1
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Cell signaling activation and extracellular matrix remodeling underpin glioma tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and organization. Cell Oncol 2022; 46:589-602. [PMID: 36567397 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cells thrive by adapting to the signals in their microenvironment. To adapt, cancer cells activate signaling and transcriptional programs and migrate to establish micro-niches, in response to signals from neighboring cells and non-cellular stromal factors. Understanding how the tumor microenvironment evolves during disease progression is crucial to deciphering the mechanisms underlying the functional behavior of cancer cells. METHODS Multiplex immunohistochemistry, spatial analysis and histological dyes were used to identify and measure immune cell infiltration, cell signal activation and extracellular matrix deposition in low-grade, high-grade astrocytoma and glioblastoma. RESULTS We show that lower grade astrocytoma tissue is largely devoid of infiltrating immune cells and extracellular matrix proteins, while high-grade astrocytoma exhibits abundant immune cell infiltration, activation, and extensive tissue remodeling. Spatial analysis shows that most T-cells are restricted to perivascular regions, but bone marrow-derived macrophages penetrate deep into neoplastic cell-rich regions. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by heterogeneous PI3K, MAPK and CREB signaling, with specific signaling profiles correlating with distinct pathological hallmarks, including angiogenesis, tumor cell density and regions where neoplastic cells border the extracellular matrix. Our results also show that tissue remodeling is important in regulating the architecture of the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression. CONCLUSION The tumor microenvironment in malignant astrocytoma, exhibits changes in cell composition, cell signaling activation and extracellular matrix deposition during disease development and that targeting the extracellular matrix, as well as cell signaling activation will be critical to designing personalized therapy.
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2
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Shojaee P, Mornata F, Deutsch A, Locati M, Hatzikirou H. The impact of tumor associated macrophages on tumor biology under the lens of mathematical modelling: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050067. [PMID: 36439180 PMCID: PMC9685623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review the role of mathematical modelling to elucidate the impact of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and therapy design. We first outline the biology of TAMs, and its current application in tumor therapies, and their experimental methods that provide insights into tumor cell-macrophage interactions. We then focus on the mechanistic mathematical models describing the role of macrophages as drug carriers, the impact of macrophage polarized activation on tumor growth, and the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) parameters on the tumor-macrophage interactions. This review aims to identify the synergies between biological and mathematical approaches that allow us to translate knowledge on fundamental TAMs biology in addressing current clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Shojaee
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federica Mornata
- Leukocyte Biology Lab, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Deutsch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Massimo Locati
- Leukocyte Biology Lab, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Haralampos Hatzikirou
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Mathematics Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Centre (HEIC), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Beach C, MacLean D, Majorova D, Arnold JN, Olcina MM. The effects of radiation therapy on the macrophage response in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020606. [PMID: 36249052 PMCID: PMC9559862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of radiotherapy, a mainstay of cancer treatment, is strongly influenced by both cellular and non-cellular features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population within the TME and their prevalence significantly correlates with patient prognosis in a range of cancers. Macrophages display intrinsic radio-resistance and radiotherapy can influence TAM recruitment and phenotype. However, whether radiotherapy alone can effectively "reprogram" TAMs to display anti-tumor phenotypes appears conflicting. Here, we discuss the effect of radiation on macrophage recruitment and plasticity in cancer, while emphasizing the role of specific TME components which may compromise the tumor response to radiation and influence macrophage function. In particular, this review will focus on soluble factors (cytokines, chemokines and components of the complement system) as well as physical changes to the TME. Since the macrophage response has the potential to influence radiotherapy outcomes this population may represent a drug target for improving treatment. An enhanced understanding of components of the TME impacting radiation-induced TAM recruitment and function may help consider the scope for future therapeutic avenues to target this plastic and pervasive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David MacLean
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Majorova
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James N. Arnold
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica M. Olcina
- Department of Oncology, Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Monica M. Olcina,
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4
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Hao H. Macrophage phenotype-switching in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175229. [PMID: 36002039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been found to be of great importance in tumorigenesis and in promoting malignant progression, including tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, the TAM phenotype is more likely to be an M2 type. Transforming TAMs by M2-polarization into the tumour-suppressive M1-phenotype is an important approach for tumour therapy. In this review, we analysed the effects of the tumour microenvironment on macrophage phenotype-switching, including hypoxia and cytokines, and the mechanisms of drugs targeting TAMs. Furthermore, we analysed the effects of exosomes on macrophage polarization, phenotype switching of macrophages, and the mechanisms of lipid mediators targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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5
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Khatoon N, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Chu M. Macrophage membrane coated nanoparticles: a biomimetic approach for enhanced and targeted delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1193-1208. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced and targeted drug delivery with low systemic toxicity and subsequent release of drugs is the major concern among researchers and pharmaceutics. Inspite of greater advancement and discoveries in...
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6
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Izci M, Maksoudian C, Manshian BB, Soenen SJ. The Use of Alternative Strategies for Enhanced Nanoparticle Delivery to Solid Tumors. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1746-1803. [PMID: 33445874 PMCID: PMC7883342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial (NM) delivery to solid tumors has been the focus of intense research for over a decade. Classically, scientists have tried to improve NM delivery by employing passive or active targeting strategies, making use of the so-called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. This phenomenon is made possible due to the leaky tumor vasculature through which NMs can leave the bloodstream, traverse through the gaps in the endothelial lining of the vessels, and enter the tumor. Recent studies have shown that despite many efforts to employ the EPR effect, this process remains very poor. Furthermore, the role of the EPR effect has been called into question, where it has been suggested that NMs enter the tumor via active mechanisms and not through the endothelial gaps. In this review, we provide a short overview of the EPR and mechanisms to enhance it, after which we focus on alternative delivery strategies that do not solely rely on EPR in itself but can offer interesting pharmacological, physical, and biological solutions for enhanced delivery. We discuss the strengths and shortcomings of these different strategies and suggest combinatorial approaches as the ideal path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Izci
- NanoHealth
and Optical Imaging Group, Translational Cell and Tissue Research
Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christy Maksoudian
- NanoHealth
and Optical Imaging Group, Translational Cell and Tissue Research
Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bella B. Manshian
- Translational
Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan J. Soenen
- NanoHealth
and Optical Imaging Group, Translational Cell and Tissue Research
Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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An Overview of Advances in Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies Based on the Multiple Immune-Cancer Cell Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2097:139-171. [PMID: 31776925 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0203-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumors have a complex ecosystem in which behavior and fate are determined by the interaction of diverse cancerous and noncancerous cells at local and systemic levels. A number of studies indicate that various immune cells participate in tumor development (Fig. 1). In this review, we will discuss interactions among T lymphocytes (T cells), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, we will touch upon attempts to either use or block subsets of immune cells to target cancer.
