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Lu X, Mei Y, Fan C, Chen P, Li X, Zeng Z, Li G, Xiong W, Xiang B, Yi M. Silencing AHNAK promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by upregulating the ANXA2 protein. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00898-3. [PMID: 37962808 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an aggressive head and neck disease with a high incidence of distant metastases. Enlargeosomes are cytoplasmic organelles marked by, desmoyokin/AHNAK. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of AHNAK in NPC and its effect on enlargeosomes and to investigate the correlation between AHNAK expression levels and clinical NPC patient characteristics. METHODS Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and NPC specimens were evaluated by analyzing public data, and immunohistochemistry. Systematic in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed using different NPC-derived cell lines and mouse models. RESULTS In this study, we detected AHNAK and Annexin A2(ANXA2), a protein coating the surface of enlargeosomes, in NPC samples. We found that AHNAK was down-regulated. Down-regulation of AHNAK was associated with poor overall survival in NPC patients. Moreover, transcription factor FOSL1-mediated transcriptional repression was responsible for the low expression of AHNAK by recruiting EZH2. Whereas Annexin A2 was upregulated in human NPC tissues. Upregulation of Annexin A2 was associated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in NPC patients. Functional studies confirmed that silencing of AHNAK enhanced the growth, invasion, and metastatic properties of NPC cells both in vitro and in vivo. In terms of mechanism, loss of AHNAK led to an increase of annexin A2 protein level in NPC cells. Silencing ANXA2 restored NPC cells' migrative and invasive ability upon loss of AHNAK. CONCLUSION Here, we report AHNAK as a tumor suppressor in NPC, which may act through annexin A2 oncogenic signaling in enlargeosome, with potential implications for novel approaches to NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Bharadwaj A, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The Annexin A2/S100A10 Complex: The Mutualistic Symbiosis of Two Distinct Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121849. [PMID: 34944495 PMCID: PMC8699243 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbiosis refers to the symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association. S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, exists as a tight dimer and binds two annexin A2 molecules. This association forms the annexin A2/S100A10 complex known as AIIt, and modifies the distinct functions of both proteins. Annexin A2 is a Ca2+-binding protein that binds F-actin, phospholipid, RNA, and specific polysaccharides such as heparin. S100A10 does not bind Ca2+, but binds tPA, plasminogen, certain plasma membrane ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and the structural scaffold protein, AHNAK. S100A10 relies on annexin A2 for its intracellular survival: in the absence of annexin A2, it is rapidly destroyed by ubiquitin-dependent and independent proteasomal degradation. Annexin A2 requires S100A10 to increase its affinity for Ca2+, facilitating its participation in Ca2+-dependent processes such as membrane binding. S100A10 binds tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen, and promotes plasminogen activation to plasmin, which is a process stimulated by annexin A2. In contrast, annexin A2 acts as a plasmin reductase and facilitates the autoproteolytic destruction of plasmin. This review examines the relationship between annexin A2 and S100A10, and how their mutualistic symbiosis affects the function of both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David Morton Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Single-Cell Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910886. [PMID: 34639226 PMCID: PMC8509258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Hsu CY, Hsieh TH, Lin HY, Lu CY, Lo HW, Tsai CC, Tsai EM. Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Endometrial Stromal Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1516-1529. [PMID: 33507273 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as modulators of the disease microenvironment, thereby supporting disease progression. However, the potential role of EVs and their content to the pathophysiology of endometriosis remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate whether the EVs from eutopic (Eu) and ectopic (Ec) endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) differ with respect to protein composition and role in endometriosis. METHODS Human Eu and Ec endometrium-derived ESCs were isolated from samples of the same patients (n = 3). sEVs were isolated from ESCs via ultracentrifugation; these sEVs were characterized by Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The potential role of EcESCs-derived sEVs (EcESCs-sEVs) in endometriosis was explored by assaying their effects on cell viability/proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. RESULTS In total, 105 ESCs-sEV-associated proteins were identified from EcESCs-sEVs and EuESCs-sEVs by mass spectrometry analysis. The protein content differed between EcESCs-sEVs and EuESCs-sEVs, with annexin A2 (ANXA2) being the most prominent difference-present in EcESCs-sEVs but not EuESCs-sEVs. We also found that sEVs-ANXA2 regulates the motility, proliferation, and angiogenesis of ESCs via the extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK)/STAT3 pathway. Notably, treatment of ESCs with sEVs-ANXA2 resulted in increased proliferation and motility, suggesting that sEVs-ANXA2 may be involved in regulating endometriosis. Our data suggest that EcESCs-sEVs-ANXA2 regulates the motility and the angiogenic potential of ESCs, implying a role for sEVs-ANXA2 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. CONCLUSION The study of sEVs-ANXA2 from Ec endometriotic cells uncovers a new mechanism of endometriosis progression and will inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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5
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The S100B Protein and Partners in Adipocyte Response to Cold Stress and Adaptive Thermogenesis: Facts, Hypotheses, and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060843. [PMID: 32486507 PMCID: PMC7356379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, adipose tissue is an active secretory tissue that responds to mild hypothermia and as such is a genuine model to study molecular and cellular adaptive responses to cold-stress. A recent study identified a mammal-specific protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is strongly induced in the inguinal subcutaneous white adipocyte upon exposure to cold, calsyntenin 3β (CLSTN3β). CLSTN3β regulates sympathetic innervation of thermogenic adipocytes and contributes to adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. The calcium- and zinc-binding S100B is a downstream effector in the CLSTN3β pathways. We review, here, the literature on the transcriptional regulation of the S100b gene in adipocyte cells. We also rationalize the interactions of the S100B protein with its recognized or hypothesized intracellular (p53, ATAD3A, CYP2E1, AHNAK) and extracellular (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), RPTPσ) target proteins in the context of adipocyte differentiation and adaptive thermogenesis. We highlight a chaperon-associated function for the intracellular S100B and point to functional synergies between the different intracellular S100B target proteins. A model of non-classical S100B secretion involving AHNAK/S100A10/annexin2-dependent exocytosis by the mean of exosomes is also proposed. Implications for related areas of research are noted and suggestions for future research are offered.
