strategies are key: some LO is associated with increased cancer risk making imperative tumor screening since childhood. Interestingly, some LO shares molecular mechanisms with cancer: recent advances in tumor biological pathway druggability and growth downregulation offer new avenues for the treatment of the most severe and complicated LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.)
- Pediatric Clinical Genetics Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0113135372
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.)
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (D.C.); (S.C.)
| | | | - Nicoletta Resta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Medical Genetics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Shin CH, Lim C, Kim HY, Yoo WJ, Cho TJ, Choi IH, Ko JM. Prospective study of epigenetic alterations responsible for isolated hemihyperplasia/hemihypoplasia and their association with leg length discrepancy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:418. [PMID: 34627330 PMCID: PMC8501601 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemihyperplasia and hemihypoplasia result in leg length discrepancy (LLD) by causing skeletal asymmetry. Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) are opposite growth-affecting disorders caused by opposite epigenetic alterations at the same chromosomal locus, 11p15, to induce hemihyperplasia and hemihypoplasia, respectively. Because of their somatic mosaicism, BWS and SRS show a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. We evaluated the underlying epigenetic alterations and potential epigenotype-phenotype correlations, focusing on LLD, in a group of individuals with isolated hemihyperplasia/hemihypoplasia. Results We prospectively collected paired blood-tissue samples from 30 patients with isolated hemihyperplasia/hemihypoplasia who underwent surgery for LLD. Methylation-specific multiplex-ligation-dependent probe amplification assay (MS-MLPA) and bisulfite pyrosequencing for differentially methylated regions 1 and 2 (DMR1 and DMR2) on chromosome 11p15 were performed using the patient samples. Samples from patients showing no abnormalities in MS-MLPA or bisulfite pyrosequencing were analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray and CDKN1C Sanger sequencing. We introduced a metric named as the methylation difference, defined as the difference in DNA methylation levels between DMR1 and DMR2. The correlation between the methylation difference and the predicted LLD at skeletal maturity, calculated using a multiplier method, was evaluated. Predicted LLD was standardized for stature. Ten patients (33%) showed epigenetic alterations in MS-MLPA and bisulfite pyrosequencing. Of these, six and four patients had epigenetic alterations related to BWS and SRS, respectively. The clinical diagnosis of hemihyperplasia/hemihypoplasia was not compatible with the epigenetic alterations in four of these ten patients. No patients showed abnormalities in SNP array or their CDKN1C sequences. The standardized predicted LLD was moderately correlated with the methylation difference using fat tissue (r = 0.53; p = 0.002) and skin tissue (r = 0.50; p = 0.005) in all patients. Conclusions Isolated hemihyperplasia and hemihypoplasia can occur as a spectrum of BWS and SRS. Although the accurate differentiation between isolated hemihyperplasia and isolated hemihypoplasia is important in tumor surveillance planning, it is often difficult to clinically differentiate these two diseases without epigenetic tests. Epigenetic tests may play a role in the prediction of LLD, which would aid in treatment planning. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-02042-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Shin
- Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaemoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Kim
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Yoo
- Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Choi
- Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Bergallo M, Galliano I, Montanari P, Calvi C, Daprà V, Carli D, Russo S, Mussa A, Ferrero G. Comparison of Quantitative Analysis of Methylated Alleles Real-Time PCR and Methylation-Specific MLPA for Molecular Diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Pathobiology 2019; 86:217-224. [DOI: 10.1159/000500627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth disorder predisposing to tumorigenesis caused by abnormal expression or function of imprinted genes of the chromosome 11p15.5 imprinting gene cluster. This real-time PCR-based assay determines the methylation status of a selected CpG island and has been proposed for use in high-throughput methylation analysis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Here, we use quantitative analysis of methylated alleles (QAMA) for the detection of methylation status of the KCNQ10T1 gene, in a region immediately upstream of the transcription initiation site, and the CTCF binding site 6, located approximately 2 kb upstream of the SmaI site currently used for clinical laboratory testing. We assayed a series of controls and patients diagnosed with BWS at two different loci at 11p15.5 to assess the diagnostic yield of QAMA PCR for clinical laboratory testing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> These results compare favorably with methylation-specific multiple ligation probe amplification (MS-MLPA) analysis at both differentially methylated region (DMR)1 and DMR2. There are several advantages of the QAMA PCR over MS-MLPA. The QAMA PCR is less labor-intensive and therefore more cost-effective and does not require dedicated analysis software. A second advantage is that the assay is amenable to high-throughput analysis. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The small sample size reflects the rare nature of this epigenetic disorder, and the range of ages was quite wide, as was the degree of disease severity. Therefore, further validation with larger cohorts is warranted.