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8
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Wang HF, Liu Y, Wang T, Yang G, Zeng B, Zhao CX. Tumor-Microenvironment-on-a-Chip for Evaluating Nanoparticle-Loaded Macrophages for Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5040-5050. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tong Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bijun Zeng
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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9
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Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Intercellular Bioimaging and Biodistribution of Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Macrophages for Targeted Drug Delivery. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to effectively apply nanoparticles to clinical use, macrophages have been used as vehicles to deliver genes, drugs or nanomaterials into tumors. In this study, the effectiveness of macrophage as a drug delivery system was validated by biodistribution imaging modalities at intercellular and ex vivo levels. We focused on biodistribution imaging, namely, the characterization of the gold nanoparticle-loaded macrophages using intracellular holotomography and target delivery efficiency analysis using ex vivo fluorescence imaging techniques. In more detail, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared with trisodium citrate method and loaded into macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). First, AuNPs loading into macrophages was confirmed using the conventional ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Then, the holotomographic imaging was employed to characterize the intracellular biodistribution of the AuNPs-loaded macrophages. The efficacy of target delivery of the well AuNPs uptake macrophages was studied in a mouse model, established via lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The fluorescent images and the ex vivo ICP-MS evaluated the delivery efficiency of the AuNPs-loaded macrophages. Results revealed that the holotomographic imaging techniques can be promising modalities to understand intracellular biodistribution and ex vivo fluorescence imaging can be useful to validate the target delivery efficacy of the AuNPs-loaded macrophages.
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11
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Donde R, Gupta MK, Gouda G, Dash SK, Behera L, Vadde R. Immune Cell Therapy Against Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers. IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIES 2020:61-77. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6487-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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12
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Ma F, Zhang B, Ji S, Hu H, Kong Y, Hua Y, Luo S. Hypoxic Macrophage-Derived VEGF Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:3154-3163. [PMID: 31102128 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death. Hypoxia is an important property of the tumor microenvironment of GC. Increasing evidence demonstrates that tumor-associated macrophages are related to the metastasis of GC, while the precise mechanism of how hypoxic macrophages affect tumor progression is still not fully understood. AIMS To examine whether the mediators released from hypoxic macrophages contribute to the invasion and proliferation of GC cells. METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 was utilized to determine the proliferation of SGC7901 and MKN45 cells. The invasion of SGC7901 and MKN45 cells was measured by transwell invasion assay. Expression of VEGF mRNA in THP-1-derived macrophages was determined by RT-PCR, and protein level of VEGF in the culture medium was detected by ELISA. RESULTS The proliferation and invasion of SGC7901 and MKN45 cells were dramatically increased after treatment with conditioned medium (CM) collected from THP-1-derived macrophages under hypoxia (H-CM), and the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 in SGC7901 and MKN45 cells was also up-regulated by H-CM stimulation. Notably, blockage of PI3K-Akt or p38 MAP kinase abolished the effects of H-CM on the proliferation and invasion of SGC7901 and MKN45 cells. Furthermore, VEGF was increased in macrophages after hypoxia and administration with nintedanib, an inhibitor of VEGFR, significantly decreases the phosphorylation of Akt and p38, as well as the proliferation and invasion of SGC7901 and MKN45 cells in response to H-CM. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that hypoxia-injured macrophages contribute to the proliferation and invasion of GC cells through the release of mediators such as VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Sheqing Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Hongtao Hu
- Department of Intervention Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Ye Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yawei Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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13
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Susen RM, Bauer R, Olesch C, Fuhrmann DC, Fink AF, Dehne N, Jain A, Ebersberger I, Schmid T, Brüne B. Macrophage HIF-2α regulates tumor-suppressive Spint1 in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:2127-2138. [PMID: 31436357 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) commonly accumulate within hypoxic areas. Adaptations to such environments evoke transcriptional changes by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). While HIF-1α is ubiquitously expressed, HIF-2α appears tissue-specific with consequences of HIF-2α expression in TAMs only being poorly characterized. An E0771 allograft breast tumor model revealed faster tumor growth in myeloid HIF-2α knockout (HIF-2αLysM-/- ) compared with wildtype (wt) mice. In an RNA-sequencing approach of FACS sorted wt and HIF-2α LysM-/- TAMs, serine protease inhibitor, Kunitz type-1 ( Spint1) emerged as a promising candidate for HIF-2α-dependent regulation. We validated reduced Spint1 messenger RNA expression and concomitant Spint1 protein secretion under hypoxia in HIF-2α-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) compared with wt BMDMs. In line with the physiological function of Spint1 as an inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activation, supernatants of hypoxic HIF-2α knockout BMDMs, not containing Spint1, were able to release proliferative properties of inactive pro-HGF on breast tumor cells. In contrast, hypoxic wt BMDM supernatants containing abundant Spint1 amounts failed to do so. We propose that Spint1 contributes to the tumor-suppressive function of HIF-2α in TAMs in breast tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Susen
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Catherine Olesch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annika F Fink
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arpit Jain
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Frankfurt, Germany
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Erkoc P, Yasa IC, Ceylan H, Yasa O, Alapan Y, Sitti M. Mobile Microrobots for Active Therapeutic Delivery. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Erkoc
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Immihan C. Yasa
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Hakan Ceylan
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent; Systems 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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15
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Joshi BP, Hardie J, Farkas ME. Harnessing Biology to Deliver Therapeutic and Imaging Entities via Cell-Based Methods. Chemistry 2018; 24:8717-8726. [PMID: 29543990 PMCID: PMC6174085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of therapeutic and imaging agents at sites of interest is critical to their efficacy. Similarly, off-target effects (especially toxicity) are a major liability for these entities. For this reason, the use of delivery vehicles to improve the distribution characteristics of bio-active agents has become ubiquitous in the field. However, the majority of traditionally employed, cargo-bearing platforms rely on passive accumulation. Even in cases where "targeting" functionalities are used, the agents must first reach the site in order for the ligand-receptor interaction to occur. The next stage of vehicle development is the use of "recruited" entities, which respond to biological signals produced in the tissues to be targeted, resulting in improved specificities. Recently, many advances have been made in the utilization of cells as delivery agents. They are biocompatible, exhibit excellent circulation lifetimes and tissue penetration capabilities, and respond to chemotactic signals. In this Minireview, we will explore various cell types, modifications, and applications where cell-based delivery agents are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Joseph Hardie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Michelle E Farkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
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16