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6
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Baudier J, Deloulme JC, Shaw GS. The Zn 2+ and Ca 2+ -binding S100B and S100A1 proteins: beyond the myths. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:738-758. [PMID: 32027773 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The S100 genes encode a conserved group of 21 vertebrate-specific EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. Since their discovery in 1965, S100 proteins have remained enigmatic in terms of their cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the calcium- and zinc-binding properties of the dimeric S100B and S100A1 proteins and highlight data that shed new light on the extracellular and intracellular regulation and functions of S100B. We point out that S100B and S100A1 homodimers are not functionally interchangeable and that in a S100A1/S100B heterodimer, S100A1 acts as a negative regulator for the ability of S100B to bind Zn2+ . The Ca2+ and Zn2+ -dependent interactions of S100B with a wide array of proteins form the basis of its activities and have led to the derivation of some initial rules for S100B recognition of protein targets. However, recent findings have strongly suggested that these rules need to be revisited. Here, we describe a new consensus S100B binding motif present in intracellular and extracellular vertebrate-specific proteins and propose a new model for stable interactions of S100B dimers with full-length target proteins. A chaperone-associated function for intracellular S100B in adaptive cellular stress responses is also discussed. This review may help guide future studies on the functions of S100 proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Baudier
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-UMR CNRS 7288, Aix Marseille Université, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Christophe Deloulme
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
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Pidugu VK, Wu MM, Yen AH, Pidugu HB, Chang KW, Liu CJ, Lee TC. IFIT1 and IFIT3 promote oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and contribute to the anti-tumor effect of gefitinib via enhancing p-EGFR recycling. Oncogene 2019; 38:3232-3247. [PMID: 30626937 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IFIT1 and IFIT3 are abundant products of interferon-stimulating genes. While the importance of IFIT1 and IFIT3 in the prognosis of cancer has been reported, the molecular basis of IFIT1 and IFIT3 in cancer progression remains unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the modes of action and the clinical significance of IFIT1 and IFIT3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Ectopic expression of IFIT1 or IFIT3 induced OSCC cell invasion by promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas IFIT1 or IFIT3 knockdown exhibited opposite effects. Overexpression of IFIT1 or IFIT3 promoted tumor growth, regional and distant metastasis in xenograft and orthotopic nude mice models. Most importantly, IFIT1 or IFIT3 overexpression increased the levels of p-EGFRY1068 and p-AKTS473 in OSCC cells and also enhanced tumor inhibitory effect of gefitinib. By immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS analysis, we found that IFIT1 and IFIT3 interacted with ANXA2 that enhanced p-EGFRY1068 endosomal recycling. Depletion of ANXA2 using siRNA therefore abolished p-EGFRY1068 and p-AKTS473 expression in IFIT1- or IFIT3-overexpressed cells. Furthermore, a significant positive association of increased IFIT1 and IFIT3 expression with advanced T-stage, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, extranodal extension, and poor overall survival rate was confirmed in OSCC patients. We also found a statistically positive correlation of p-EGFRY1068 expression with IFIT1 and IFIT3 in OSCC tumors and poor clinical outcome in patients. Collectively, we demonstrated a novel role of IFIT1 and IFIT3 in driving OSCC progression and metastasis by interacting with ANXA2 and hence enhancing p-EGFR recycling and its downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Kumar Pidugu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Maan Wu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hsin Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hima Bindu Pidugu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Annexin A2-mediated cancer progression and therapeutic resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:30. [PMID: 29598816 PMCID: PMC5877395 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer with poor clinical outcomes and insufficient treatments in Southeast Asian populations. Although concurrent chemoradiotherapy has improved recovery rates of patients, poor overall survival and low efficacy are still critical problems. To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we focused on a tumor-associated protein called Annexin A2 (ANXA2). This review summarizes the mechanisms by which ANXA2 promotes cancer progression (e.g., proliferation, migration, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and cancer stem cell formation) and therapeutic resistance (e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy). These mechanisms gave us a deeper understanding of the molecular aspects of cancer progression, and further provided us with a great opportunity to overcome therapeutic resistance of NPC and other cancers with high ANXA2 expression by developing this prospective ANXA2-targeted therapy.
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Silva TA, Smuczek B, Valadão IC, Dzik LM, Iglesia RP, Cruz MC, Zelanis A, de Siqueira AS, Serrano SMT, Goldberg GS, Jaeger RG, Freitas VM. AHNAK enables mammary carcinoma cells to produce extracellular vesicles that increase neighboring fibroblast cell motility. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49998-50016. [PMID: 27374178 PMCID: PMC5226564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles play important roles in tumor development. Many components of these structures, including microvesicles and exosomes, have been defined. However, mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles affect tumor progression are not fully understood. Here, we investigated vesicular communication between mammary carcinoma cells and neighboring nontransformed mammary fibroblasts. Nonbiased proteomic analysis found that over 1% of the entire proteome is represented in these vesicles, with the neuroblast differentiation associated protein AHNAK and annexin A2 being the most abundant. In particular, AHNAK was found to be the most prominent component of these vesicles based on peptide number, and appeared necessary for their formation. In addition, we report here that carcinoma cells produce vesicles that promote the migration of recipient fibroblasts. These data suggest that AHNAK enables mammary carcinoma cells to produce and release extracellular vesicles that cause disruption of the stroma by surrounding fibroblasts. This paradigm reveals fundamental mechanisms by which vesicular communication between carcinoma cells and stromal cells can promote cancer progression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiomara A Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Basílio Smuczek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iuri C Valadão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Dzik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca P Iglesia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário C Cruz
- Center of Facilities and Support Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (ICT-UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.,Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriane S de Siqueira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruy G Jaeger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Freitas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Maffioli E, Schulte C, Nonnis S, Grassi Scalvini F, Piazzoni C, Lenardi C, Negri A, Milani P, Tedeschi G. Proteomic Dissection of Nanotopography-Sensitive Mechanotransductive Signaling Hubs that Foster Neuronal Differentiation in PC12 Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:417. [PMID: 29354032 PMCID: PMC5758595 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are competent in precisely sensing nanotopographical features of their microenvironment. The perceived microenvironmental information will be “interpreted” by mechanotransductive processes and impacts on neuronal functioning and differentiation. Attempts to influence neuronal differentiation by engineering substrates that mimic appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) topographies are hampered by the fact that profound details of mechanosensing/-transduction complexity remain elusive. Introducing omics methods into these biomaterial approaches has the potential to provide a deeper insight into the molecular processes and signaling cascades underlying mechanosensing/-transduction but their exigence in cellular material is often opposed by technical limitations of major substrate top-down fabrication methods. Supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD) allows instead the bottom-up fabrication of nanostructured substrates over large areas characterized by a quantitatively controllable ECM-like nanoroughness that has been recently shown to foster neuron differentiation and maturation. Exploiting this capacity of SCBD, we challenged mechanosensing/-transduction and differentiative behavior of neuron-like PC12 cells with diverse nanotopographies and/or changes of their biomechanical status, and analyzed their phosphoproteomic profiles in these settings. Versatile proteins that can be associated to significant processes along the mechanotransductive signal sequence, i.e., cell/cell interaction, glycocalyx and ECM, membrane/f-actin linkage and integrin activation, cell/substrate interaction, integrin adhesion complex, actomyosin organization/cellular mechanics, nuclear organization, and transcriptional regulation, were affected. The phosphoproteomic data suggested furthermore an involvement of ILK, mTOR, Wnt, and calcium signaling in these nanotopography- and/or cell mechanics-related processes. Altogether, potential nanotopography-sensitive mechanotransductive signaling hubs participating in neuronal differentiation were dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Schulte
- Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi Scalvini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Armando Negri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
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11
