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Raj P, Song R, Zhu H, Riediger L, Jun DJ, Liang C, Arana C, Zhang B, Gao Y, Wakeland BE, Dozmorov I, Zhou J, Kelly JA, Lauwerys BR, Guthridge JM, Olsen NJ, Nath SK, Pasare C, van Oers N, Gilkeson G, Tsao BP, Gaffney PM, Gregersen PK, James JA, Zuo X, Karp DR, Li QZ, Wakeland EK. Deep sequencing reveals a DAP1 regulatory haplotype that potentiates autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genome Biol 2020; 21:281. [PMID: 33213505 PMCID: PMC7677828 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by the development of anti-nuclear antibodies. Susceptibility to SLE is multifactorial, with a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to disease development. Like other polygenic diseases, a significant proportion of estimated SLE heritability is not accounted for by common disease alleles analyzed by SNP array-based GWASs. Death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) was implicated as a candidate gene in a previous familial linkage study of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, but the association has not been explored further. RESULTS We perform deep sequencing across the DAP1 genomic segment in 2032 SLE patients, and healthy controls, and discover a low-frequency functional haplotype strongly associated with SLE risk in multiple ethnicities. We find multiple cis-eQTLs embedded in a risk haplotype that progressively downregulates DAP1 transcription in immune cells. Decreased DAP1 transcription results in reduced DAP1 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes, and lymphoblastoid cell lines, leading to enhanced autophagic flux in immune cells expressing the DAP1 risk haplotype. Patients with DAP1 risk allele exhibit significantly higher autoantibody titers and altered expression of the immune system, autophagy, and apoptosis pathway transcripts, indicating that the DAP1 risk allele mediates enhanced autophagy, leading to the survival of autoreactive lymphocytes and increased autoantibody. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate how targeted sequencing captures low-frequency functional risk alleles that are missed by SNP array-based studies. SLE patients with the DAP1 genotype have distinct autoantibody and transcription profiles, supporting the dissection of SLE heterogeneity by genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Linley Riediger
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Dong-Jae Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin E Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jinchun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Bernard R Lauwerys
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Medical School, State College, PA, USA
| | - Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nicolai van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | | | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - David R Karp
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past 40 years more than 100 genetic risk factors have been defined in systemic lupus erythematosus through a combination of case studies, linkage analyses of multiplex families, and case-control analyses of single genes. Multiple investigators have examined patient cohorts gathered from around the world, and although we doubt that all of the reported associations will be replicated, we have probably already discovered many of the genes that are important in lupus pathogenesis, including those encoding human leukocyte antigen-DR, Fcγ receptor 3A, protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4, and mannose-binding lectin. In this review we will present what is known, what is disputed, and what remains to be discovered in the world of lupus genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Sestak
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Immunology Research Program, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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Karlson EW, Watts J, Signorovitch J, Bonetti M, Wright E, Cooper GS, McAlindon TE, Costenbader KH, Massarotti EM, Fitzgerald LM, Jajoo R, Husni ME, Fossel AH, Pankey H, Ding WZ, Knorr R, Condon S, Fraser PA. Effect of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and proximity to hazardous waste sites on time to systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis: results from the Roxbury lupus project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:244-54. [PMID: 17195228 DOI: 10.1002/art.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among African American women may be due to environmental exposures, genetic factors, or a combination of factors. Our goal was to assess association of residential proximity to hazardous waste sites and genetic variation in 3 glutathione Stransferase (GST) genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) with age at diagnosis of SLE. METHODS Residential histories were obtained by interviewing 93 SLE patients from 3 predominantly African American neighborhoods in Boston. Residential addresses and locations of 416 hazardous waste sites in the study area were geocoded using ArcView software. Time-varying Cox models were used to study the effect of residential proximity to hazardous sites, GST genotype, and interaction between genotype and exposure in determining age at diagnosis. RESULTS The prevalence of SLE among African American women in these neighborhoods was 3.56 SLE cases per 1,000. Homozygosity for GSTM1-null and GSTP1 Ile105Val in combination was associated with earlier SLE diagnosis (P = 0.03), but there was no association with proximity to 416 hazardous sites. Available data on specific site contaminants suggested that, at a subset of 67 sites, there was higher potential risk for exposure to volatile organic compounds (P < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction). GST genotypes had a significant interaction with proximity (P = 0.03) in analyses limited to these sites. CONCLUSION There was no independent association between residential proximity to hazardous waste sites and the risk of earlier SLE diagnosis in this urban population. However, analysis of a limited number of sites indicated that the risk of earlier SLE associated with proximity to hazardous sites might be modulated by GST polymorphisms.