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Schreiber T, Quinting T, Dittmer U, Fandrey J, Sutter K. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is Essential for Macrophage-mediated Erythroblast Proliferation in Acute Friend Retrovirus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17236. [PMID: 29222473 PMCID: PMC5722883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the frontline of defence against foreign microorganisms, including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. During acute viral infection, macrophages must invade the inflamed tissue toward low oxygen concentrations, where genetic cellular responses depend on hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). In the study reported here we investigated the role of HIF-1α in macrophage function during acute retroviral infection. Wild-type and myeloid cell-specific HIF-1α knockout mice were infected with Friend retrovirus (FV), and immune response was analysed 7 and 10 days after infection. FV infection led to increased spleen weight in wild-type and knockout mice, whereas a profound proliferation of erythroblasts was seen only in wild-type mice. The number of spleen-infiltrating macrophages was also significantly lower in knockout animals. Macrophage invasion after FV infection in wild-type mice led to elevated amounts of activated macrophage-stimulating 1 protein that resulted in massive proliferation of erythrocyte precursor cells. This proliferation was absent from knockout mice because of impaired invasion capabilities of HIF-1α-deficient macrophages. Our study elucidated a novel mechanism of FV-induced erythrocyte precursor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Schreiber
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physiology, Essen, Germany
| | - Theresa Quinting
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physiology, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Virology, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physiology, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Virology, Essen, Germany
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17
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Mooney R, Abdul Majid A, Batalla J, Annala AJ, Aboody KS. Cell-mediated enzyme prodrug cancer therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:35-51. [PMID: 28916493 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-directed gene therapy is a promising new frontier for the field of targeted cancer therapies. Here we discuss the current pre-clinical and clinical use of cell-mediated enzyme prodrug therapy (EPT) directed against solid tumors and avenues for further development. We also discuss some of the challenges encountered upon translating these therapies to clinical trials. Upon sufficient development, cell-mediated enzyme prodrug therapy has the potential to maximize the distribution of therapeutic enzymes within the tumor environment, localizing conversion of prodrug to active drug at the tumor sites thereby decreasing off-target toxicities. New combinatorial possibilities are also promising. For example, when combined with viral gene-delivery vehicles, this may result in new hybrid vehicles that attain heretofore unmatched levels of therapeutic gene expression within the tumor.
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Exploiting the cancer niche: Tumor-associated macrophages and hypoxia as promising synergistic targets for nano-based therapy. J Control Release 2017; 253:82-96. [PMID: 28285930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has been widely exploited as an active participant in tumor progression. Extensive reports have defined the dual role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor development. The protumoral effect exerted by the M2 phenotype has been correlated with a negative outcome in most solid tumors. The high infiltration of immune cells in the hypoxic cores of advanced solid tumors leads to a chain reaction of stimuli that enhances the expression of protumoral genes, thrives tumor malignancy, and leads to the emergence of drug resistance. Many studies have shown therapeutic targeting systems, solely to TAMs or tumor hypoxia, however, novel therapeutics that target both features are still warranted. In the present review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in tumor development and the clinical outcome of hypoxia-targeted therapeutics, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) inhibitors and hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Furthermore, we review the state-of-the-art of macrophage-based cancer therapy. We thoroughly discuss the development of novel therapeutics that simultaneously target TAMs and tumor hypoxia. Nano-based systems have been highlighted as interesting strategies for dual modality treatments, with somewhat improved tissue extravasation. Such approach could be seen as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced solid and metastatic tumors, especially when exploiting cell-based nanotherapies. Finally, we provide an in-depth opinion on the importance of exploiting the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy, and how this could be translated to clinical practice.
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19
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Ayer M, Klok HA. Cell-mediated delivery of synthetic nano- and microparticles. J Control Release 2017; 259:92-104. [PMID: 28189629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell mediated delivery of synthetic nano- and microparticle based drug carriers is a very promising strategy to enhance control over the distribution of drugs and improve targeting. This article will present an overview of work, which has been done to explore cell surface modification strategies for the cellular hitchhiking of synthetic nano- and microparticles. The first part of this article will present and discuss the different types of cells that have been explored for cell mediated drug delivery. The second part of this review will discuss the various chemical strategies that have been elaborated for the conjugation or immobilization of nano- and microparticles on the surface of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ayer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Ivey JW, Bonakdar M, Kanitkar A, Davalos RV, Verbridge SS. Improving cancer therapies by targeting the physical and chemical hallmarks of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:330-9. [PMID: 26724680 PMCID: PMC4919249 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are highly heterogeneous at the patient, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. This multi-scale heterogeneity poses significant challenges for effective therapies, which ideally must not only distinguish between tumorous and healthy tissue, but also fully address the wide variety of tumorous sub-clones. Commonly used therapies either leverage a biological phenotype of cancer cells (e.g. high rate of proliferation) or indiscriminately kill all the cells present in a targeted volume. Tumor microenvironment (TME) targeting represents a promising therapeutic direction, because a number of TME hallmarks are conserved across different tumor types, despite the underlying genetic heterogeneity. Historically, TME targeting has largely focused on the cells that support tumor growth (e.g. vascular endothelial cells). However, by viewing the intrinsic physical and chemical alterations in the TME as additional therapeutic opportunities rather than barriers, a new class of TME-inspired treatments has great promise to complement or replace existing therapeutic strategies. In this review we summarize the physical and chemical hallmarks of the TME, and discuss how these tumor characteristics either currently are, or may ultimately be targeted to improve cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill W Ivey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mohammad Bonakdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Akanksha Kanitkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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21
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Patel A, Sant S. Hypoxic tumor microenvironment: Opportunities to develop targeted therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:803-812. [PMID: 27143654 PMCID: PMC4947437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been great progress in the understanding of tumor biology and its surrounding microenvironment. Solid tumors create regions with low oxygen levels, generally termed as hypoxic regions. These hypoxic areas offer a tremendous opportunity to develop targeted therapies. Hypoxia is not a random by-product of the cellular milieu due to uncontrolled tumor growth; rather it is a constantly evolving participant in overall tumor growth and fate. This article reviews current trends and recent advances in drug therapies and delivery systems targeting hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. In the first part, we give an account of important physicochemical changes and signaling pathways activated in the hypoxic microenvironment. This is then followed by various treatment strategies including hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and approaches to develop hypoxia-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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22