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Ma Y, Sun J, Gu L, Bao H, Zhao Y, Shi L, Yao W, Tian G, Wang X, Chen H. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) interacts with nonstructural protein 1 and promotes the replication of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:191. [PMID: 28893180 PMCID: PMC5594581 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein and a crucial regulatory factor in the replication and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV). Studies have shown that NS1 can interact with a variety of host proteins to modulate the viral life cycle. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody against NS1 protein; In the current research study, using this antibody, we immunoprecipitated host proteins that interact with NS1 to better understand the roles played by NS1 in communications between virus and host. RESULTS Co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a target molecule interacting with NS1. Results from confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that NS1 co-localized with ANXA2 in the cell cytoplasm. Overexpression of ANXA2 significantly increased the titer of H5N1 subtype HPAIV, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of ANXA2 markedly inhibited the expression of viral proteins and reduced the progeny virus titer. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ANXA2 interacts with NS1 and ANXA2 expression increases HPAIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Jiashan Sun
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Linlin Gu
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Hongmei Bao
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Lin Shi
- Animal Epidemic Diseases Control and Prevention Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Animal Epidemic Diseases Control and Prevention Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
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12
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Chen YD, Fang YT, Cheng YL, Lin CF, Hsu LJ, Wang SY, Anderson R, Chang CP, Lin YS. Exophagy of annexin A2 via RAB11, RAB8A and RAB27A in IFN-γ-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5676. [PMID: 28720835 PMCID: PMC5516008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2), a phospholipid-binding protein, has multiple biological functions depending on its cellular localization. We previously demonstrated that IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion is associated with exosomal release. Here, we show that IFN-γ-induced autophagy is essential for the extracellular secretion of ANXA2 in lung epithelial cells. We observed colocalization of ANXA2-containing autophagosomes with multivesicular bodies (MVBs) after IFN-γ stimulation, followed by exosomal release. IFN-γ-induced exophagic release of ANXA2 could not be observed in ATG5-silenced or mutant RAB11-expressing cells. Furthermore, knockdown of RAB8A and RAB27A, but not RAB27B, reduced IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion. Surface translocation of ANXA2 enhanced efferocytosis by epithelial cells, and inhibition of different exophagic steps, including autophagosome formation, fusion of autophagosomes with MVBs, and fusion of amphisomes with plasma membrane, reduced ANXA2-mediated efferocytosis. Our data reveal a novel route of IFN-γ-induced exophagy of ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Da Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Robert Anderson
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Blazek AD, Paleo BJ, Weisleder N. Plasma Membrane Repair: A Central Process for Maintaining Cellular Homeostasis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:438-48. [PMID: 26525343 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane repair is a conserved cellular response mediating active resealing of membrane disruptions to maintain homeostasis and prevent cell death and progression of multiple diseases. Cell membrane repair repurposes mechanisms from various cellular functions, including vesicle trafficking, exocytosis, and endocytosis, to mend the broken membrane. Recent studies increased our understanding of membrane repair by establishing the molecular machinery contributing to membrane resealing. Here, we review some of the key proteins linked to cell membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa D Blazek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian J Paleo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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14
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Boye TL, Nylandsted J. Annexins in plasma membrane repair. Biol Chem 2016; 397:961-9. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Disruption of the plasma membrane poses deadly threat to eukaryotic cells and survival requires a rapid membrane repair system. Recent evidence reveal various plasma membrane repair mechanisms, which are required for cells to cope with membrane lesions including membrane fusion and replacement strategies, remodeling of cortical actin cytoskeleton and vesicle wound patching. Members of the annexin protein family, which are Ca2+-triggered phospholipid-binding proteins emerge as important components of the plasma membrane repair system. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of plasma membrane repair involving annexins spanning from yeast to human cancer cells.
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15
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Abstract
The expression of annexin A2 (ANXA2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells induces the immunosuppressive response in dendritic cells; however, the oncogenic effect and clinical significance of ANXA2 have not been fully investigated in NPC cells. Immunohistochemical staining for ANXA2 was performed in 61 patients and the association with clinicopathological status was determined. Short hairpin (sh)RNA knockdown of ANXA2 was used to examine cellular effects of ANXA2, by investigating alterations in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion, tube-formation assay, and chemo- and radiosensitivity assays were performed. RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence were applied to determine molecular expression levels. Clinical association studies showed that the expression of ANXA2 was significantly correlated with metastasis (p = 0.0326) and poor survival (p = 0.0256). Silencing of ANXA2 suppressed the abilities of cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and vascular formation in NPC cell. ANXA2 up-regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated signal proteins. Moreover, ANXA2 reduced sensitivities to irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. These results define ANXA2 as a novel prognostic factor for malignant processes, and it can serve as a molecular target of therapeutic interventions for NPC.
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16
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Jaiswal JK, Nylandsted J. S100 and annexin proteins identify cell membrane damage as the Achilles heel of metastatic cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:502-9. [PMID: 25565331 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2014.995495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical activity of cells and the stress imposed on them by extracellular environment is a constant source of injury to the plasma membrane (PM). In invasive tumor cells, increased motility together with the harsh environment of the tumor stroma further increases the risk of PM injury. The impact of these stresses on tumor cell plasma membrane and mechanism by which tumor cells repair the PM damage are poorly understood. Ca(2+) entry through the injured PM initiates repair of the PM. Depending on the cell type, different organelles and proteins respond to this Ca(2+) entry and facilitate repair of the damaged plasma membrane. We recently identified that proteins expressed in various metastatic cancers including Ca(2+)-binding EF hand protein S100A11 and its binding partner annexin A2 are used by tumor cells for plasma membrane repair (PMR). Here we will discuss the involvement of S100, annexin proteins and their regulation of actin cytoskeleton, leading to PMR. Additionally, we will show that another S100 member--S100A4 accumulates at the injured PM. These findings reveal a new role for the S100 and annexin protein up regulation in metastatic cancers and identify these proteins and PMR as targets for treating metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti K Jaiswal
- a Center for Genetic Medicine Research ; Children's National Medical Center ; Washington , DC USA
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17
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Plasma membrane and cytoskeleton dynamics during single-cell wound healing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Extracellular Vesicles from Caveolin-Enriched Microdomains Regulate Hyaluronan-Mediated Sustained Vascular Integrity. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:481493. [PMID: 26447809 PMCID: PMC4581561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in vascular integrity are an initiating factor in several disease processes. We have previously reported that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), a major glycosaminoglycan in the body, promotes rapid signal transduction in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) leading to barrier enhancement. In contrast, low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), produced in disease states by hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces HPMVEC barrier disruption. However, the mechanism(s) of sustained barrier regulation by HA are poorly defined. Our results indicate that long-term (6–24 hours) exposure of HMW-HA induced release of a novel type of extracellular vesicle from HLMVEC called enlargeosomes (characterized by AHNAK expression) while LMW-HA long-term exposure promoted release of exosomes (characterized by CD9, CD63, and CD81 expression). These effects were blocked by inhibiting caveolin-enriched microdomain (CEM) formation. Further, inhibiting enlargeosome release by annexin II siRNA attenuated the sustained barrier enhancing effects of HMW-HA. Finally, exposure of isolated enlargeosomes to HPMVEC monolayers generated barrier enhancement while exosomes led to barrier disruption. Taken together, these results suggest that differential release of extracellular vesicles from CEM modulate the sustained HPMVEC barrier regulation by HMW-HA and LMW-HA. HMW-HA-induced specialized enlargeosomes can be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases involving impaired vascular integrity.
