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Li S, Brakebusch C. Reporter Mice for Gene Editing: A Key Tool for Advancing Gene Therapy of Rare Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:1508. [PMID: 39273078 PMCID: PMC11394079 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Most rare diseases are caused by mutations and can have devastating consequences. Precise gene editing by CRISPR/Cas is an exciting possibility for helping these patients, if no irreversible developmental defects have occurred. To optimize gene editing therapy, reporter mice for gene editing have been generated which, by expression of reporter genes, indicate the efficiency of precise and imprecise gene editing. These mice are important tools for testing and comparing novel gene editing methodologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reporter mice for gene editing which all have been used for monitoring CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene editing involving DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Furthermore, we discuss how reporter mice can be used for quickly checking genetic alterations by base editing (BE) or prime editing (PE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Li
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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A multi-omics analysis reveals that the lysine deacetylase ABHD14B influences glucose metabolism in mammals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102128. [PMID: 35700823 PMCID: PMC9270251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins and histone deacetylases are the best characterized members of the lysine deacetylase (KDAC) enzyme family. Recently, we annotated the “orphan” enzyme ABHD14B (α/β-hydrolase domain containing protein # 14B) as a novel KDAC and showed this enzyme’s ability to transfer an acetyl-group from protein lysine residue(s) to coenzyme-A to yield acetyl-coenzyme-A, thereby, expanding the repertoire of this enzyme family. However, the role of ABHD14B in metabolic processes is not fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of this enzyme using mammalian cell knockdowns in a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. We found from these complementary experiments in vivo that the loss of ABHD14B results in significantly altered glucose metabolism, specifically the decreased flux of glucose through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Further, we show that depleting hepatic ABHD14B in mice also results in defective systemic glucose metabolism, particularly during fasting. Taken together, our findings illuminate the important metabolic functions that the KDAC ABHD14B plays in mammalian physiology and poses new questions regarding the role of this hitherto cryptic metabolism-regulating enzyme.
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Joshi AD, Thinakaran G, Elferink C. Cinnabarinic Acid-Induced Stanniocalcin 2 Confers Cytoprotection against Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:1-11. [PMID: 35078862 PMCID: PMC8998678 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified upregulation of a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene, stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), by an endogenous AhR agonist, cinnabarinic acid (CA). STC2 is a disulfide-linked homodimeric secreted glycoprotein that plays a role in various physiologic processes, including cell metabolism, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, calcium regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Our previous studies have confirmed that CA-induced AhR-dependent STC2 expression was able to confer cytoprotection both in vitro and in vivo in response to injury induced by variety of ER/oxidative insults. Here, we used mouse models of chronic and acute ethanol feeding and demonstrated that upregulation of STC2 by CA was critical for cytoprotection. In STC2 knockout mice (STC2-/-), CA failed to protect against both acute as well as chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced liver injury, whereas re-expression of STC2 in the liver using in vivo gene delivery restored cytoprotection against injury based on measures of apoptosis and serum levels of liver enzymes, underlining STC2's indispensable function in cell survival. In conclusion, the identification of STC2 as an AhR target gene receptive to CA-mediated endogenous AhR signaling and STC2's role in providing cytoprotection against liver injury represents a key finding with potentially significant therapeutic implications. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We recently identified stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) as a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene regulated by endogenous AhR agonist and tryptophan metabolite, cinnabarinic acid (CA). Here, we showed that CA-induced STC2 expression conferred cytoprotection against apoptosis, steatosis, and liver injury in chronic as well as acute models of ethanol feeding. Therefore, this study will prove instrumental in developing CA as a promising lead compound for future drug development against hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya D Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (A.D.J.); Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.T.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.E.)
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (A.D.J.); Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.T.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.E.)
| | - Cornelis Elferink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (A.D.J.); Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (G.T.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.E.)