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Johnson JP, Beischel L, Schwanke C, Styren K, Crunk A, Schoof J, Elias AF. Overrepresentation of pregnancies conceived by artificial reproductive technology in prenatally identified fetuses with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:985-992. [PMID: 29936652 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been linked to an increased risk for imprinting disorders in offspring. The data so far have predominantly been retrospective, comparing the rate of IVF conceptions in affected patients with controls. We describe a series of fetuses with omphalocele that were tested for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and subsequently ascertained as to whether pregnancies were conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). METHODS Fetuses were tested for BWS by Southern blot, PCR based methods, and methylation analysis to identify the imprinting status at primarily the IC2 locus, KCNQ1OT1, as well as IC1, H19/IGF-2. Some fetuses were also tested for uniparental disomy of chromosome 11p. RESULTS We tested 301 fetuses with omphalocele for BWS. Forty samples were positive. Sixteen were from IVF pregnancies, for an overall rate of 40%. Such as high proportion of IVF pregnancies in a series of BWS-positive fetuses has not been described previously. Possible factors such as twinning and ascertainment bias are discussed. CONCLUSION We found about a 20-fold overrepresentation of IVF cases in fetuses with BWS/omphalocele when compared with the rate of ART pregnancies in the USA (p < .0001). Our series provides support for an association of IVF and BWS. Patients should be counseled about these risks and made aware of the availability of prenatal diagnosis for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Johnson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, MT, 59604-5539, USA
| | - Linda Beischel
- Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services, Helena, MT, USA
| | - Corbin Schwanke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, MT, 59604-5539, USA
| | - Katie Styren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, MT, 59604-5539, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Schoof
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, MT, 59604-5539, USA
| | - Abdallah F Elias
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children's Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, MT, 59604-5539, USA.
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Inoue T, Nakamura A, Fuke T, Yamazawa K, Sano S, Matsubara K, Mizuno S, Matsukura Y, Harashima C, Hasegawa T, Nakajima H, Tsumura K, Kizaki Z, Oka A, Ogata T, Fukami M, Kagami M. Genetic heterogeneity of patients with suspected Silver-Russell syndrome: genome-wide copy number analysis in 82 patients without imprinting defects. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:52. [PMID: 28515796 PMCID: PMC5433143 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by pre- and postnatal growth failure and dysmorphic features. Recently, pathogenic copy number variations (PCNVs) and imprinting defects other than hypomethylation of the H19-differentially methylated region (DMR) and maternal uniparental disomy chromosome 7 have been reported in patients with the SRS phenotype. This study aimed to clarify the frequency and clinical features of patients with SRS phenotype caused by PCNVs. Methods We performed array comparative genomic hybridization analysis using a catalog array for 54 patients satisfying the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS) (SRS-compatible) and for 28 patients presenting with three NH-CSS items together with triangular face and/or fifth finger clinodactyly and/or brachydactyly (SRS-like) without abnormal methylation levels of 9 DMRs related to known imprinting disorders. We then investigated the clinical features of patients with PCNVs. Results Three of the 54 SRS-compatible patients (5.6%) and 2 of the 28 SRS-like patients (7.1%) had PCNVs. We detected 3.5 Mb deletion in 4p16.3, mosaic trisomy 18, and 3.77–4.00 Mb deletion in 19q13.11-12 in SRS-compatible patients, and 1.41–1.97 Mb deletion in 7q11.23 in both SRS-like patients. Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) were identified in two patients and moderate to severe global developmental delay was observed in four patients. Conclusions Of the patients in our study, 5.6% of SRS-compatible and 7.1% of SRS-like patients had PCNVs. All PCNVs have been previously reported for genetic causes of contiguous deletion syndromes or mosaic trisomy 18. Our study suggests patients with PCNVs, who have a phenotype resembling SRS, show a high tendency towards CHDs and/or apparent developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tomoko Fuke
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamazawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Seiji Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392 Japan
| | - Yoshika Matsukura
- Department of Pediatrics, The Japan Baptist Hospital, 47 Yamanomoto-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8273 Japan
| | - Chie Harashima
- Department of Pediatrics, The Japan Baptist Hospital, 47 Yamanomoto-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8273 Japan
| | - Tatsuji Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Hisakazu Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Kumi Tsumura
- Tsumura Family Clinic, Kumi Shounika, 858-1 Watarihashi-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-0004 Japan
| | - Zenro Kizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, 15-749 Honmachi Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-0981 Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