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19
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Lauritzen SP, Boye TL, Nylandsted J. Annexins are instrumental for efficient plasma membrane repair in cancer cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Davis TA, Loos B, Engelbrecht AM. AHNAK: the giant jack of all trades. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2683-93. [PMID: 25172424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein AHNAK is an unusual and somewhat mysterious scaffolding protein characterised by its large size of approximately 700 kDa. Several aspects of this protein remain uncertain, including its exact molecular function and regulation on both the gene and protein levels. Various studies have attempted to annotate AHNAK and, notably, protein interaction and expression analyses have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the protein. The implicated biological processes are, however, very diverse, ranging from a role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, cell architecture and migration, to the regulation of cardiac calcium channels and muscle membrane repair. In addition, recent evidence suggests that AHNAK might be yet another accomplice in the development of tumour metastasis. This review will discuss the different functional roles of AHNAK, highlighting recent advancements that have added foundation to the proposed roles while identifying ties between them. Implications for related fields of research are noted and suggestions for future research that will assist in unravelling the function of AHNAK are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - B Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - A-M Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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21
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Draeger A, Schoenauer R, Atanassoff AP, Wolfmeier H, Babiychuk EB. Dealing with damage: plasma membrane repair mechanisms. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:66-72. [PMID: 25183513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed repair mechanisms, which allow them to reseal their membrane in order to prevent the efflux of cytoplasmic constituents and the uncontrolled influx of calcium. After injury, the Ca(2+)-concentration gradient fulfils a dual function: it provides guidance cues for the repair machinery and directly activates the molecules, which have a repair function. Depending on the nature of injury, the morphology of the cell and the severity of injury, the membrane resealing can be effected by lysosomal exocytosis, microvesicle shedding or a combination of both. Likewise, exocytosis is often followed by the endocytic uptake of lesions. Additionally, since plasmalemmal resealing must be attempted, even after extensive injury in order to prevent cell lysis, the restoration of membrane integrity can be achieved by ceramide-driven invagination of the lipid bilayer, during which the cell is prepared for apoptotic disposal. Plasmalemmal injury can be contained by a surfeit of plasma membrane, which serves as a trap for toxic substances: either passively by an abundance of cellular protrusions, or actively by membrane blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Draeger
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Schoenauer
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander P Atanassoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Wolfmeier
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eduard B Babiychuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Jolly C, Winfree S, Hansen B, Steele-Mortimer O. The Annexin A2/p11 complex is required for efficient invasion of Salmonella Typhimurium in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:64-77. [PMID: 23931152 PMCID: PMC3921270 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen, Salmonella enterica, triggers its own uptake into non-phagocytic epithelial cells. Invasion is dependent on a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which delivers a cohort of effector proteins across the plasma membrane where they induce dynamic actin-driven ruffling of the membrane and ultimately, internalization of the bacteria into a modified phagosome. In eukaryotic cells, the calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein Annexin A2 (AnxA2) functions as a platform for actin remodelling in the vicinity of dynamic cellular membranes. AnxA2 is mostly found in a stable heterotetramer, with p11, which can interact with other proteins such as the giant phosphoprotein AHNAK. We show here that AnxA2, p11 and AHNAK are required for T3SS-mediated Salmonella invasion of cultured epithelial cells and that the T3SS effector SopB is required for recruitment of AnxA2 and AHNAK to Salmonella invasion sites. Altogether this work shows that, in addition to targeting Rho-family GTPases, Salmonella can intersect the host cell actin pathway via AnxA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Jolly
- Salmonella Host-Cell Interactions Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Salmonella Host-Cell Interactions Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
| | - Bryan Hansen
- Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Salmonella Host-Cell Interactions Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
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23
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Zhang W, Zhao P, Xu XL, Cai L, Song ZS, Cao DY, Tao KS, Zhou WP, Chen ZN, Dou KF. Annexin A2 promotes the migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro by regulating the shedding of CD147-harboring microvesicles from tumor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67268. [PMID: 23950866 PMCID: PMC3741296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the roles of ANXA2 in the migration and invasion of HCC cells have not been determined. In this study, we found that ANXA2-specific siRNA (si-ANXA2) significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of HCC cells co-cultured with fibroblasts in vitro. In addition, the production of MMP-2 by fibroblasts cultured in supernatant collected from si-ANXA2-transfected HCC cells was notably down-regulated. ANXA2 was also found to be co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated with CD147. Further investigation revealed that the expression of ANXA2 in HCC cells affected the shedding of CD147-harboring membrane microvesicles, acting as a vehicle for CD147 in tumor-stromal interactions and thereby regulating the production of MMP-2 by fibroblasts. Together, these results suggest that ANXA2 enhances the migration and invasion potential of HCC cells in vitro by regulating the trafficking of CD147-harboring membrane microvesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Cell Engineering Research Center and Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, State Key Discipline of Cell University, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Xu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of People's Liberation Army, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen-Shun Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Da-Yong Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai-Shan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Ping Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- * E-mail: (WPZ); (ZNC); (KFD)
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Cell Engineering Research Center and Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, State Key Discipline of Cell University, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (WPZ); (ZNC); (KFD)
| | - Ke-Feng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (WPZ); (ZNC); (KFD)
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24
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Abstract