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Harley JB, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM. Unraveling the genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:119-30. [PMID: 17021721 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to locate polymorphisms on a virtually complete map of the human genome coupled with the ability to accurately evaluate large numbers (by historical standards) of genetic markers has led to gene identification in complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). While this is a phenotype with enormous clinical variation, the twin studies and the observed familial aggregation, along with the genetic effects now known, suggest a strong genetic component. Unlike type 1 diabetes, lupus genetics is not dominated by the powerful effect of a single locus. Instead, there are at least six known genetic association effects in lupus of smaller magnitude (odds ratio <2), and at least 17 robust linkages (established and arguably confirmed independently) defining potentially responsible genes that largely remain to be discovered. The more convincing genetic associations include the human leukocyte antigen region (with multiple genes), C1q, PTPN22, PDCD1, Fc receptor-like 3, FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIIA, interferon regulatory factor 5, and others. How they contribute to disease risk remains yet to be clarified, beyond the obvious speculation derived from what has previously been learned about these genes. Certainly, they are expected to contribute to lupus risk independently and in combination with each other, with genes not yet identified, and with the environment. A substantial number of genes (>10) are expected to be identified to contribute to lupus or in its many subsets defined by clinical and laboratory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Harley
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Ramos PS, Kelly JA, Gray-McGuire C, Bruner GR, Leiran AN, Meyer CM, Namjou B, Espe KJ, Ortmann WA, Reichlin M, Langefeld CD, James JA, Gaffney PM, Behrens TW, Harley JB, Moser KL. Familial aggregation and linkage analysis of autoantibody traits in pedigrees multiplex for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2006; 7:417-32. [PMID: 16775618 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are clinically relevant biomarkers for numerous autoimmune disorders. The genetic basis of autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized autoantibody profiles in 1,506 individuals from 229 multiplex SLE pedigrees. There was strong familial aggregation of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), anti-La/SSB, anti-Ro/SSA, anti-Sm, anti-nRNP (nuclear ribonucleoprotein), IgM antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies (Abs) and rheumatoid factor (RF) across these families enriched for lupus. We performed genome-wide linkage analyses in an effort to map genes that contribute to the production of the following autoantibodies: Ro/SSA, La/SSB, nRNP, Sm, dsDNA, RF, nuclear and phospholipids. Using an approach to minimize false positives and adjust for multiple comparisons, evidence for linkage was found to anti-La/SSB Abs on chromosome 3q21 (adjusted P=1.9 x 10(-6)), to anti-nRNP and/or anti-Sm Abs on chromosome 3q27 (adjusted P=3.5 x 10(-6)), to anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB Abs on chromosome 4q34-q35 (adjusted P=3.4 x 10(-4)) and to anti-IgM aPL Abs on chromosome 13q14 (adjusted P=2.3 x 10(-4)). These results support the hypothesis that autoantibody production is a genetically complex trait. Identification of the causative alleles will advance our understanding of critical molecular mechanisms that underlie SLE and perhaps other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Ramos
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Fritsch RD, Shen X, Illei GG, Yarboro CH, Prussin C, Hathcock KS, Hodes RJ, Lipsky PE. Abnormal differentiation of memory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2184-97. [PMID: 16802356 DOI: 10.1002/art.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CCR7 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member CD27 define 3 distinct, progressively more differentiated maturational stages of CD4 memory subpopulations in healthy individuals: the CCR7+, CD27+, the CCR7-, CD27+, and the CCR7-, CD27- populations. The goal of this study was to examine maturational disturbances in CD4 T cell differentiation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using these phenotypic markers. METHODS Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry, in vitro stimulation experiments, telomere length measurement, and determination of inducible telomerase were carried out. RESULTS. In SLE patients, significant increases of CCR7-, CD27- and CCR7-, CD27+ and a reduction of CCR7+, CD27+ CD4 memory T cells were found. In vitro stimulation of SLE T cells showed a stepwise differentiation from naive to CCR7+, CD27+ to CCR7-, CD27+ to CCR7-, CD27-; telomere length and inducible telomerase decreased in these subsets in the same progressive sequence. The in vitro proliferative response of these populations progressively declined as their susceptibility to apoptosis increased. Interestingly, a significant reduction in inducible telomerase was noted in SLE naive and CCR7+, CD27+ CD4+ memory T cells. Additionally, SLE CCR7-, CD27+ and CCR7-, CD27- CD4 memory T cells proliferated poorly in response to in vitro stimulation and underwent significantly more apoptosis than their normal counterparts. Finally, expression of CXCR4 was significantly reduced in all SLE subsets compared with normal. CONCLUSION Together these data indicate an increased degree of in vivo T cell stimulation in SLE, resulting in the accumulation of terminally differentiated memory T cells with a decreased proliferative capacity and an increased tendency to undergo apoptosis upon stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Male
- Phenotype
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Telomerase/analysis
- Telomerase/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Fritsch
- NIAMS, NIH, Building 10, Room 6D47C, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sestak AL, Nath SK, Harley JB. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: how far have we come? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005; 31:223-44, v. [PMID: 15922143 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are two primary mechanisms for studying the genetic forces at work in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several groups have collected large numbers of pedigrees in which multiple family members have SLE for use in linkage studies. These linkage studies serve to isolate areas of the genome in which susceptibility genes lie. Other groups have taken a more direct approach of investigating genes that might contribute to disease pathogenesis in sets of lupus subjects and matched controls. These association studies are accumulating in greater numbers as the technology to determine the genotype at a given locus becomes more accessible. This article discusses the results of both types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Sestak
- Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73003, USA.