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Li S, Feng S, Ding L, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Qian Z, Gu Y. Nanomedicine engulfed by macrophages for targeted tumor therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4107-24. [PMID: 27601898 PMCID: PMC5003564 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, exhibiting high intrinsic accumulation and infiltration into tumor tissues, are a novel drug vehicle for directional drug delivery. However, the low drug-loading (DL) capacity and the drug cytotoxicity to the cell vehicle have limited the application of macrophages in tumor therapy. In this study, different drugs involving small molecular and nanoparticle drugs were loaded into intrinsic macrophages to find a better way to overcome these limitations. Their DL capacity and cytotoxicity to the macrophages were first compared. Furthermore, their phagocytic ratio, dynamic distributions, and tumoricidal effects were also investigated. Results indicated that more lipid-soluble molecules and DL particles can be phagocytized by macrophages than hydrophilic ones. In addition, the N-succinyl-N'-octyl chitosan (SOC) DL particles showed low cytotoxicity to the macrophage itself, while the dynamic biodistribution of macrophages engulfed with different particles/small molecules showed similar profiles, mainly excreted from liver to intestine pathway. Furthermore, macrophages loaded with SOC-paclitaxel (PTX) particles exhibited greater therapeutic efficacies than those of macrophages directly carrying small molecular drugs such as doxorubicin and PTX. Interestingly, macrophages displayed stronger targeting ability to the tumor site hypersecreting chemokine in immunocompetent mice in comparison to the tumor site secreting low levels of chemokine in immunodeficiency mice. Finally, results demonstrated that macrophages carrying SOC-PTX are a promising pharmaceutical preparation for tumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Song Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Qiuyun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Automation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University
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23
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Immune Cells in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5230219. [PMID: 27212807 PMCID: PMC4860248 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5230219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate the critical role of tumour associated macrophages, tumour associated neutrophils, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells in tumourigenesis. These cells can have a significant impact on the tumour microenvironment via their production of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, products secreted from all these cells have defined specific roles in regulating tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. They act in a protumour capacity in vivo as evidenced by the recent studies indicating that macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils may be manipulated to exhibit cytotoxic activity against tumours. Therefore therapy targeting these cells may be promising, or they may constitute drug or anticancer particles delivery systems to the tumours. Herein, we discussed all these possibilities that may be used in cancer treatment.
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24
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Song M, Liu T, Shi C, Zhang X, Chen X. Bioconjugated Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Enhance Chemotherapy Response by Priming Tumor-Associated Macrophages toward M1-like Phenotype and Attenuating Tumor Hypoxia. ACS NANO 2016; 10:633-647. [PMID: 26650065 PMCID: PMC5242343 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia promotes not only the invasiveness of tumor cells, but also chemoresistance in cancer. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) residing at the site of hypoxic region of tumors have been known to cooperate with tumor cells, and promote proliferation and chemoresistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new strategies to alleviate tumor hypoxia and enhance chemotherapy response in solid tumors. Herein, we have taken advantage of high accumulation of TAMs in hypoxic regions of tumor and high reactivity of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the simultaneous production of O2 and regulation of pH to effectively alleviate tumor hypoxia by targeted delivery of MnO2 NPs to the hypoxic area. Furthermore, we also utilized the ability of hyaluronic acid (HA) modification in reprogramming anti-inflammatory, pro-tumoral M2 TAMs to pro-inflammatory, antitumor M1 macrophages to further enhance the ability of MnO2 NPs to lessen tumor hypoxia and modulate chemoresistance. The HA-coated, mannan-conjugated MnO2 particle (Man-HA-MnO2) treatment significantly increased tumor oxygenation and down-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tumor. Combination treatment of the tumors with Man-HA-MnO2 NPs and doxorubicin significantly increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of breast tumor, inhibited tumor growth and tumor cell proliferation as compared with chemotherapy alone. In addition, the reaction of Man-HA-MnO2 NPs toward endogenous H2O2 highly enhanced T1- and T2-MRI performance for tumor imaging and detection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hyaluronic Acid/chemistry
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Hypoxia/drug therapy
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Manganese Compounds/chemistry
- Manganese Compounds/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Oxides/chemistry
- Oxides/pharmacology
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding Authors, . .
| | - Changrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiangzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Corresponding Authors, . .
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Corresponding Authors, . .
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25
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Yang H. Targeted nanosystems: Advances in targeted dendrimers for cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:309-16. [PMID: 26706410 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dendrimers possess discrete highly compact nanostructures constituted of successive branched layers. Soon after the inception of dendrimers, recognition of their tunable structures and biologically favorable properties provoked a great enthusiasm in delving deeply into the utility of dendrimers for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. One of the most important nanotechnology applications is the development of nanomedicines for targeted cancer therapies. Tremendous success in targeted therapies has been achieved with the use of dendrimer-based nanomedicines. This article provides a concise review on latest advances in the utility of dendrimers in immunotherapies and hormone therapies. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Much basic and clinical research has been done since the invention of dendrimers, which are highly branched nano-sized molecules with the ability to act as carriers in nanomedicine. In this concise review article, the authors highlighted the current use of dendrimers in immunotherapies and hormone therapies in the fight against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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26
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Engineering macrophages to control the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:300-9. [PMID: 26610863 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage (MΦ) dysregulation is increasingly becoming recognized as a risk factor for a number of inflammatory complications including atherosclerosis, cancer, and the host response elicited by biomedical devices. It is still unclear what roles the pro-inflammatory (M1) MΦ and pro-healing (M2) MΦ phenotypes play during the healing process. However, it has been shown that a local overabundance of M1 MΦs can potentially lead to a chronically inflamed state of the tissue; while a local over-exuberant M2 MΦ response can lead to tissue fibrosis and even promote tumorigenesis. These notions strengthen the argument that the tight temporal regulation of this phenotype balance is necessary to promote inflammatory resolution that leads to tissue homeostasis. In this study, we have engineered pro-inflammatory MΦs, MΦ-cTLR4 cells, which can be activated to a M1-like MΦ phenotype with a small molecule, the chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) drug. The MΦ-cTLR4 cells when activated with the CID drug, express increased levels of TNFα, IL-6, and iNOS. Activated MΦ-cTLR4 cells stay stimulated for at least 48h; once the CID drug is withdrawn, the MΦ-cTLR4 cells return to baseline state within 18h. Further, in vitro CID-activated MΦ-cTLR4 cells induce upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells (EC) in a TNFα-dependent manner. With the ability to specifically modulate the MФ-cTLR4 cells with the presence or absence of a small molecule, we now have the tool necessary to observe a primarily M1 MФ response during inflammation. By isolating this phase of the wound healing response, it may be possible to determine conditions for ideal healing.