The perforation of the plasmalemma by pore-forming toxins causes an influx of Ca(2+) and an efflux of cytoplasmic proteins. In order to ensure cellular survival, lesions have to be identified, plugged and removed from the membrane. The Ca(2+)-driven fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane leads to hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by acid sphingomyelinase and a formation of ceramide platforms in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. We propose that the negative curvature, promoted by tighter packing of lipids in the outer layer, leads to an inward vesiculation of the damaged area for its endocytotic uptake and internal degradation. In contrast, the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase triggers the production of ceramide within the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer, thereby promoting an outward curvature, which enables the cell to shed the membrane-containing toxin pore into the extracellular space. In this process, ceramide is supported by members of the annexin protein family which act as Ca(2+) sensors and as membrane fusion agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Draeger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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Ozorowski G, Milton S, Luecke H. Structure of a C-terminal AHNAK peptide in a 1:2:2 complex with S100A10 and an acetylated N-terminal peptide of annexin A2. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:92-104. [PMID: 23275167 PMCID: PMC3532133 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912043429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AHNAK, a large 629 kDa protein, has been implicated in membrane repair, and the annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer [(p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2))] has high affinity for several regions of its 1002-amino-acid C-terminal domain. (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is often localized near the plasma membrane, and this C2-symmetric platform is proposed to be involved in the bridging of membrane vesicles and trafficking of proteins to the plasma membrane. All three proteins co-localize at the intracellular face of the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The binding of AHNAK to (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) has been studied previously, and a minimal binding motif has been mapped to a 20-amino-acid peptide corresponding to residues 5654-5673 of the AHNAK C-terminal domain. Here, the 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of this 20-amino-acid peptide of AHNAK bound to the AnxA2-S100A10 heterotetramer (1:2:2 symmetry) is presented, which confirms the asymmetric arrangement first described by Rezvanpour and coworkers and explains why the binding motif has high affinity for (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2). Binding of AHNAK to the surface of (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is governed by several hydrophobic interactions between side chains of AHNAK and pockets on S100A10. The pockets are large enough to accommodate a variety of hydrophobic side chains, allowing the consensus sequence to be more general. Additionally, the various hydrogen bonds formed between the AHNAK peptide and (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) most often involve backbone atoms of AHNAK; as a result, the side chains, particularly those that point away from S100A10/AnxA2 towards the solvent, are largely interchangeable. While the structure-based consensus sequence allows interactions with various stretches of the AHNAK C-terminal domain, comparison with other S100 structures reveals that the sequence has been optimized for binding to S100A10. This model adds new insight to the understanding of the specific interactions that occur in this membrane-repair scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Saskia Milton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Hartmut Luecke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Dempsey BR, Rezvanpour A, Lee TW, Barber KR, Junop MS, Shaw GS. Structure of an asymmetric ternary protein complex provides insight for membrane interaction. Structure 2012; 20:1737-45. [PMID: 22940583 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane repair involves the coordinated effort of proteins and the inner phospholipid surface to mend the rupture and return the cell back to homeostasis. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of a multiprotein complex that includes S100A10, annexin A2, and AHNAK, which along with dysferlin, functions in muscle and cardiac tissue repair. The 3.5 Å resolution X-ray structure shows that a single region from the AHNAK C terminus is recruited by an S100A10-annexin A2 heterotetramer, forming an asymmetric ternary complex. The AHNAK peptide adopts a coil conformation that arches across the heterotetramer contacting both annexin A2 and S100A10 protomers with tight affinity (∼30 nM) and establishing a structural rationale whereby both S100A10 and annexin proteins are needed in AHNAK recruitment. The structure evokes a model whereby AHNAK is targeted to the membrane surface through sandwiching of the binding region between the S100A10/annexin A2 complex and the phospholipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Dempsey
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Marg A, Schoewel V, Timmel T, Schulze A, Shah C, Daumke O, Spuler S. Sarcolemmal repair is a slow process and includes EHD2. Traffic 2012; 13:1286-94. [PMID: 22679923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is continually subjected to microinjuries that must be repaired to maintain structure and function. Fluorescent dye influx after laser injury of muscle fibers is a commonly used assay to study membrane repair. This approach reveals that initial resealing only takes a few seconds. However, by this method the process of membrane repair can only be studied in part and is therefore poorly understood. We investigated membrane repair by visualizing endogenous and GFP-tagged repair proteins after laser wounding. We demonstrate that membrane repair and remodeling after injury is not a quick event but requires more than 20 min. The endogenous repair protein dysferlin becomes visible at the injury site after 20 seconds but accumulates further for at least 30 min. Annexin A1 and F-actin are also enriched at the wounding area. We identified a new participant in the membrane repair process, the ATPase EHD2. We show, that EHD2, but not EHD1 or mutant EHD2, accumulates at the site of injury in human myotubes and at a peculiar structure that develops during membrane remodeling, the repair dome. In conclusion, we established an approach to visualize membrane repair that allows a new understanding of the spatial and temporal events involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Marg
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Fang YT, Lin CF, Wang CY, Anderson R, Lin YS. Interferon-γ stimulates p11-dependent surface expression of annexin A2 in lung epithelial cells to enhance phagocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2775-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Ahnak1 abnormally localizes in muscular dystrophies and contributes to muscle vesicle release. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:271-80. [PMID: 22057634 PMCID: PMC3230764 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ahnak1 is a giant, ubiquitously expressed, plasma membrane support protein whose function in skeletal muscle is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether ahnak would be influenced by alterations of the sarcolemma exemplified by dysferlin mutations known to render the sarcolemma vulnerable or by mutations in calpain3, a protease known to cleave ahnak. Human muscle biopsy specimens obtained from patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) caused by mutations in dysferlin (LGMD2B) and calpain3 (LGMD2A) were investigated for ahnak expression and localization. We found that ahnak1 has lost its sarcolemmal localization in LGMD2B but not in LGMD2A. Instead ahnak1 appeared in muscle connective tissue surrounding the extracellular site of the muscle fiber in both muscular dystrophies. The entire giant ahnak1 molecule was present outside the muscle fiber and did only partially colocalize with CD45-positive immune cell infiltration and the extracelluar matrix proteins fibronectin and collagenVI. Further, vesicles shedded in response to Ca2+ by primary human myotubes were purified and their protein content was analysed. Ahnak1 was prominently present in these vesicles. Electron microscopy revealed a homogenous population of vesicles with a diameter of about 150 nm. This is the first study demonstrating vesicle release from human myotubes that may be one mechanism underlying abnormally localized ahnak1. Taken together, our results define ahnak1 in muscle connective tissue as a novel feature of two genetically distinct muscular dystrophies that might contribute to disease pathology.