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Miura H, Imafuku J, Kurosaki A, Sato M, Ma Y, Zhang G, Mizutani A, Kamimura K, Gurumurthy CB, Liu D, Ohtsuka M. Novel reporter mouse models useful for evaluating in vivo gene editing and for optimization of methods of delivering genome editing tools. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:325-336. [PMID: 33850636 PMCID: PMC8020343 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a powerful genome-editing tool to modify genomes, virtually in any species. The CRISPR tool has now been utilized in many areas of medical research, including gene therapy. Although several proof-of-concept studies show the feasibility of in vivo gene therapy applications for correcting disease-causing mutations, and new and improved tools are constantly being developed, there are not many choices of suitable reporter models to evaluate genome editor tools and their delivery methods. Here, we developed and validated reporter mouse models containing a single copy of disrupted EGFP (ΔEGFP) via frameshift mutations. We tested several delivery methods for validation of the reporters, and we demonstrated their utility to assess both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and via homology-directed repair (HDR) processes in embryos and in somatic tissues. With the use of the reporters, we also show that hydrodynamic delivery of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) with Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp)Cas9 protein mixed with synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) elicits better genome-editing efficiencies than the plasmid vector-based system in mouse liver. The reporters can also be used for assessing HDR efficiencies of the Acidaminococcus sp. (As)Cas12a nuclease. The results suggest that the ΔEGFP mouse models serve as valuable tools for evaluation of in vivo genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miura
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jurai Imafuku
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aki Kurosaki
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Akiko Mizutani
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, JAPAN
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dexi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Papaioannou I, Simons JP, Owen JS. Oligonucleotide-directed gene-editing technology: mechanisms and future prospects. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:329-42. [PMID: 22321001 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.660522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene editing, as defined here, uses short synthetic oligonucleotides to introduce small, site-specific changes into mammalian genomes, including repair of genetic point mutations. Early RNA-DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) were problematic, but application of single-stranded all-DNA molecules (ssODNs) has matured the technology into a reproducible tool with therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED The review illustrates how gene-editing mechanisms are linked to DNA repair systems and DNA replication, and explains that while homologous recombination (HR) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) are implicated, the mismatch repair (MMR) system is inhibitory. Although edited cells often arrest in late S-phase or G2-phase, alternative ssODN chemistries can improve editing efficiency and cell viability. The final section focuses on the exciting tandem use of ssODNs with zinc finger nucleases to achieve high frequency genome editing. EXPERT OPINION For a decade, changing the genetic code of cells via ssODNs was largely done in reporter gene systems to optimize methods and as proof-of-principle. Today, editing endogenous genes is advancing, driven by a clearer understanding of mechanisms, by effective ssODN designs and by combination with engineered endonuclease technologies. Success is becoming routine in vitro and ex vivo, which includes editing embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, suggesting that in vivo organ gene editing is a future option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papaioannou
- UCL Medical School, Division of Medicine (Upper 3rd Floor), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Paulk NK, Wursthorn K, Wang Z, Finegold MJ, Kay MA, Grompe M. Adeno-associated virus gene repair corrects a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia in vivo. Hepatology 2010; 51:1200-8. [PMID: 20162619 PMCID: PMC3136243 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are ideal for performing gene repair due to their ability to target multiple different genomic loci, low immunogenicity, capability to achieve targeted and stable expression through integration, and low mutagenic and oncogenic potential. However, many handicaps to gene repair therapy remain. Most notable is the low frequency of correction in vivo. To date, this frequency is too low to be of therapeutic value for any disease. To address this, a point-mutation-based mouse model of the metabolic disease hereditary tyrosinemia type I was used to test whether targeted AAV integration by homologous recombination could achieve high-level stable gene repair in vivo. Both neonatal and adult mice were treated with AAV serotypes 2 and 8 carrying a wild-type genomic sequence for repairing the mutated Fah (fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase) gene. Hepatic gene repair was quantified by immunohistochemistry and supported with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and serology for functional correction parameters. Successful gene repair was observed with both serotypes but was more efficient with AAV8. Correction frequencies of up to 10(-3) were achieved and highly reproducible within typical dose ranges. In this model, repaired hepatocytes have a selective growth advantage and are thus able to proliferate to efficiently repopulate mutant livers and cure the underlying metabolic disease. CONCLUSION AAV-mediated gene repair is feasible in vivo and can functionally correct an appropriate selection-based metabolic liver disease in both adults and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Wursthorn