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27
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Jiang PS, Yu CF, Yen CY, Woo CW, Lo SH, Huang YK, Hong JH, Chiang CS. Irradiation Enhances the Ability of Monocytes as Nanoparticle Carrier for Cancer Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139043. [PMID: 26418962 PMCID: PMC4587928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-homing ability of monocytes renders them a potential cellular delivery system for alternative cancer therapies, although their migratory ability can be impaired following reagent uptake. Approaches that enhance monocyte tumor homing and promote their migration will improve the clinical value of these cells as cellular carriers. Previous studies have shown that irradiation (IR) can promote macrophage aggregation in hypoxic regions. To investigate whether IR enhances the infiltration of bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) into tumors, the infiltration of BMDMs from GFP-transgenic mice in a murine prostate adenocarcinoma TRAMP-C1 model was examined by fluorescence microscopy. IR did not increase the number of BMDMs that infiltrated initially, but did increase monocyte retention within IR-treated tumors for up to 2 weeks. We also showed that BMDMs can take up various imaging and therapeutic agents, although the mobility of BMDMs decreased with increasing load. When BMDMs were differentiated in IR-treated tumor-conditioned medium (IR-CM) in vitro, the nanoparticle load-mediated inhibition of migration was attenuated. These IR-CM-differentiated BMDMs delivered polymer vesicles encapsulating doxorubicin to radiation therapy (RT)-induced hypoxic tumor regions, and enhanced the efficacy of RT. The prolonged retention of monocytes within irradiated tumor tissues and the ability of IR-CM to enhance the migratory ability of cargo-laden BMDMs suggest that monocytes pre-conditioned by IR-CM can potentially act as cellular carriers for targeted therapy following conventional RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University / Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Christopher William Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hua Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University / Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Xu L, Zolotarskaya OY, Yeudall WA, Yang H. Click hybridization of immune cells and polyamidoamine dendrimers. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1430-8. [PMID: 24574321 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immobilizing highly branched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to the cell surface represents an innovative method of enhancing cell surface loading capacity to deliver therapeutic and imaging agents. In this work, hybridized immune cells, that is, macrophage RAW264.7 (RAW), with PAMAM dendrimer G4.0 (DEN) on the basis of bioorthogonal chemistry are clicked. Efficient and selective cell surface immobilization of dendrimers is confirmed by confocal microscopy. Viability and motility of RAW-DEN hybrids remain the same as untreated RAW cells according to WST-1 assay and wound closure assay. Furthermore, Western blot analysis reveals that there are no significant alterations in the expression levels of signaling molecules AKT, p38, and NFκB (p65) and their corresponding activated (phosphorylated) forms in RAW cells treated with azido sugar and dendrimer, indicating that the hybridization process neither induced cell stress response nor altered normal signaling pathways. Taken together, this work shows the feasibility of applying bioorthogonal chemistry to create cell-nanoparticle hybrids and demonstrates the noninvasiveness of this cell surface engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Olga Yu. Zolotarskaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - W. Andrew Yeudall
- Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
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29
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Bruno A, Pagani A, Pulze L, Albini A, Dallaglio K, Noonan DM, Mortara L. Orchestration of angiogenesis by immune cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:131. [PMID: 25072019 PMCID: PMC4078768 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment (TUMIC) plays a major role in cancer and is indispensable for tumor progression. The TUMIC involves many "players" going well beyond the malignant-transformed cells, including stromal, immune, and endothelial cells (ECs). The non-malignant cells can acquire tumor-promoting functions during carcinogenesis. In particular, these cells can "orchestrate" the "symphony" of the angiogenic switch, permitting the creation of new blood vessels that allows rapid expansion and progression toward malignancy. Considerable attention within the context of tumor angiogenesis should focus not only on the ECs, representing a fundamental unit, but also on immune cells and on the inflammatory tumor infiltrate. Immune cells infiltrating tumors typically show a tumor-induced polarization associated with attenuation of anti-tumor functions and generation of pro-tumor activities, among these angiogenesis. Here, we propose a scenario suggesting that the angiogenic switch is an immune switch arising from the pro-angiogenic polarization of immune cells. This view links immunity, inflammation, and angiogenesis to tumor progression. Here, we review the data in the literature and seek to identify the "conductors" of this "orchestra." We also suggest that interrupting the immune → inflammation → angiogenesis → tumor progression process can delay or prevent tumor insurgence and malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica , Milan , Italy
| | - Arianna Pagani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese , Italy
| | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese , Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Department of Research and Statistics, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova , Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Katiuscia Dallaglio
- Department of Research and Statistics, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova , Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica , Milan , Italy ; Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese , Italy
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30
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Lautenschläger C, Schmidt C, Fischer D, Stallmach A. Drug delivery strategies in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:58-76. [PMID: 24157534 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a frequently occurring disease in young people, which is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The therapy of IBD is dominated by the administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, which suppress the intestinal inflammatory burden and improve the disease-related symptoms. Established treatment strategies are characterized by a limited therapeutical efficacy and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. Thus, the development of novel disease-targeted drug delivery strategies is intended for a more effective therapy and demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs. This review gives an overview about the established as well as future-oriented drug targeting strategies, including intestine targeting by conventional drug delivery systems (DDS), disease targeted drug delivery by synthetic DDS and disease targeted drug delivery by biological DDS. Furthermore, this review analyses the targeting mechanisms of the respective DDS and discusses the possible field of utilization in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lautenschläger
- Clinic of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schmidt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Otto-Schott-Strasse 41, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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31
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Foehrenbacher A, Secomb TW, Wilson WR, Hicks KO. Design of optimized hypoxia-activated prodrugs using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Front Oncol 2013; 3:314. [PMID: 24409417 PMCID: PMC3873531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia contributes to resistance of tumors to some cytotoxic drugs and to radiotherapy, but can in principle be exploited with hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAP). HAP in clinical development fall into two broad groups. Class I HAP (like the benzotriazine N-oxides tirapazamine and SN30000), are activated under relatively mild hypoxia. In contrast, Class II HAP (such as the nitro compounds PR-104A or TH-302) are maximally activated only under extreme hypoxia, but their active metabolites (effectors) diffuse to cells at intermediate O2 and thus also eliminate moderately hypoxic cells. Here, we use a spatially resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (SR-PK/PD) model to compare these two strategies and to identify the features required in an optimal Class II HAP. The model uses a Green's function approach to calculate spatial and longitudinal gradients of O2, prodrug, and effector concentrations, and resulting killing in a digitized 3D tumor microregion to estimate activity as monotherapy and in combination with radiotherapy. An analogous model for a normal tissue with mild hypoxia and short intervessel distances (based on a cremaster muscle microvessel network) was used to estimate tumor selectivity of cell killing. This showed that Class II HAP offer advantages over Class I including higher tumor selectivity and greater freedom to vary prodrug diffusibility and rate of metabolic activation. The model suggests that the largest gains in class II HAP antitumor activity could be realized by optimizing effector stability and prodrug activation rates. We also use the model to show that diffusion of effector into blood vessels is unlikely to materially increase systemic exposure for realistic tumor burdens and effector clearances. However, we show that the tumor selectivity achievable by hypoxia-dependent prodrug activation alone is limited if dose-limiting normal tissues are even mildly hypoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Foehrenbacher