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30
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Draeger A, Monastyrskaya K, Babiychuk EB. Plasma membrane repair and cellular damage control: the annexin survival kit. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:703-12. [PMID: 21219882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalemmal injury is a frequent event in the life of a cell. Physical disruption of the plasma membrane is common in cells that operate under conditions of mechanical stress. The permeability barrier can also be breached by chemical means: pathogens gain access to host cells by secreting pore-forming toxins and phospholipases, and the host's own immune system employs pore-forming proteins to eliminate both pathogens and the pathogen-invaded cells. In all cases, the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) is being sensed and interpreted as an "immediate danger" signal. Various Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms are employed to enable plasma membrane repair. Extensively damaged regions of the plasma membrane can be patched with internal membranes delivered to the cell surface by exocytosis. Nucleated cells are capable of resealing their injured plasmalemma by endocytosis of the permeabilized site. Likewise, the shedding of membrane microparticles is thought to be involved in the physical elimination of pores. Membrane blebbing is a further damage-control mechanism, which is triggered after initial attempts at plasmalemmal resealing have failed. The members of the annexin protein family are ubiquitously expressed and function as intracellular Ca(2+) sensors. Most cells contain multiple annexins, which interact with distinct plasma membrane regions promoting membrane segregation, membrane fusion and--in combination with their individual Ca(2+)-sensitivity--allow spatially confined, graded responses to membrane injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Draeger
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern Baltzerstr, 2 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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31
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Proteomic analysis of the dysferlin protein complex unveils its importance for sarcolemmal maintenance and integrity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13854. [PMID: 21079765 PMCID: PMC2974636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin is critical for repair of muscle membranes after damage. Mutations in dysferlin lead to a progressive muscular dystrophy. Recent studies suggest additional roles for dysferlin. We set out to study dysferlin's protein-protein interactions to obtain comprehensive knowledge of dysferlin functionalities in a myogenic context. We developed a robust and reproducible method to isolate dysferlin protein complexes from cells and tissue. We analyzed the composition of these complexes in cultured myoblasts, myotubes and skeletal muscle tissue by mass spectrometry and subsequently inferred potential protein functions through bioinformatics analyses. Our data confirm previously reported interactions and support a function for dysferlin as a vesicle trafficking protein. In addition novel potential functionalities were uncovered, including phagocytosis and focal adhesion. Our data reveal that the dysferlin protein complex has a dynamic composition as a function of myogenic differentiation. We provide additional experimental evidence and show dysferlin localization to, and interaction with the focal adhesion protein vinculin at the sarcolemma. Finally, our studies reveal evidence for cross-talk between dysferlin and its protein family member myoferlin. Together our analyses show that dysferlin is not only a membrane repair protein but also important for muscle membrane maintenance and integrity.
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32
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Kobayashi D, Kumagai J, Morikawa T, Wilson-Morifuji M, Wilson A, Irie A, Araki N. An integrated approach of differential mass spectrometry and gene ontology analysis identified novel proteins regulating neuronal differentiation and survival. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2350-67. [PMID: 19525549 PMCID: PMC2758761 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900179-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MS-based quantitative proteomics is widely used for large scale identification of proteins. However, an integrated approach that offers comprehensive proteome coverage, a tool for the quick categorization of the identified proteins, and a standardized biological study method is needed for helping the researcher focus on investigating the proteins with biologically important functions. In this study, we utilized isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative differential LC/MS/MS, functional annotation with a proprietary gene ontology tool (Molecular Annotation by Gene Ontology (MANGO)), and standard biochemical methods to identify proteins related to neuronal differentiation in nerve growth factor-treated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, which serve as a representative model system for studying neuronal biological processes. We performed MS analysis by using both nano-LC-MALDI-MS/MS and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS for maximal proteome coverage. Of 1,482 non-redundant proteins semiquantitatively identified, 72 were differentially expressed with 39 up- and 33 down-regulated, including 64 novel nerve growth factor-responsive PC12 proteins. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed proteins by MANGO indicated with statistical significance that the up-regulated proteins were mostly related to the biological processes of cell morphogenesis, apoptosis/survival, and cell differentiation. Some of the up-regulated proteins of unknown function, such as PAIRBP1, translationally controlled tumor protein, prothymosin alpha, and MAGED1, were further analyzed to validate their significant functions in neuronal differentiation by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry using each antibody combined with a specific short interfering RNA technique. Knockdown of these proteins caused abnormal cell morphological changes, inhibition of neurite formation, and cell death during each course of the differentiation, confirming their important roles in neurite formation and survival of PC12 cells. These results show that our iTRAQ-MANGO-biological analysis framework, which integrates a number of standard proteomics strategies, is effective for targeting and elucidating the functions of proteins involved in the cellular biological process being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiro Kumagai
- §General Research Core Laboratory, Kumamoto University Medical School, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Atsushi Irie
- ¶Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University and
| | - Norie Araki
- From the Departments of ‡Tumor Genetics and Biology and
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An JH, Lee SY, Jeon JY, Cho KG, Kim SU, Lee MA. Identification of gliotropic factors that induce human stem cell migration to malignant tumor. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2873-81. [PMID: 19351187 DOI: 10.1021/pr900020q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are mobile, are attracted to regions of brain damage, and can migrate a considerable distance to reach a glioma site. However, the molecular basis of the progression of gliotropism to malignant gliomas remains poorly understood. With the use of clinically and histologically assessed glioma cells, we have assessed their protein and gene profiles via proteomics and microarray approaches, and have identified candidate genes from human glioma tissues. This research is expected to provide clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying the migration of neural stem cells (F3 cell) to glioma sites. The expression of 16 proteins was shown to have increased commonly in human glioma tissues. Among them, the expression of annexin A2, TIMP-1, COL11A1, bax, CD74, TNFSF8, and SPTLC2 were all increased in human glioma cells, as confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. In particular, annexin A2 effects an increase in migration toward F3 and glioblastoma cells (U87 cell) in a Boyden chamber migration assay. An ERK inhibitor (PD98057) and a CDK5 inhibitor (rescovitine) inhibited 50% and 90% of annexin A2-induced migration in F3 cells, respectively. A similar chemotactic migration was noted in F3 and U87 cells. These results demonstrated that 7 candidate proteins may harbor a potential glioma tropism factor relevant to the pathology of malignant glioma. These results reveal that this novel molecular approach to the monitoring of glioma may provide clinically relevant information regarding tumor malignancy, and should also prove appropriate for high-throughput clinical screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung Hee An
- BK 21 Center for Intelligent Nanostructured Core Material Technology, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 123-742, Korea
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34
