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Calvo-Barreiro L, Eixarch H, Ponce-Alonso M, Castillo M, Lebrón-Galán R, Mestre L, Guaza C, Clemente D, del Campo R, Montalban X, Espejo C. A Commercial Probiotic Induces Tolerogenic and Reduces Pathogenic Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040906. [PMID: 32272791 PMCID: PMC7226819 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models have shown that some probiotic bacteria beneficially impact the development of this experimental disease. Here, we tested the therapeutic effect of two commercial multispecies probiotics—Lactibiane iki and Vivomixx—on the clinical outcome of established EAE. Lactibiane iki improves EAE clinical outcome in a dose-dependent manner and decreases central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and inflammation. This clinical improvement is related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory and the stimulation of immunoregulatory mechanisms in the periphery. Moreover, both probiotics modulate the number and phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs). Specifically, Lactibiane iki promotes an immature, tolerogenic phenotype of DCs that can directly induce immune tolerance in the periphery, while Vivomixx decreases the percentage of DCs expressing co-stimulatory molecules. Finally, gut microbiome analysis reveals an altered microbiome composition related to clinical condition and disease progression. This is the first preclinical assay that demonstrates that a commercial probiotic performs a beneficial and dose-dependent effect in EAE mice and one of the few that demonstrates a therapeutic effect once the experimental disease is established. Because this probiotic is already available for clinical trials, further studies are being planned to explore its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Manuel Ponce-Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda” s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda” s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-489-3599
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Wang L, Li Z, Ciric B, Safavi F, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Selective depletion of CD11c + CD11b + dendritic cells partially abrogates tolerogenic effects of intravenous MOG in murine EAE. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2454-2466. [PMID: 27338697 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (i.v.) injection of a soluble myelin antigen can induce tolerance, which effectively ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that i.v. myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induces tolerance in EAE and expands a subpopulation of tolerogenic CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) with an immature phenotype having low expression of IA and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, and CD80. Here, we further investigate the role of tolerogenic DCs in i.v. tolerance by injecting clodronate-loaded liposomes, which selectively deplete CD11c+ CD11b+ and immature DCs, but not CD11c+ CD8+ DCs and mature DCs. I.v. MOG-induced suppression of EAE was partially, yet significantly, blocked by CD11c+ CD11b+ DC depletion. While i.v. MOG inhibited IA, CD40, CD80, CD86 expression and induced TGF-β, IL-27, IL-10 production in CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, these effects were abrogated after injection of clodronate-loaded liposomes. Depletion of CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs also precluded i.v. autoantigen-induced T-cell tolerance, such as decreased production of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17 and numbers of IL-2+ , IFN-γ+ , and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells, as well as an increased proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and CD4+ IL-10+ Foxp3- Tr1 cells. CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, through low expression of IA and costimulatory molecules as well as high expression of TGF-β, IL-27, and IL-10, play an important role in i.v. tolerance-induced EAE suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zichen Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang D, Tu E, Kasagi S, Zanvit P, Chen Q, Chen W. Manipulating regulatory T cells: a promising strategy to treat autoimmunity. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 26568117 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are extremely important in maintaining immune tolerance. Manipulation of Treg cells, especially autoantigen-specific Treg cells is a promising approach for treatments of autoimmune disease since Treg cells may provide the advantage of antigen specificity without overall immune suppression. However, the clinical application of Treg cells has long been limited due to low numbers of Treg cells and the difficulty in identifying their antigen specificity. In this review, we summarize studies that demonstrate regression of autoimmune diseases using Treg cells as therapeutics. We also discuss approaches to generate polyclonal and autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss our recent study that describes a novel approach of generating autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vivo and restoring immune tolerance by two steps apoptosis-antigen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shimpei Kasagi
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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The role of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of morphea. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:103-8. [PMID: 26155191 PMCID: PMC4472547 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.50841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphea is one of diseases characterised by fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is a chronic disease that does not shorten the life of the patient, yet significantly affects its quality. The group of factors responsible for its pathogenesis is thought to include disturbed functioning of endothelial cells as well as immune disturbances leading to chronic inflammatory conditions, accompanied by increased production of collagen and of other extracellular matrix components. Dendritic cells (DC) are a type of professional antigen-presenting cells and can be found in almost all body tissues. Individual investigations have demonstrated high numbers of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in morphoeic skin lesions, within deeper dermal layers, around blood vessels, and around collagen fibres in subcutaneous tissue. It appears that DC has a more pronounced role in the development of inflammation and T cell activation in morphea, as compared to systemic sclerosis (SSc). Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a subpopulation of T cells with immunosuppressive properties. Recent studies have drawn attention to the important role played by Treg in the process of autoimmunisation. Just a few studies have demonstrated a decrease in the number and activity of Treg in patients with SSc, and only such studies involve morphea. This article reviews recent studies on the role of DC and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of morphea. Moreover, mechanisms of phototherapy and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of morphea are discussed in this context.