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Nath SK, Kilpatrick J, Harley JB. Genetics of human systemic lupus erythematosus: the emerging picture. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:794-800. [PMID: 15511675 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease with partially understood etiology, which can affect virtually any organ. Despite suggestions to the contrary, SLE is proving to be a reliable phenotype for genetic studies. Similar to many other autoimmune diseases, SLE demonstrates a complex pattern of inheritance that is consistent with the involvement of multiple susceptibility genes as well as environmental risk factors. During the past several years, some new candidate genes have been implicated in induction of SLE through association studies, and multiple susceptibility regions have been detected through genome-wide linkage studies. Many of the susceptibility effects have been confirmed by independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a genetic component. In recent years, nine complete genome scans using family collections that differ greatly in ethnic compositions and geographic locations have identified several strong, confirmed SLE susceptibility loci. Evidence implicating individual gene polymorphisms (or haplotypes) within some of the linked intervals has been reported. This review highlights recent findings that may lead to the identification of putative genes and new insights in the pathogenesis of SLE. RECENT FINDINGS Eight of the best-supported SLE susceptibility loci are 1q23, 1q25-31, 1q41-42, 2q35-37, 4p16-15.2, 6p11-21, 12p24, and 16q12. These are chromosomal regions exhibiting genome-wide significance for linkage in single studies and suggestive evidence for linkage in other samples. Linkage analyses conditioning on pedigrees in which one affected member manifesting a particular clinical condition have also yielded many chromosomal regions linked to SLE. The linked interval on chromosome 6p has been narrowed to 0.5 approximately 1.0 Mb (million basepairs) of 3 MHC class II containing risk haplotypes in white subjects. Cumulative results have shown that hereditary deficiencies of complement component C4A (a MHC class III gene) confer risk for SLE in almost all ethnic groups studied. The FcgammaR genes (located at 1q23) have been convincingly demonstrated to play an important role in susceptibility to SLE (and/or lupus nephritis). The evidence for the intronic single nucleotide polymorphism of program cell death gene 1 (PDCD1 at 2q37) to confer susceptibility is promising but not yet compelling. Within several established susceptibility loci, evidence for association of positional candidate genes is emerging. SUMMARY Further replications of linkage and association are the immediate task. The respective contribution of each susceptibility gene, relationships between genotypes and phenotypes, and potential interactions between susceptibility gene products need to be elucidated. This line of investigation is now well poised to provide novel insights into how genetic variants can affect functional pathways leading to the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty P Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1670, USA.
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Abstract
Genetic predisposition has been firmly established as a key element in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). During the past three decades, association studies have assessed many genes for potential roles in predisposing to SLE. These studies have identified a few risk factors including hereditary deficiency of complement components, major histocompatibility complex class II alleles, and allelic variants for the Fc portion of IgG (FCGR) genes. In recent years, a few groups have completed linkage analyses in data sets from families containing multiple members affected with SLE. Results from these initial genome scans are encouraging; approximately eight chromosomal regions have been identified exhibiting evidence for significant linkage to SLE and have been confirmed using independent cohorts (1q23, 1q25-31, 1q41-42, 2q35-37, 4p16-15.2, 6p11-21, 12q24, and 16q12), suggesting the high likelihood of the presence of one or multiple SLE susceptibility genes at each locus. Another approach of linkage analyses conditioned on pedigrees where one affected member manifesting a particular clinical condition has also identified many chromosomal regions linked to SLE. Within several established susceptibility loci, evidence for association of positional candidate genes is emerging. Within 2q35-37, an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the positional candidate gene program cell death 1 gene has been associated with SLE susceptibility. The SLE-associated SNP affects a transcription factor, RUNX1, binding site. Recently, SNPs of novel positional candidate genes that influence RUNX1 binding motifs have also been associated with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting the possibility of a common theme shared among susceptibility genes for autoimmune diseases. In the coming years, susceptibility genes responsible for the observed linkage will be identified, and will lead to further delineating genetic pathways involved in susceptibility to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Center, Room 32-59,1000 Veteran Avenue, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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