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin O. Hicks
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Strehl C, Fangradt M, Fearon U, Gaber T, Buttgereit F, Veale DJ. Hypoxia: how does the monocyte-macrophage system respond to changes in oxygen availability? J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:233-41. [PMID: 24168857 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1212627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important feature of inflamed tissue, such as the RA joint. Activated monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA, implicated in the mechanism of inflammation and erosion. During development, myeloid progenitor cells sequentially give rise to monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. After extravasation, monocytes differentiate into long-lived, tissue-specific macrophages or DCs. The effect of different oxygen concentrations experienced by these cells during maturation represents a novel aspect of this developmental process. In inflamed joint tissue, the microvascular architecture is highly dysregulated; thus, efficiency of oxygen supply to the synovium is poor. Therefore, invading cells must adapt instantaneously to changes in the oxygen level of the microenvironment. Angiogenesis is an early event in the inflammatory joint, which is important in enabling activated monocytes to enter via endothelial cells by active recruitment to expand the synovium into a "pannus", resulting in cartilage degradation and bone destruction. The increased metabolic turnover of the expanding synovial pannus outpaces the dysfunctional vascular supply, resulting in hypoxia. The abnormal bioenergetics of the microenvironment further promotes synovial cell invasiveness. In RA, joint hypoxia represents a potential threat to cell function and survival. Notably, oxygen availability is a crucial parameter in the cellular energy metabolism, itself an important factor in determining the function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- 2.Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Casazza A, Di Conza G, Wenes M, Finisguerra V, Deschoemaeker S, Mazzone M. Tumor stroma: a complexity dictated by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2013; 33:1743-54. [PMID: 23604130 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A lot of effort has been done to study how cancer cells react to low-oxygen tension, a condition known as hypoxia. Indeed, abnormal and dysfunctional blood vessels in the tumor are incapable to restore oxygenation, therefore perpetuating hypoxia, which, in turn, will fuel tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to antitumor therapies. Nevertheless, how stromal components including blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes and fibroblasts, as well as hematopoietic cells, respond to low-oxygen tension in comparison with their normoxic counterparts has been a matter of investigation in the last few years only and, to date, this field of research remains poorly understood. In general, opposing phenotypes can arise from the same stromal component when embedded in different tumor microenvironments, and, vice versa, different stromal components can have opposite reaction to the same tumor microenvironment. In this article, we will discuss the emerging link between tumor stroma and hypoxia, and how this complexity is translated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casazza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - G Di Conza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Wenes
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - V Finisguerra
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - S Deschoemaeker
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Mazzone
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
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Meraz IM, Segura-Ibarra V, Leonard F, Gonzalez J, Ally S, Godin B, Serda RE. Biological Microniches Characterizing Pathological Lesions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098338-7.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Eiró N, Pidal I, Fernandez-Garcia B, Junquera S, Lamelas ML, del Casar JM, González LO, López-Muñiz A, Vizoso FJ. Impact of CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio at the invasive front of primary tumors on distant metastasis development in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52796. [PMID: 23300781 PMCID: PMC3530508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are infiltrated by macrophages, T and B-lymphocytes, which may favor tumor development by promoting angiogenesis, growth and invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the relative amount of macrophages (CD68+), T-cells (CD3+) and B-cells (CD20+) at the invasive front of breast carcinomas, and the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) either at the invasive front or at the tumor center. We performed an immunohistochemical study counting CD3, CD20 and CD68 positive cells at the invasive front, in 102 breast carcinomas. Also, tissue sections were stained with MMP-2, -9, -11, -14 and TIMP-2 antibodies, and immunoreactivity location, percentage of reactive area and intensity were determined at the invasive front and at the tumor center. The results showed that an increased CD68 count and CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio were directly associated with both MMP-11 and TIMP-2 expression by mononuclear inflammatory cells at the tumor center (p = 0.041 and p = 0.025 for CD68 count and p = 0.001 and p = 0.045 for ratio, respectively for MMP-11 and TIMP-2). In addition, a high CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio (>0.05) was directly associated with a higher probability of shortened relapse-free survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio was an independent factor associated with distant relapse-free survival (RR: 2.54, CI: (1.23–5.24), p<0.01). Therefore, CD68/(CD3+CD20) ratio at the invasive front could be used as an important prognostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/metabolism
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Eiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Iván Pidal
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Sara Junquera
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria L. Lamelas
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Ginecología, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - José M. del Casar
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O. González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alfonso López-Muñiz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Tripathi SK, Goyal R, Kashyap MP, Pant AB, Haq W, Kumar P, Gupta KC. Depolymerized chitosans functionalized with bPEI as carriers of nucleic acids and tuftsin-tethered conjugate for macrophage targeting. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4204-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Jain S, Amiji M. Macrophage-Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery Systems. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2305-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Rahat MA, Bitterman H, Lahat N. Molecular mechanisms regulating macrophage response to hypoxia. Front Immunol 2011; 2:45. [PMID: 22566835 PMCID: PMC3342364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and Macrophages (Mo/Mɸ) exhibit great plasticity, as they can shift between different modes of activation and, driven by their immediate microenvironment, perform divergent functions. These include, among others, patrolling their surroundings and maintaining homeostasis (resident Mo/Mɸ), combating invading pathogens and tumor cells (classically activated or M1 Mo/Mɸ), orchestrating wound healing (alternatively activated or M2 Mo/Mɸ), and restoring homeostasis after an inflammatory response (resolution Mɸ). Hypoxia is an important factor in the Mɸ microenvironment, is prevalent in many physiological and pathological conditions, and is interdependent with the inflammatory response. Although Mo/Mɸ have been studied in hypoxia, the mechanisms by which hypoxia influences the different modes of their activation, and how it regulates the shift between them, remain unclear. Here we review the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that mediate this hypoxic regulation of Mɸ activation. Much is known about the hypoxic transcriptional regulatory network, which includes the master regulators hypoxia-induced factor-1 and NF-κB, as well as other transcription factors (e.g., AP-1, Erg-1), but we also highlight the role of post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. These mechanisms mediate hypoxic induction of Mɸ pro-angiogenic mediators, suppress M1 Mɸ by post-transcriptionally inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, and help shift the classically activated Mɸ into an activation state which approximate the alternatively activated or resolution Mɸ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal A Rahat
- Immunology Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Haifa, Israel.