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Science University, Portland, OR,Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhongya Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Mark A. Kay
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Science University, Portland, OR,Papé Pediatric Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Miller DG, Wang PR, Petek LM, Hirata RK, Sands MS, Russell DW. Gene targeting in vivo by adeno-associated virus vectors. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:1022-6. [PMID: 16878127 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene delivery typically involves the addition of a transgene expression cassette to mutant cells. This approach is complicated by transgene silencing, aberrant transcriptional regulation and insertional mutagenesis. An alternative strategy is to correct mutations through homologous recombination, allowing for normal regulation of gene expression from the endogenous locus. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing single-stranded DNA efficiently transduce cells in vivo and have been shown to target homologous chromosomal sequences in cultured cells. To determine whether AAV-mediated gene targeting can occur in vivo, we developed a mouse model that contains a mutant, nuclear-localized lacZ gene inserted at the ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 locus. Foci of beta-galactosidase-positive hepatocytes were observed in these mice after injection with an AAV vector containing a lacZ gene fragment, and precise correction of the 4-bp deletion was demonstrated by gene sequencing. We also used AAV gene-targeting vectors to correct the naturally occurring GusB gene mutation responsible for murine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
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Olsen PA, Randøl M, Luna L, Brown T, Krauss S. Genomic sequence correction by single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides: role of DNA synthesis and chemical modifications of the oligonucleotide ends. J Gene Med 2006; 7:1534-44. [PMID: 16025558 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssODN) can induce site-specific genetic alterations in selected mammalian cells, but the involved mechanisms are not known. METHODS We corroborate the potential of genomic sequence correction by ssODN using chromosomally integrated mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) reporter genes in CHO cell lines. The role of integration site was studied in a panel of cell clones with randomly integrated reporters and in cell lines with site-specific single copy integration of the mEGFP reporter in opposite orientations. Involvement of end modification was examined on ssODN with unprotected or phosphorothioate (PS) protected ends. Also ssODN containing octyl or hexaethylene glycol (HEG) end blocking groups were tested. The significance of DNA synthesis was investigated by cell cycle analysis and by the DNA polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon inhibitor aphidicolin. RESULTS Correction rates of up to 5% were observed upon a single transfection of ssODN. Independent of the mEGFP chromosomal integration site and of its orientation towards the replication fork, antisense ssODN were more effective than sense ssODN. When ssODN ends were blocked by either octyl or HEG groups, correction rates were reduced. Finally, we demonstrate a dependence of the process on DNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS We show that, on a chromosomal level, the orientation of the replication fork towards the targeted locus is not central in the strand bias of ssODN-based targeted sequence correction. We demonstrate the importance of accessible ssODN ends for sequence alteration. Finally, we provide evidence for the involvement of DNA synthesis in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Angell Olsen
- Department for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute for Microbiology, Rikshospitalet, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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Ferrara L, Kmiec EB. Targeted gene repair activates Chk1 and Chk2 and stalls replication in corrected cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:422-31. [PMID: 16414312 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ODNs) can direct the exchange of single nucleotides at specific sites in the mammalian genome. It is generally believed that the ODN aligns in homologous register with its complementary site in the target gene and provides a template for the endogenous repair machinery to alter the sequence of the gene. We have been studying the initial phase of the reaction with particular emphasis on the cellular events that occur when the oligonucleotide enters the cell. Our results show that, following introduction of the oligonucleotide, the DNA-damage response pathway is activated, evidenced by the presence of phosphorylated p53, Chk1 and Chk2, respectively. As a result, progression of some of these cells through the cell cycle is slowed and those bearing corrected genes all contain phosphorylated Chk1 and Chk2. In contrast, uncorrected cells contain much lower levels of these proteins in the activated state and pass through the cell cycle in a normal fashion. We suggest that gene repair directed by oligonucleotides activates a pathway that prevents corrected cells from proliferating in cell culture through the activation of Chk1 and Chk2. Our results impact the future use of gene repair for ex vivo gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ferrara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Ino A, Naito Y, Mizuguchi H, Handa N, Hayakawa T, Kobayashi I. A trial of somatic gene targeting in vivo with an adenovirus vector. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2005; 3:8. [PMID: 16219108 PMCID: PMC1277836 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene targeting in vivo provides a potentially powerful method for gene analysis and gene therapy. In order to sensitively detect and accurately measure designed sequence changes, we have used a transgenic mouse system, MutaMouse, which has been developed for detection of mutation in vivo. It carries bacteriophage lambda genome with lacZ+ gene, whose change to lacZ-negative allele is detected after in vitro packaging into bacteriophage particles. We have also demonstrated that gene transfer with a replication-defective adenovirus vector can achieve efficient and accurate gene targeting in vitro. Methods An 8 kb long DNA corresponding to the bacteriophage lambda transgene with one of two lacZ-negative single-base-pair-substitution mutant allele was inserted into a replication-defective adenovirus vector. This recombinant adenovirus was injected to the transgenic mice via tail-vein. Twenty-four hours later, genomic DNA was extracted from the liver tissue and the lambda::lacZ were recovered by in vitro packaging. The lacZ-negative phage was detected as a plaque former on agar with phenyl-beta-D-galactoside. Results The mutant frequency of the lacZ-negative recombinant adenovirus injected mice was at the same level with the control mouse (~1/10000). Our further restriction analysis did not detect any designed recombinant. Conclusion The frequency of gene targeting in the mouse liver by these recombinant adenoviruses was shown to be less than 1/20000 in our assay. However, these results will aid the development of a sensitive, reliable and PCR-independent assay for gene targeting in vivo mediated by virus vectors and other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Ino
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo & Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science the University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuhiro Naito
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo & Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Environmental Information, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi 7-6-8, Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Naofumi Handa
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo & Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg. 3-3-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
| | - Ichizo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo & Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science the University of Tokyo
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Parekh-Olmedo H, Ferrara L, Brachman E, Kmiec EB. Gene therapy progress and prospects: targeted gene repair. Gene Ther 2005; 12:639-46. [PMID: 15815682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to correct a mutant gene within the context of the chromosome holds great promise as a therapy for inherited disorders but fulfilling this promise has proven to be challenging. However, steady progress is being made and the development of gene repair as a viable and robust approach is underway. Here, we present some of the recent advances that are helping to shape our thinking about the feasibility and the limitations of this technique. For the most part, these advances center on understanding the regulation of the reaction and validating its application in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Parekh-Olmedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Olsen PA, Randol M, Krauss S. Implications of cell cycle progression on functional sequence correction by short single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. Gene Ther 2005; 12:546-51. [PMID: 15674399 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based sequence alteration in living cells is a substantial methodological challenge in gene therapy. Here, we demonstrate that using corrective single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssODN), high and reproducible sequence correction rates can be obtained. CHO cell lines with chromosomally integrated multiple copy EGFP reporter genes routinely show rates of 4.5% targeted sequence correction after transfection with ssODN. We demonstrate that the cell cycle influences the rates of targeted sequence correction in vivo, with a peak in the early S phase during ssODN exposure. After cell division, the altered genomic sequence is predominantly passed to one daughter cell, indicating that targeted sequence alteration occurs after the replication fork has passed over the targeted site. Although high initial correction rates can be obtained by this method, we show that a majority of the corrected cells arrest in the G2/M cell cycle phase, although 1-2% of the corrected cells form viable colonies. The G2/M arrest observed after targeted sequence correction can be partially released by caffeine, pentoxifylline or Go6976 exposure. Despite substantial remaining challenges, targeted sequence alteration based on ssODN increasingly promises to become a powerful tool for functional gene alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Olsen
- Department for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute for Microbiology, Rikshospitalet, Forskningsparken, Oslo, Norway
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