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Hsu SM, Mathew R, Taylor AW, Stein-Streilein J. Ex-vivo tolerogenic F4/80⁺ antigen-presenting cells (APC) induce efferent CD8⁺ regulatory T cell-dependent suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:37-48. [PMID: 24266626 PMCID: PMC3958152 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that inoculation of antigen into the anterior chamber (a.c.) of a mouse eye induces a.c.-associated immune deviation (ACAID), which is mediated in part by antigen-specific local and peripheral tolerance to the inciting antigen. ACAID can also be induced in vivo by intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of ex-vivo-generated tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (TolAPC). The purpose of this study was to test if in-vitro-generated retinal antigen-pulsed TolAPC suppressed established experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Retinal antigen-pulsed TolAPC were injected i.v. into mice 7 days post-induction of EAU. We observed that retinal antigen-pulsed TolAPC suppressed the incidence and severity of the clinical expression of EAU and reduced the expression of associated inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, extract of whole retina efficiently replaced interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) in the preparation of TolAPC used to induce tolerance in EAU mice. Finally, the suppression of EAU could be transferred to a new set of EAU mice with CD8+ but not with CD4+regulatory T cells (Treg). Retinal antigen-pulsed TolAPC suppressed ongoing EAU by inducing CD8+ Treg cells that, in turn, suppressed the effector activity of the IRBP-specific T cells and altered the clinical symptoms of autoimmune inflammation in the eye. The ability to use retinal extract for the antigen raises the possibility that retinal extract could be used to produce autologous TolAPC and then used as therapy in human uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Hsu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Dendritic cells treated with chloroquine modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:124-32. [PMID: 24217811 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial drug, has been shown to modulate the immune system and reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mechanisms of disease suppression are dependent on regulatory T cell induction, although Tregs-independent mechanisms exist. We aimed to evaluate whether CQ is capable to modulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) both phenotypically and functionally as well as whether transfer of CQ-modulated DCs reduces EAE course. Our results show that CQ-treated DCs presented altered ultrastructure morphology and lower expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation. Consequently, T cell proliferation was diminished in coculture experiments. When transferred into EAE mice, DC-CQ was able to reduce the clinical manifestation of the disease through the modulation of the immune response against neuroantigens. The data presented herein indicate that chloroquine-mediated modulation of the immune system is achieved by a direct effect on DCs and that DC-CQ adoptive transfer may be a promising approach for avoiding drug toxicity.