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Shao Y, Czymmek KJ, Jones PA, Fomin VP, Akanbi K, Duncan RL, Farach-Carson MC. Dynamic interactions between L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel Cav1.2 subunits and ahnak in osteoblastic cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1067-78. [PMID: 19261907 PMCID: PMC2681378 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00427.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels (VSCCs) mediate Ca(2+) permeability in osteoblasts. Association between VSCC alpha(1)- and beta-subunits targets channel complexes to the plasma membrane and modulates function. In mechanosensitive tissues, a 700-kDa ahnak protein anchors VSCCs to the actin cytoskeleton via the beta(2)-subunit of the L-type Ca(v)1.2 (alpha(1C)) VSCC complex. Ca(v)1.2 is the major alpha(1)-subunit in osteoblasts, but the cytoskeletal complex and subunit composition are unknown. Among the four beta-subtypes, the beta(2)-subunit and, to a lesser extent, the beta(3)-subunit coimmunoprecipitated with the Ca(v)1.2 subunit in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed a complex between Ca(v)1.2 and beta(2)-subunits and demonstrated their association in the plasma membrane and secretory pathway. Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed ahnak association with the channel complex in the plasma membrane via the beta(2)-subunit. Cytochalasin D exposure disrupted the actin cytoskeleton but did not disassemble or disrupt the function of the complex of L-type VSCC Ca(v)1.2 and beta(2)-subunits and ahnak. Similarly, small interfering RNA knockdown of ahnak did not disrupt the actin cytoskeleton but significantly impaired Ca(2+) influx. Collectively, we showed that Ca(v)1.2 and beta(2)-subunits and ahnak form a stable complex in osteoblastic cells that permits Ca(2+) signaling independently of association with the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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35
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Stefano L, Racchetti G, Bianco F, Passini N, Gupta RS, Panina Bordignon P, Meldolesi J. The surface-exposed chaperone, Hsp60, is an agonist of the microglial TREM2 receptor. J Neurochem 2009; 110:284-94. [PMID: 19457124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid (TREM) cells 2, a receptor expressed by myeloid cells, osteoclasts and microglia, is known to play a protective role in bones and brain. Mutations of the receptor (or of its coupling protein, DAP12) sustain in fact a genetic disease affecting the two organs, the polycystic lipomembraneous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL or Nasu-Hakola disease). So far, specific agonist(s) of TREM2 have not been identified and its (their) transduction mechanisms are largely unknown. Heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a mitochondrial chaperone that can also be harboured at the cell surface. By using constructs including the extracellular domain of TREM2 and the Fc domain of IgGs we have identified Hsp60 as the only TREM2-binding protein exposed at the surface of neuroblastoma N2A cells and astrocytes, and lacking in U373 astrocytoma. Treatment with Hsp60 was found to stimulate the best known TREM2-dependent process, phagocytosis, however, only in the microglial N9 cells rich in the receptor. Upon TREM2 down-regulation, the Hsp60-induced stimulation of N9 phagocytosis was greatly attenuated. Hsp60 is also released by many cell types, segregated within exosomes or shedding vesicles which might then undergo dissolution. However, the affinity of its binding (K(d) = 3.8 microM) might be too low for the soluble chaperone released from the vesicles to the extracellular space to induce a significant activation of TREM2. It might in contrast be appropriate for the binding of TREM2 to Hsp60 exposed at the surface of cells closely interacting with microglia. The ensuing stimulation of phagocytosis could play protective effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Stefano
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Center of Excellence in Cell Development, Milan, Italy
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36
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Hayes MJ, Moss SE. Annexin 2 has a dual role as regulator and effector of v-Src in cell transformation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10202-10. [PMID: 19193640 PMCID: PMC2665074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transformation by v-Src involves rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, disassembly of focal adhesions, and the development of anchorage-independent growth. Here, we report that this is dependent on annexin 2, a v-Src substrate and calcium-dependent regulator of actin dynamics. Using a thermoactivatable mutant of v-Src, we show that at the permissive temperature, annexin 2 becomes phosphorylated and colocalizes with activated v-Src and focal adhesion kinase both at the plasma membrane and in a Rab11-positive compartment of the endosomal pathway. In cells depleted of annexin 2 by small interfering RNA, v-Src becomes activated at the permissive temperature but does not target to the plasma membrane or to perinuclear vesicles, and cell transformation does not occur. Our findings reveal a dual role for annexin 2, first as a regulator of v-Src trafficking and targeting and second as a v-Src effector in the reorganization of actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hayes
- Division of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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37
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Chiu YH, Hornsey MA, Klinge L, Jørgensen LH, Laval SH, Charlton R, Barresi R, Straub V, Lochmüller H, Bushby K. Attenuated muscle regeneration is a key factor in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:1976-89. [PMID: 19286669 PMCID: PMC2678929 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle requires an efficient and active membrane repair system to overcome the rigours of frequent contraction. Dysferlin is a component of that system and absence of dysferlin causes muscular dystrophy (dysferlinopathy) characterized by adult onset muscle weakness, high serum creatine kinase levels and a prominent inflammatory infiltrate. We have observed that dysferlinopathy patient biopsies show an excess of immature fibres and therefore investigated the role of dysferlin in muscle regeneration. Using notexin-induced muscle damage, we have shown that regeneration is attenuated in a mouse model of dysferlinopathy, with delayed removal of necrotic fibres, an extended inflammatory phase and delayed functional recovery. Satellite cell activation and myoblast fusion appear normal, but there is a reduction in early neutrophil recruitment in regenerating and also needle wounded muscle in dysferlin-deficient mice. Primary mouse dysferlinopathy myoblast cultures show reduced cytokine release upon stimulation, indicating that the secretion of chemotactic molecules is impaired. We suggest an extension to the muscle membrane repair model, where in addition to fusing patch repair vesicles with the sarcolemma dysferlin is also involved in the release of chemotactic agents. Reduced neutrophil recruitment results in incomplete cycles of regeneration in dysferlinopathy which combines with the membrane repair deficit to ultimately trigger dystrophic pathology. This study reveals a novel pathomechanism affecting muscle regeneration and maintenance in dysferlinopathy and highlights enhancement of the neutrophil response as a potential therapeutic avenue in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hui Chiu
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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38
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Skvortsova I, Skvortsov S, Stasyk T, Raju U, Popper BA, Schiestl B, von Guggenberg E, Neher A, Bonn GK, Huber LA, Lukas P. Intracellular signaling pathways regulating radioresistance of human prostate carcinoma cells. Proteomics 2008; 8:4521-33. [PMID: 18821526 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy plays an important role in the management of prostate carcinoma. However, the problem of radioresistance and molecular mechanisms by which prostate carcinoma cells overcome cytotoxic effects of radiation therapy remains to be elucidated. In order to investigate possible intracellular mechanisms underlying the prostate carcinoma recurrences after radiotherapy, we have established three radiation-resistant prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP-IRR, PC3-IRR, and Du145-IRR derived from the parental LNCaP, PC3, and Du145 prostate cancer cells by repetitive exposure to ionizing radiation. LNCaP-IRR, PC3-IRR, and Du145-IRR cells (prostate carcinoma cells recurred after radiation exposure (IRR cells)) showed higher radioresistance and cell motility than parental cell lines. IRR cells exhibited higher levels of androgen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and activation of their downstream pathways, such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Jak-STAT. In order to define additional mechanisms involved in the radioresistance development, we determined differences in the proteome profile of parental and IRR cells using 2-D DIGE followed by computational image analysis and MS. Twenty-seven proteins were found to be modulated in all three radioresistant cell lines compared to parental cells. Identified proteins revealed capacity to interact with EGF and androgen receptors related signal transduction pathways and were involved in the regulation of intracellular routs providing cell survival, increased motility, mutagenesis, and DNA repair. Our data suggest that radioresistance development is accompanied by multiple mechanisms, including activation of cell receptors and related downstream signal transduction pathways. Identified proteins regulated in the radioresistant prostate carcinoma cells can significantly intensify activation of intracellular signaling that govern cell survival, growth, proliferation, invasion, motility, and DNA repair. In addition, such analyses may be utilized in predicting cellular response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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39