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Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton APM, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJG, Netchine I. Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:105-124. [PMID: 27585961 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This Consensus Statement summarizes recommendations for clinical diagnosis, investigation and management of patients with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), an imprinting disorder that causes prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Considerable overlap exists between the care of individuals born small for gestational age and those with SRS. However, many specific management issues exist and evidence from controlled trials remains limited. SRS is primarily a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular testing enables confirmation of the clinical diagnosis and defines the subtype. A 'normal' result from a molecular test does not exclude the diagnosis of SRS. The management of children with SRS requires an experienced, multidisciplinary approach. Specific issues include growth failure, severe feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal problems, hypoglycaemia, body asymmetry, scoliosis, motor and speech delay and psychosocial challenges. An early emphasis on adequate nutritional status is important, with awareness that rapid postnatal weight gain might lead to subsequent increased risk of metabolic disorders. The benefits of treating patients with SRS with growth hormone include improved body composition, motor development and appetite, reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and increased height. Clinicians should be aware of possible premature adrenarche, fairly early and rapid central puberty and insulin resistance. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues can delay progression of central puberty and preserve adult height potential. Long-term follow up is essential to determine the natural history and optimal management in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oluwakemi Lokulo-Sodipe
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Susan M O'Connell
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Salem
- MAGIC Foundation, 6645 W. North Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois 60302, USA
| | - Jet Bliek
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory for Genome Diagnostics, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Krystyna H Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justin H Davies
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Renuka P Dias
- Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vincent Drive, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Trousseau Hospital, HUEP, APHP, UPMC, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 11NW30, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander A Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Agnes Linglart
- APHP, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Hospital Bicêtre Paris Sud, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Klaus Mohnike
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Department of Pediatrics, Leipziger Street 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran via 199-203, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Fetal Growth and Development Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip G Murray
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Isabelle Oliver Petit
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic, Bone Disease &Gynecology Unit, Children's Hospital, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Russo
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, via Ariosto 13 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Edith Said
- Department of Anatomy &Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine &Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine &Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2090, Malta
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Mater dei Hospital, Msida MSD2090, Malta
| | - Meropi Toumba
- IASIS Hospital, 8 Voriou Ipirou, 8036, Paphos, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Binder
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 E 98th Street #1192, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Irène Netchine
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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10
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Õunap K. Silver-Russell Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: Opposite Phenotypes with Heterogeneous Molecular Etiology. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:110-21. [PMID: 27587987 DOI: 10.1159/000447413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are 2 clinically opposite growth-affecting disorders belonging to the group of congenital imprinting disorders. The expression of both syndromes usually depends on the parental origin of the chromosome in which the imprinted genes reside. SRS is characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with various additional clinical features such as hemihypertrophy, relative macrocephaly, fifth finger clinodactyly, and triangular facies. BWS is an overgrowth syndrome with many additional clinical features such as macroglossia, organomegaly, and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Both SRS and BWS are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and for clinical diagnosis, different diagnostic scoring systems have been developed. Six diagnostic scoring systems for SRS and 4 for BWS have been previously published. However, neither syndrome has common consensus diagnostic criteria yet. Most cases of SRS and BWS are associated with opposite epigenetic or genetic abnormalities in the 11p15 chromosomal region leading to opposite imbalances in the expression of imprinted genes. SRS is also caused by maternal uniparental disomy 7, which is usually identified in 5-10% of the cases, and is therefore the first imprinting disorder that affects 2 different chromosomes. In this review, we describe in detail the clinical diagnostic criteria and scoring systems as well as molecular causes in both SRS and BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Abraham MB, Carpenter K, Baynam GS, Mackay DJ, Price G, Choong CS. Report and review of described associations of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51:555-560. [PMID: 25418154 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome are described in isolation. However, their co-occurrence has only been rarely reported. Here, we present a case report of an adolescent with SRS who was diagnosed with MRKH during the evaluation of primary amenorrhoea. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis showed a normal methylation pattern and normal dosage at 11p15.5. A PubMed search for all peer-reviewed publications (original articles and reviews) using the key words Silver-Russell syndrome, Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, genetics, hypomethylation and reproductive anomalies identified three cases of SRS with MRKH, two of which were associated with significant hypomethylation of the H19 imprinting control region of the 11p15.5 locus. This report highlights the association between SRS and MRKH. The absence of hypomethylation and normal dosage at 11p15.5 suggests these two rare entities share alternative aetiopathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Abraham
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Carpenter
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth S Baynam
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah Jg Mackay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Glynis Price
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine S Choong
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Chen CP, Su YN, Chen SU, Chang TY, Wu PC, Chern SR, Wu PS, Kuo YL, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of hypomethylation at KvDMR1 and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome in a pregnancy conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 53:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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13
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Ito Y, Nativio R, Murrell A. Induced DNA demethylation can reshape chromatin topology at the IGF2-H19 locus. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5290-302. [PMID: 23585276 PMCID: PMC3664821 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Choriocarcinomas are embryonal tumours with loss of imprinting and hypermethylation at the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)-H19 locus. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-Aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-AzaCdR) is an approved epigenetic cancer therapy. However, it is not known to what extent 5-AzaCdR influences other epigenetic marks. In this study, we set out to determine whether 5-AzaCdR treatment can reprogram the epigenomic organization of the IGF2-H19 locus in a choriocarcinoma cancer cell line (JEG3). We found that localized DNA demethylation at the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) induced by 5-AzaCdR, reduced IGF2, increased H19 expression, increased CTCF and cohesin recruitment and changed histone modifications. Furthermore chromatin accessibility was increased locus-wide and chromatin looping topography was altered such that a CTCF site downstream of the H19 enhancers switched its association with the CTCF site upstream of the IGF2 promoters to associate with the ICR. We identified a stable chromatin looping domain, which forms independently of DNA methylation. This domain contains the IGF2 gene and is marked by a histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation block between CTCF site upstream of the IGF2 promoters and the Centrally Conserved Domain upstream of the ICR. Together, these data provide new insights into the responsiveness of chromatin topography to DNA methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Raffaella Nativio
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Adele Murrell
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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14
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Eggermann T, Spengler S, Gogiel M, Begemann M, Elbracht M. Epigenetic and genetic diagnosis of Silver-Russell syndrome. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:459-71. [PMID: 22702363 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a congenital imprinting disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction and further characteristic features. SRS is genetically heterogenous: 7-10% of patients carry a maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7; >38% show a hypomethylation in imprinting control region 1 in 11p15; and a further class of mutations are copy number variations affecting different chromosomes, but mainly 11p15 and 7. The diagnostic work-up should thus aim to detect these three molecular subtypes. Numerous techniques are currently applied in genetic SRS testing, but none of them covers all known (epi)mutations, and they should therefore be used synergistically. However, future next-generation sequencing approaches will allow a comprehensive analysis of all types of alterations in SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Beygo J, Citro V, Sparago A, De Crescenzo A, Cerrato F, Heitmann M, Rademacher K, Guala A, Enklaar T, Anichini C, Cirillo Silengo M, Graf N, Prawitt D, Cubellis MV, Horsthemke B, Buiting K, Riccio A. The molecular function and clinical phenotype of partial deletions of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region depends on the spatial arrangement of the remaining CTCF-binding sites. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:544-57. [PMID: 23118352 PMCID: PMC3542864 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At chromosome 11p15.5, the imprinting centre 1 (IC1) controls the parent of origin-specific expression of the IGF2 and H19 genes. The 5 kb IC1 region contains multiple target sites (CTS) for the zinc-finger protein CTCF, whose binding on the maternal chromosome prevents the activation of IGF2 and allows that of H19 by common enhancers. CTCF binding helps maintaining the maternal IC1 methylation-free, whereas on the paternal chromosome gamete-inherited DNA methylation inhibits CTCF interaction and enhancer-blocking activity resulting in IGF2 activation and H19 silencing. Maternally inherited 1.4–2.2 kb deletions are associated with methylation of the residual CTSs and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, although with different penetrance and expressivity. We explored the relationship between IC1 microdeletions and phenotype by analysing a number of previously described and novel mutant alleles. We used a highly quantitative assay based on next generation sequencing to measure DNA methylation in affected families and analysed enhancer-blocking activity and CTCF binding in cultured cells. We demonstrate that the microdeletions mostly affect IC1 function and CTCF binding by changing CTS spacing. Thus, the extent of IC1 inactivation and the clinical phenotype are influenced by the arrangement of the residual CTSs. A CTS spacing similar to the wild-type allele results in moderate IC1 inactivation and is associated with stochastic DNA methylation of the maternal IC1 and incomplete penetrance. Microdeletions with different CTS spacing display severe IC1 inactivation and are associated with IC1 hypermethylation and complete penetrance. Careful characterization of the IC1 microdeletions is therefore needed to predict recurrence risks and phenotypical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Beygo
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Murphy R, Ibáñez L, Hattersley A, Tost J. IGF2/H19 hypomethylation in a patient with very low birthweight, preocious pubarche and insulin resistance. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:42. [PMID: 22646060 PMCID: PMC3459807 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is an imprinted gene, which has an important role in fetal growth as established in mice models. IGF2 is downregulated through hypomethylation of a differentially methylated region (DMR) in Silver Russell syndrome (SRS), characterised by growth restriction. We have previously reported that severe pre- and post-natal growth restriction associated with insulin resistance and precocious pubarche in a woman without body asymmetry or other SRS features resulted from a balanced translocation affecting the regulation of her IGF2 gene expression. We hypothesised that severe pre- and post-natal growth restriction associated with insulin resistance and precocious pubarche in the absence of SRS are also caused by downregulation of IGF2 through hypomethylation, gene mutation or structural chromosomal abnormalities. Methods We performed routine karyotyping, IGF2 gene sequencing and investigated DNA methylation of the IGF2 differentially methylated region (DMR)0 and H19 DMR using pyrosequencing, in four women selected for very low birth weight (<−3 SDS for gestational age), precocious pubarche, short adult stature (<−2 SDS), and insulin resistance (defined as HOMA-IS < 80%); and compared their methylation results to those of 95 control subjects. Results We identified a 20 year old woman with severe hypomethylation at both DMRs. She was the smallest at birth (birthweight SDS,-3.9), and had the shortest adult height (143 cm). The patient was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome at the age of 15 years, and had impaired fasting glucose in the presence of a low BMI (19.2 kg/m2). Conclusions Our case of growth restriction, premature pubarche and insulin resistance in the absence of body asymmetry or other features of SRS adds to the expanding phenotype of IGF2/H19 methylation abnormalities. Further studies are needed to confirm whether growth restriction in association with premature pubarche and insulin resistance is a specific manifestation of reduced IGF2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand.
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17
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Stuppia L, Antonucci I, Palka G, Gatta V. Use of the MLPA assay in the molecular diagnosis of gene copy number alterations in human genetic diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3245-3276. [PMID: 22489151 PMCID: PMC3317712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay is a recently developed technique able to evidence variations in the copy number of several human genes. Due to this ability, MLPA can be used in the molecular diagnosis of several genetic diseases whose pathogenesis is related to the presence of deletions or duplications of specific genes. Moreover, MLPA assay can also be used in the molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases characterized by the presence of abnormal DNA methylation. Due to the large number of genes that can be analyzed by a single technique, MLPA assay represents the gold standard for molecular analysis of all pathologies derived from the presence of gene copy number variation. In this review, the main applications of the MLPA technique for the molecular diagnosis of human diseases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Giandomenico Palka
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; E-Mails: (I.A.); (G.P.); (V.G.)