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39
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Mukhtar RA, Moore AP, Nseyo O, Baehner FL, Au A, Moore DH, Twomey P, Campbell MJ, Esserman LJ. Elevated PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer are associated with early recurrence and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:635-44. [PMID: 21717106 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
African American and Hispanic women develop more triple negative breast cancer at younger ages than Caucasian women. The frequently observed association between race and socioeconomic status (SES) has confounded our understanding of the outcomes disparities seen in these groups. Given the association between inflammatory cells and high-grade, triple negative tumors, we sought to investigate whether differences in the presence of these cells varies by race. We evaluated breast tumor specimens for the presence PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in consecutive cases from a county hospital serving primarily un- or under-insured patients. All patients in this cohort had elevated PCNA + TAM levels. Higher PCNA + TAM counts were associated with hormone receptor (HR) negative tumors and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Hispanic women specifically had significantly higher PCNA + TAM counts than Caucasian patients and shorter disease-free survival. These findings implicate immune function in the development of aggressive breast cancer and suggest a possible link between SES and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Mukhtar
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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40
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Reimann M, Schmitt CA, Lee S. Non-cell-autonomous tumor suppression: oncogene-provoked apoptosis promotes tumor cell senescence via stromal crosstalk. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:869-75. [PMID: 21594578 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activated oncogenes evoke cellular fail-safe programs such as apoptosis, senescence, or autophagy to protect the organism from the expansion of damaged and potentially harmful cells. Non-cell-autonomous interactions between tumor cells and nonmalignant bystander cells add to cell-autonomous modes of tumor suppression during tumor development and progression. In particular, the role of stroma or host immune cells converting tumor-generated signals into a response that feeds back to the tumor cell population has been experimentally underappreciated. Using the Eμ-myc transgenic mouse lymphoma model, we elucidated how constitutive Myc signaling indirectly promotes cellular senescence via cytokines that were released by nonmalignant cells in response to oncogene-evoked cell-autonomous effects. Specifically, Myc primarily promotes apoptosis in a subset of the tumor cell population, leading to the attraction of macrophages, which subsequently engulf the apoptotic remainders. Phagocytosis-activated macrophages, in turn, exhibit strongly increased secretion of various cytokines, among them transforming growth factor beta to an extent that is capable of inducing cellular senescence in surrounding malignant cells. Our findings, recapitulated in human aggressive B-cell lymphomas, unveil that apoptosis and senescence are not simply two context-dependent cell-autonomous choices of stress responses, but rather cooperate via extracellular mediators-namely cells of the innate immune system-to profoundly limit tumorigenesis in vivo. A deeper mechanistic understanding of the organismic interconnection between different fail-safe programs will help to identify cellular components of the tumor stroma and their signal mediators that are readily available to impose a second line of host defense against cancer cells. This will open new perspectives for the development of antineoplastic therapies, whose targets not only encompass tumor but also stroma cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Reimann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin/Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum der Charité-MKFZ, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Negoita-Giras G, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hedley D, Springer CJ. Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapies. PRODRUGS AND TARGETED DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Owen MR, Stamper IJ, Muthana M, Richardson GW, Dobson J, Lewis CE, Byrne HM. Mathematical modeling predicts synergistic antitumor effects of combining a macrophage-based, hypoxia-targeted gene therapy with chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2826-37. [PMID: 21363914 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with low rates of cell proliferation and poor drug delivery, limiting the efficacy of many conventional therapies such as chemotherapy. Because many macrophages accumulate in hypoxic regions of tumors, one way to target tumor cells in these regions could be to use genetically engineered macrophages that express therapeutic genes when exposed to hypoxia. Systemic delivery of such therapeutic macrophages may also be enhanced by preloading them with nanomagnets and applying a magnetic field to the tumor site. Here, we use a new mathematical model to compare the effects of conventional cyclophosphamide therapy with those induced when macrophages are used to deliver hypoxia-inducible cytochrome P450 to locally activate cyclophosphamide. Our mathematical model describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of vascular tumor growth and treats cells as distinct entities. Model simulations predict that combining conventional and macrophage-based therapies would be synergistic, producing greater antitumor effects than the additive effects of each form of therapy. We find that timing is crucial in this combined approach with efficacy being greatest when the macrophage-based, hypoxia-targeted therapy is administered shortly before or concurrently with chemotherapy. Last, we show that therapy with genetically engineered macrophages is markedly enhanced by using the magnetic approach described above, and that this enhancement depends mainly on the strength of the applied field, rather than its direction. This insight may be important in the treatment of nonsuperficial tumors, where generating a specific orientation of a magnetic field may prove difficult. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mathematical modeling can be used to design and maximize the efficacy of combined therapeutic approaches in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R Owen
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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43