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Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Rupnik M, Meldolesi J. The regulated exocytosis of enlargeosomes is mediated by a SNARE machinery that includes VAMP4. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2983-91. [PMID: 18713833 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.032029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing the fast, regulated exocytosis of enlargeosomes have been unknown, except for the participation of annexin-2 in a pre-fusion step. We investigated whether any SNAREs are involved. In PC12-27 cells, which are enlargeosome-rich, the expressed SNAREs exhibited various distributions (trans-Golgi network, scattered puncta, plasma membrane); however, only VAMP4 was colocalized in discrete puncta with the enlargeosome marker desmoyokin. The exocytosis of the organelle, revealed by capacitance increases and by surface appearance of desmoyokin, was largely inhibited by microinjection of anti-VAMP4, anti-syntaxin-6 and anti-SNAP23 antibodies, by incubation with botulinum toxin E, and by transfection of VAMP4 and syntaxin-6 siRNAs. Microinjection of the antibodies anti-VAMP7, anti-VAMP8 and anti-syntaxin-4, and transfection with the VAMP8 siRNA were ineffective. Inhibition of enlargeosome exocytosis by VAMP4 siRNA also occurred in a cell type that was competent for neurosecretion, SH-SY5Y. Moreover, in cells expressing a VAMP4-GFP construct, enlargeosome exocytosis and surface appearance of fluorescence occurred concomitantly, and many ensuing surface patches were co-labelled by GFP and desmoyokin. VAMP4, an R-SNARE that has never been shown to participate in regulated exocytoses, therefore appears to be harboured in the membrane of enlargeosomes and to be a member of the machinery mediating their regulated exocytosis. Syntaxin-6 and SNAP23 appear also to be needed for the process to occur; however, the mechanism of their participation, whether direct or indirect, remains undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cocucci
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Center of Excellence in Cell Development, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Keller M, Rüegg A, Werner S, Beer HD. Active caspase-1 is a regulator of unconventional protein secretion. Cell 2008; 132:818-31. [PMID: 18329368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells export most proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-dependent pathway. However, some proteins are secreted via unconventional, poorly understood mechanisms. The latter include the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-1beta, IL-18, and IL-33, which require activation by caspase-1 for biological activity. Caspase-1 itself is activated by innate immune complexes, the inflammasomes. Here we show that secretion of the leaderless proteins proIL-1alpha, caspase-1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 depends on caspase-1 activity. Although proIL-1alpha and FGF-2 are not substrates of the protease, we demonstrated their physical interaction. Secretome analysis using iTRAQ proteomics revealed caspase-1-mediated secretion of other leaderless proteins with known or unknown extracellular functions. Strikingly, many of these proteins are involved in inflammation, cytoprotection, or tissue repair. These results provide evidence for an important role of caspase-1 in unconventional protein secretion. By this mechanism, stress-induced activation of caspase-1 directly links inflammation to cytoprotection, cell survival, and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Keller
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lee IH, Lim HJ, Yoon S, Seong JK, Bae DS, Rhee SG, Bae YS. Ahnak protein activates protein kinase C (PKC) through dissociation of the PKC-protein phosphatase 2A complex. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6312-20. [PMID: 18174170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706878200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that central repeated units (CRUs) of Ahnak act as a scaffolding protein networking phospholipase Cgamma and protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we demonstrate that an Ahnak derivative consisting of four central repeated units binds and activates PKC-alpha in a phosphatidylserine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-independent manner. Moreover, NIH3T3 cells expressing the 4 CRUs of Ahnak showed enhanced c-Raf, MEK, and Erk phosphorylation in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) compared with parental cells. To evaluate the effect of loss-of-function of Ahnak in cell signaling, we investigated PKC activation and Raf phosphorylation in embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) of the Ahnak knock-out (Ahnak(-/-)) mouse. Membrane translocation of PKC-alpha and phosphorylation of Raf in response to PMA or platelet-derived growth factor were decreased in Ahnak null MEF cells compared with wild type MEFs. Several lines of evidence suggest that PKC-alpha activity is regulated through association with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). A co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated that the association of PKC-alpha with PP2A was disrupted in NIH3T3 cells expressing 4 CRUs of Ahnak in response to PMA. Consistently, Ahnak null MEF cells stimulated by PMA showed enhanced PKC-PP2A complex formation, and add-back expression of Ahnak into Ahnak null MEF cells abolished the PKC-PP2A complex formation in response to PMA. These data indicate that Ahnak potentiates PKC activation through inhibiting the interaction of PKC with PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hye Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Prada I, Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Meldolesi J. The Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of enlargeosomes is greatly reinforced by genistein via a non-tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4932-6. [PMID: 17904556 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies carried out by immunofluorescence, patch-clamping and FM dye fluorescence consistently showed that the Ca(2+)-induced exocytosis of enlargeosomes, specific vesicles expressed by many cell types, is strongly reinforced by pre-treatment of the cells with genistein, a wide spectrum blocker of tyrosine kinases, which also induces many additional effects. Various other blockers of tyrosine kinases, however, were ineffective, and the same occurred with drugs mimicking most of the rapid, non-tyrosine kinase-dependent effects of genistein. The reinforcement of enlargeosome-regulated exocytosis, therefore, is a new effect of genistein and a peculiar property of the enlargeosome exocytosis, not shared by analogous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Prada
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Center of Excellence in Cell Development, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Podini P, Meldolesi J. Enlargeosome traffic: exocytosis triggered by various signals is followed by endocytosis, membrane shedding or both. Traffic 2007; 8:742-57. [PMID: 17488290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enlargeosomes are cytoplasmic organelles discharged by regulated exocytosis, identified by immunofluorescence of their membrane marker, desmoyokin/Ahnak, but never revealed at the ultrastructural level. Among the numerous enlargeosome-positive cells, the richest and most extensively characterized are those of a PC12 clone, PC12-27, defective of classical neurosecretion. By using ultrastructural immunoperoxidase labeling of formaldehyde-fixed, Triton-X-100-permeabilized PC12-27 cells, we have now identified the enlargeosomes as small vesicles scattered in the proximity of, but never docked to, the plasma membrane. Upon stimulation, these vesicles undergo exocytosis [rapid after the Ca(2+) ionophore, ionomycin, much slower after either the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or ATP, working through a P2Y receptor], with appearance in the plasma membrane of typical desmoyokin/Ahnak (d/A)-positive, Omega-shaped and open profiles evolving into flat patches. Postexocytic removal of the exocytized d/A-positive membrane occurs by two processes: generation of endocytic vesicles, predominant after ionomycin and ATP 100-500 microM; and shedding of membrane-bound cytoplasmic bodies, predominant after PMA and 1 mM ATP, containing little or no trace of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endo/lysosomes and also of a plasma membrane marker. Depending on the stimulation, therefore, the cell-surface expansion by enlargeosome exocytosis is not always recycled but can induce release of specific membranes, possibly important in the pericellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cocucci
- Center of Excellence in Cell Development, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, DIBIT, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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