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18
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Hou L, Zhang X, Wang D, Baccarelli A. Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:79-105. [PMID: 22253299 PMCID: PMC3304523 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year more than 13 million deaths worldwide are due to environmental pollutants, and approximately 24% of diseases are caused by environmental exposures that might be averted through preventive measures. Rapidly growing evidence has linked environmental pollutants with epigenetic variations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Environ mental chemicals and epigenetic changes All of these mechanisms are likely to play important roles in disease aetiology, and their modifications due to environmental pollutants might provide further understanding of disease aetiology, as well as biomarkers reflecting exposures to environmental pollutants and/or predicting the risk of future disease. We summarize the findings on epigenetic alterations related to environmental chemical exposures, and propose mechanisms of action by means of which the exposures may cause such epigenetic changes. We discuss opportunities, challenges and future directions for future epidemiology research in environmental epigenomics. Future investigations are needed to solve methodological and practical challenges, including uncertainties about stability over time of epigenomic changes induced by the environment, tissue specificity of epigenetic alterations, validation of laboratory methods, and adaptation of bioinformatic and biostatistical methods to high-throughput epigenomics. In addition, there are numerous reports of epigenetic modifications arising following exposure to environmental toxicants, but most have not been directly linked to disease endpoints. To complete our discussion, we also briefly summarize the diseases that have been linked to environmental chemicals-related epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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19
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Azzi S, Steunou V, Rousseau A, Rossignol S, Thibaud N, Danton F, Le Jule M, Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Netchine I. Allele-specific methylated multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), a powerful method for diagnosing loss of imprinting of the 11p15 region in Russell Silver and Beckwith Wiedemann syndromes. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:249-58. [PMID: 21280150 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many human syndromes involve a loss of imprinting (LOI) due to a loss (LOM) or a gain of DNA methylation (GOM). Most LOI occur as mosaics and can therefore be difficult to detect with conventional methods. The human imprinted 11p15 region is crucial for the control of fetal growth, and LOI at this locus is associated with two clinical disorders with opposite phenotypes: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by fetal overgrowth and a high risk of tumors, and Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS), characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction. Until recently, we have been using Southern blotting for the diagnosis of RSS and BWS. We describe here a powerful quantitative technique, allele-specific methylated multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), for the diagnosis of these two complex disorders. We first checked the specificity of the probes and primers used for ASMM RTQ-PCR. We then carried out statistical validation for this method, on both retrospective and prospective populations of patients. This analysis demonstrated that ASMM RTQ-PCR is more sensitive than Southern blotting for detecting low degree of LOI. Moreover, ASMM RTQ-PCR is a very rapid, reliable, simple, safe, and cost effective method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Azzi
- APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, INSERM UMR-S938 Team 4, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
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20
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Wakeling EL, Amero SA, Alders M, Bliek J, Forsythe E, Kumar S, Lim DH, MacDonald F, Mackay DJ, Maher ER, Moore GE, Poole RL, Price SM, Tangeraas T, Turner CLS, Van Haelst MM, Willoughby C, Temple IK, Cobben JM. Epigenotype-phenotype correlations in Silver-Russell syndrome. J Med Genet 2010; 47:760-8. [PMID: 20685669 PMCID: PMC2976034 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.079111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterised by intrauterine growth restriction, poor postnatal growth, relative macrocephaly, triangular face and asymmetry. Maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) of chromosome 7 and hypomethylation of the imprinting control region (ICR) 1 on chromosome 11p15 are found in 5–10% and up to 60% of patients with SRS, respectively. As many features are non-specific, diagnosis of SRS remains difficult. Studies of patients in whom the molecular diagnosis is confirmed therefore provide valuable clinical information on the condition. Methods A detailed, prospective study of 64 patients with mUPD7 (n=20) or ICR1 hypomethylation (n=44) was undertaken. Results and conclusions The considerable overlap in clinical phenotype makes it difficult to distinguish these two molecular subgroups reliably. ICR1 hypomethylation was more likely to be scored as ‘classical’ SRS. Asymmetry, fifth finger clinodactyly and congenital anomalies were more commonly seen with ICR1 hypomethylation, whereas learning difficulties and referral for speech therapy were more likely with mUPD7. Myoclonus-dystonia has been reported previously in one mUPD7 patient. The authors report mild movement disorders in three further cases. No correlation was found between clinical severity and level of ICR1 hypomethylation. Use of assisted reproductive technology in association with ICR1 hypomethylation seems increased compared with the general population. ICR1 hypomethylation was also observed in affected siblings, although recurrence risk remains low in the majority of cases. Overall, a wide range of severity was observed, particularly with ICR1 hypomethylation. A low threshold for investigation of patients with features suggestive, but not typical, of SRS is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, Level 8V, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford Rd, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK.
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Eggermann T, Begemann M, Binder G, Spengler S. Silver-Russell syndrome: genetic basis and molecular genetic testing. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:19. [PMID: 20573229 PMCID: PMC2907323 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes with a parent-of-origin specific expression are involved in various aspects of growth that are rooted in the prenatal period. Therefore it is predictable that many of the so far known congenital imprinting disorders (IDs) are clinically characterised by growth disturbances. A noteable imprinting disorder is Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), a congenital disease characterised by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, relative macrocephaly, a typical triangular face, asymmetry and further less characteristic features. However, the clinical spectrum is broad and the clinical diagnosis often subjective. Genetic and epigenetic disturbances can meanwhile be detected in approximately 50% of patients with typical SRS features. Nearly one tenth of patients carry a maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD(7)mat), more than 38% show a hypomethylation in the imprinting control region 1 in 11p15. More than 1% of patients show (sub)microscopic chromosomal aberrations. Interestingly, in ~7% of 11p15 hypomethylation carriers, demethylation of other imprinted loci can be detected. Clinically, these patients do not differ from those with isolated 11p15 hypomethylation whereas the UPD(7)mat patients generally show a milder phenotype. However, an unambiguous (epi)genotype-phenotype correlation can not be delineated. We therefore suggest a diagnostic algorithm focused on the 11p15 hypomethylation, UPD(7)mat and cryptic chromosomal imbalances for patients with typical SRS phenotype, but also with milder clinical signs only reminiscent for the disease.