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Muthana M, Giannoudis A, Scott SD, Fang HY, Coffelt SB, Morrow FJ, Murdoch C, Burton J, Cross N, Burke B, Mistry R, Hamdy F, Brown NJ, Georgopoulos L, Hoskin P, Essand M, Lewis CE, Maitland NJ. Use of Macrophages to Target Therapeutic Adenovirus to Human Prostate Tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1805-15. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Imtiyaz HZ, Simon MC. Hypoxia-inducible factors as essential regulators of inflammation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 345:105-20. [PMID: 20517715 PMCID: PMC3144567 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells provide important functions in low oxygen (O(2)) environments created by pathophysiological conditions, including sites of infection, inflammation, tissue injury, and solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are principle regulators of hypoxic adaptation, regulating gene expression involved in glycolysis, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and stem cell function under low O(2). Interestingly, increasing evidence accumulated over recent years suggests an additional important regulatory role for HIFs in inflammation. In macrophages, HIFs not only regulate glycolytic energy generation, but also optimize innate immunity, control pro-inflammatory gene expression, mediate bacterial killing and influence cell migration. In neutrophils, HIF-1α promotes survival under O(2)-deprived conditions and mediates blood vessel extravasation by modulating β (2) integrin expression. Additionally, HIFs contribute to inflammatory functions in various other components of innate immunity, such as dendritic cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells. This review will dissect the role of each HIF isoform in myeloid cell function and discuss their impact on acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Currently, intensive studies are being conducted to illustrate the connection between inflammation and tumorigenesis. Detailed investigation revealing interaction between microenvironmental factors such as hypoxia and immune cells is needed. We will also discuss how hypoxia and HIFs control properties of tumor-associated macrophages and their relationship to tumor formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Z Imtiyaz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 438 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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45
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Imtiyaz HZ, Williams EP, Hickey MM, Patel SA, Durham AC, Yuan LJ, Hammond R, Gimotty PA, Keith B, Simon MC. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha regulates macrophage function in mouse models of acute and tumor inflammation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2699-714. [PMID: 20644254 DOI: 10.1172/jci39506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and HIF-2alpha display unique and sometimes opposing activities in regulating cellular energy homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and oncogenesis. Macrophages exposed to hypoxia accumulate both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, and overexpression of HIF-2alpha in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is specifically correlated with high-grade human tumors and poor prognosis. However, the precise role of HIF-2alpha during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses remains unclear. To fully characterize cellular hypoxic adaptations, distinct functions of HIF-1alpha versus HIF-2alpha must be elucidated. We demonstrate here that mice lacking HIF-2alpha in myeloid cells (Hif2aDelta/Delta mice) are resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and display a marked inability to mount inflammatory responses to cutaneous and peritoneal irritants. Furthermore, HIF-2alpha directly regulated proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in macrophages activated in vitro. Hif2aDelta/Delta mice displayed reduced TAM infiltration in independent murine hepatocellular and colitis-associated colon carcinoma models, and this was associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and progression. Notably, HIF-2alpha modulated macrophage migration by regulating the expression of the cytokine receptor M-CSFR and the chemokine receptor CXCR4, without altering intracellular ATP levels. Collectively, our data identify HIF-2alpha as an important regulator of innate immunity, suggesting it may be a useful therapeutic target for treating inflammatory disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Z Imtiyaz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Abstract
The abnormal decrease or the lack of oxygen supply to cells and tissues is called hypoxia. This condition is commonly seen in various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, also in solid cancers. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that hypoxic cancers are extremely aggressive, resistant to standard therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), and thus very difficult to eradicate. Hypoxia affects both the tumor and the immune cells via various pathways. This review summarizes the most common effects of hypoxia on immune cells that play a key role in the anti-tumor response, the limitation of current therapies, and the potential solutions that were developed for hypoxic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Yotnda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 77030, Houston, TX, USA.
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47
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Okami N, Kawamata T, Yamamoto G, Okada Y, Hori T, Tachikawa T. Laser microdissection-based analysis of hypoxia- and thioredoxin-related genes in human stable carotid plaques. Cardiovasc Pathol 2009; 18:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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48
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Tumor-associated macrophages: effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:11-8. [PMID: 19269310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a prominent inflammatory cell population in many tumor types residing in both perivascular and avascular, hypoxic regions of these tissues. Analysis of TAMs in human tumor biopsies has shown that they express a variety of tumor-promoting factors and evidence from transgenic murine tumor models has provided unequivocal evidence for the importance of these cells in driving angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metastasis. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which monocytes are recruited into tumors, their myriad, tumor-promoting functions within tumors, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment in driving these activities. We also discuss recent attempts to both target/destroy TAMs and exploit them as delivery vehicles for anti-cancer gene therapy.
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Hlavica P. Assembly of non-natural electron transfer conduits in the cytochrome P450 system: A critical assessment and update of artificial redox constructs amenable to exploitation in biotechnological areas. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:103-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ryan RM, Green J, Williams PJ, Tazzyman S, Hunt S, Harmey JH, Kehoe SC, Lewis CE. Bacterial delivery of a novel cytolysin to hypoxic areas of solid tumors. Gene Ther 2009; 16:329-39. [PMID: 19177133 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of current anti-cancer gene therapies is limited by the inability of gene vectors to penetrate the poorly vascularized, hypoxic regions of tumors, leaving these sites untreated. We describe a new approach for targeting gene therapy to these sites, which employs an attenuated strain of the non-pathogenic bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium, carrying an exogenous (that is, reporter or therapeutic) gene under the regulation of a new, highly hypoxia-inducible promoter (FF+20(*)). This bacterial vector was seen to rapidly migrate into, and thrive in, hypoxic areas of both mammary tumor spheroids grown in vitro and orthotopic mammary tumors after systemic injection. Using the reporter gene construct, FF+20(*)-lacZ, we show that bacterial expression of high levels of beta-galactosidase occurred only in hypoxic/necrotic sites of spheroids and tumors. We then replaced the reporter gene with one encoding a novel cytotoxic protein (HlyE) and showed that this was also expressed by bacteria only in hypoxic regions of murine mammary tumors. This resulted in a marked increase in tumor necrosis and reduced tumor growth. Our system represents a promising new strategy for delivering gene therapy to poorly vascularized regions of tumors and shows, for the first time, the efficacy of HlyE as an anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ryan
- Tumor Targeting Group, Academic Unit of Pathology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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