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Hall JG. Review and hypothesis: syndromes with severe intrauterine growth restriction and very short stature--are they related to the epigenetic mechanism(s) of fetal survival involved in the developmental origins of adult health and disease? Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:512-27. [PMID: 20101705 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosing the specific type of severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that also has post-birth growth restriction is often difficult. Eight relatively common syndromes are discussed identifying their unique distinguishing features, overlapping features, and those features common to all eight syndromes. Many of these signs take a few years to develop and the lifetime natural history of the disorders has not yet been completely clarified. The theory behind developmental origins of adult health and disease suggests that there are mammalian epigenetic fetal survival mechanisms that downregulate fetal growth, both in order for the fetus to survive until birth and to prepare it for a restricted extra-uterine environment, and that these mechanisms have long lasting effects on the adult health of the individual. Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype has recently been recognized to be related to imprinting/methylation defects. Perhaps all eight syndromes, including those with single gene mutation origin, involve the mammalian mechanism(s) of fetal survival downsizing. Insights into those mechanisms should provide avenues to understanding the natural history, the heterogeneity and possible therapy not only for these eight syndromes, but for the common adult diseases with which IUGR is associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, UBC and Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Peñaherrera MS, Weindler S, Van Allen MI, Yong SL, Metzger DL, McGillivray B, Boerkoel C, Langlois S, Robinson WP. Methylation profiling in individuals with Russell-Silver syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:347-55. [PMID: 20082469 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with pre- and post-natal growth restriction and relative macrocephaly. Involvement of imprinted genes on both chromosome 7 and 11p15.5 has been reported. To further characterize the role of epimutations in RSS we evaluated the methylation status at both 11p15.5 imprinting control regions (ICRs): ICR1 associated with H19/IGF2 expression and ICR2 (KvDMR1) associated with CDKN1C expression in a series of 35 patients with RSS. We also evaluated methylation at the promoter regions of other imprinted genes involved in growth such as PLAGL1 (6q24), GCE (7q21), and PEG10 (7q21) in this series of 35 patients with RSS. Thirteen of the 35 patient samples, but none of 22 controls, showed methylation levels at ICR1 that were more than 2 SD below the mean for controls. Three RSS patients were highly methylated at the SCGE promoter, all of which were diagnosed with upd(7)mat. To identify further potential global methylation changes in RSS patients, a subset of 22 patients were evaluated at 1505 CpG sites by the Illumina GoldenGate methylation array. Among the few CpG sites displaying a significant difference between RSS patients and controls, was a CpG associated with the H19 promoter. No other sites associated with known imprinted genes were identified as abnormally methylated in RSS patients by this approach. While the association of hypomethylation of the H19/IGF2 ICR1 is clear, the continuous distribution of methylation values among the patients and controls complicates the establishment of clear cut-offs for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Peñaherrera
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Horike SI, Ferreira JCP, Meguro-Horike M, Choufani S, Smith AC, Shuman C, Meschino W, Chitayat D, Zackai E, Scherer SW, Weksberg R. Screening of DNA methylation at the H19 promoter or the distal region of its ICR1 ensures efficient detection of chromosome 11p15 epimutations in Russell-Silver syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 149A:2415-23. [PMID: 19876907 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over a 10-year period blood samples were collected from 57 individuals with growth restriction and RSS-like features. Our goal was to identify epigenetic abnormalities in this cohort, including uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD7), methylation changes at chromosome 11p15, as well as new epigenomic alterations. We evaluated the methylation status of 7 imprinting control regions on chromosomes 7, 11, 14, and 15. UPD7 and chromosome 7 structural abnormalities had been previously identified in five patients. Epigenetic alterations on chromosome 11p15 were identified in 11 patients. Of interest, in 3 of these 11 patients, the epigenetic alterations were limited to the H19 promoter and the distal region of its associated imprinting center, ICR1. In addition, in one patient, we detected methylation changes consistent with maternal UPD at all tested imprinted regions. This patient series suggests that epimutations on chromosome 11p15 can be most efficiently detected in RSS patients by screening for DNA methylation defects at the H19 promoter or the distal region of ICR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Horike
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Eggermann T, Gonzalez D, Spengler S, Arslan-Kirchner M, Binder G, Schönherr N. Broad clinical spectrum in Silver-Russell syndrome and consequences for genetic testing in growth retardation. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e929-31. [PMID: 19364767 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silver-Russell syndrome is a heterogenous disorder characterized by severe intrauterine growth restriction, lack of catch-up after birth, and specific dysmorphisms. In approximately 10% of patients, maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 is detectable, but hypomethylation of the imprinting in 11p15 is the major epigenetic disturbance in Silver-Russell syndrome. The use of strict clinical criteria, indeed, results in relatively high detection rates for the 11p15 epimutation, but we feel that the application of a strict clinical scoring system is not useful in clinical workaday life because of the broad clinical spectrum in 11p15 epimutation and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 carriers. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report on our experience of molecular testing in 188 patients referred for routine diagnostics of Silver-Russell syndrome and in a group of 20 patients with isolated intrauterine growth restriction/postnatal growth retardation. RESULTS The molecular genetic results in both groups of data showed that 11p15 epimutation and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 carriers did not always show the unambiguous Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype. CONCLUSIONS In addition to patients with the classical Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype fulfilling the Silver-Russell syndrome-specific scores, genetic testing for the 11p15 epimutation and/or maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 should also be considered in case of "Silver-Russell syndrome-like" phenotypes, for example, mild intrauterine growth restriction and postnatal growth retardation associated with a prominent forehead and triangular face or asymmetry as the only clinical signs. In particular, the lack of intrauterine growth restriction in patients with a Silver-Russell syndrome-like phenotype should not automatically result in exclusion from molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Pauwelsstr 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Low frequency of imprinting defects in ICSI children born small for gestational age. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:22-9. [PMID: 18941474 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is an increased frequency of low birth weight after assisted reproduction, the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. We have proposed that some of the children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with low birth weight might have an epimutation (faulty methylation pattern) in one of the imprinted genes involved in fetal growth control, eg, KCNQ1OT1, PEG1, PEG3, GTL2, IGF2/H19 and PLAGL1. Using bisulfite DNA sequencing and sequence-based quantitative methylation analysis (SeQMA), we determined the methylation pattern of these genes in buccal smears from 19 ICSI children born small for gestational age (SGA, birth weight <3rd percentile) and from 29 term-born normal weight children after spontaneous conception. We detected clear hypermethylation of KCNQ1OT1 and borderline hypermethylation of PEG1 in one and the same ICSI child. The other children and the parents of the affected child have normal methylation patterns. Imprinting defects appear to be a rare finding in ICSI children born SGA. Methylation of the paternal KCNQ1OT1 and PEG1 alleles may be a previously unrecognized cause of SGA. The epimutations found in the SGA child, whose father had oligozoospermia, probably result from an imprint erasure defect in the paternal germ line and therefore appear to be linked to the fertility problem of the father and not to in vitro fertilization/ICSI.
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Alders M, Bliek J, vd Lip K, vd Bogaard R, Mannens M. Determination of KCNQ1OT1 and H19 methylation levels in BWS and SRS patients using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:467-73. [PMID: 18854861 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are caused by imprinting defects on chromosome 11p15.5. Standard diagnostic tests for these syndromes include methylation analysis of the differential methylated regions of the H19 and KCNQ1OT1 genes. Traditionally this has been conducted by Southern blot analysis. PCR-based methods greatly improve the turn around time of the test and require less DNA. One of the newly emerging techniques for SNP genotyping and mutation scanning, high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, has been shown to be also applicable for methylation analysis. We tested methylation-sensitive HRM analysis as a method for the detection of methylation defects in a group of 16 BWS and SRS patients with known methylation status (determined previously by Southern blotting), as well as 45 normal controls. HRM analysis was able to detect all methylation aberrations in the patients and appeared to be more sensitive than Southern blotting. Variation in normal controls is minimal and the presence of SNPs in the amplified fragment does not influence the outcome of the test. We conclude that methylation-sensitive HRM analysis is a robust, fast, sensitive and cost effective method for methylation analysis in BWS and SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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