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Zhang M, Zhang S, Wu J, Sun Y, Li L, Du W, Liu J, Hou J, Yu B. The Immunosuppressant Protosappanin A Promotes Dendritic Cell-Mediated Expansion of Alloantigen-Specific Tregs and Prolongs Allograft Survival in Rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66336. [PMID: 23840445 PMCID: PMC3694094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protosappanin A (PrA), an immunosuppressive ingredient of the medicinal herb Caesalpinia sappan L, prolongs heart allograft survival in rats, possibly by impairing the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of PrA on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), a potent class of APCs, and the downstream cell–cell and intracellular signaling pathways mediating the immunosuppressive activity of PrA. PrA inhibited LPS-stimulated maturation of Wistar rat DCs in vitro as reflected by reduced expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and reduced expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, two critical signaling components for antigen recognition. PrA also enhanced the release of IL-10 and decreased the release of IL-12 from DCs, but had no effect on the production of TGF-ß. In mixed cultures, Wistar DCs pretreated with PrA impaired the proliferation of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat T cells while promoting the expansion of SD rat CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Both oral PrA treatment and infusion of PrA-pretreated Wistar DCs prolonged cardiac allograft survival (Wistar donor, SD recipient) and expanded recipient CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. Donor spleen cells, but not spleen cells from a third rat strain (DA), supported the expansion of recipient CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and suppressed recipient T cell proliferation. We conclude that PrA triggers a tolerogenic state in DCs that allows for the induction of alloantigen-specific Tregs and the suppression of allograft rejection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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IL-6 restores dendritic cell maturation inhibited by tumor-derived TGF-β through interfering Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation. Cytokine 2013; 62:352-9. [PMID: 23579028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously found, in a canine transferable tumor model, that high concentration of IL-6 produced by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes effectively restores the MHC expression of the tumor cells and T-cell activation inhibited by tumor-derived TGF-β. This tumor also significantly suppresses monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) differentiation and the functions of differentiated DCs with unknown mechanisms. In this study, we have demonstrated that a strong reaction of IL-6 was present to neutralize TGF-β-down-regulated surface marker expression on DCs (MHC II, CD1a, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86), TGF-β-hampered DC functions and DC-associated T-cell activation. Western blotting and confocal microscopy results indicated that the presence of IL-6 markedly decreased the nuclear concentration of a TGF-β signaling transducer, Smad 2/3. In addition, while Smad 7 is a potent molecule inhibiting Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation, no significant increase in Smad 7 gene expression upon addition of IL-6 in TGF-β-pretreated DCs was detected, which suggested that the blockage of Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation by IL-6 did not occur through a Smad 7-inhibitory mechanism. In conclusion, IL-6 inhibited TGF-β signaling and concomitantly antagonized the suppression activities of TGF-β on DC maturation and activity. This study enables further understandings of host/cancer interactions an also provide hints facilitating improvements of DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Ramalingam R, Larmonier CB, Thurston RD, Midura-Kiela MT, Zheng SG, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. Dendritic cell-specific disruption of TGF-β receptor II leads to altered regulatory T cell phenotype and spontaneous multiorgan autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3878-93. [PMID: 22972928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro data and transgenic mouse models suggest a role for TGF-β signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) to prevent autoimmunity primarily through maintenance of DCs in their immature and tolerogenic state characterized by low expression of MHC class II (MHCII) and costimulatory molecules and increased expression of IDO, among others. To test whether a complete lack of TGF-β signaling in DCs predisposes mice to spontaneous autoimmunity and to verify the mechanisms implicated previously in vitro, we generated conditional knockout (KO) mice with Cre-mediated DC-specific deletion of Tgfbr2 (DC-Tgfbr2 KO). DC-Tgfbr2 KO mice die before 15 wk of age with multiorgan autoimmune inflammation and spontaneous activation of T and B cells. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the expression of MHCII, costimulatory molecules, or IDO in secondary lymphoid organ DCs, although Tgfbr2-deficient DCs were more proinflammatory in vitro and in vivo. DC-Tgfbr2 KO showed attenuated Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and abnormal expansion of CD25(-)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vivo. Tgfbr2-deficient DCs secreted elevated levels of IFN-γ and were not capable of directing Ag-specific Treg conversion unless in the presence of anti-IFN-γ blocking Ab. Adoptive transfer of induced Tregs into DC-Tgfbr2 KO mice partially rescued the phenotype. Therefore, in vivo, TGF-β signaling in DCs is critical in the control of autoimmunity through both Treg-dependent and -independent mechanisms, but it does not affect MHCII and costimulatory molecule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmy Ramalingam
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Kumar S, Mitchell MA, Rup B, Singh SK. Relationship between potential aggregation-prone regions and HLA-DR-binding T-cell immune epitopes: implications for rational design of novel and follow-on therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2686-701. [PMID: 22619033 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and unwanted immunogenicity are hurdles to avoid in successful commercial development of antibody-based therapeutics. In this article, the relationship between aggregation-prone regions (APRs), capable of forming cross-β motifs/amyloid fibrils, and major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-binding T-cell immune epitopes (TcIEs) is analyzed using amino acid sequences of 25 therapeutic antibodies, 55 TcIEs recognized by T-regulatory cells (tregitopes), 1000 randomly generated 15-residue-long peptides, 2257 human self-TcIEs (autoantigens), and 11 peptides in HLA-peptide cocrystal structures. Sequence analyses from these diverse sources consistently show a high level of correlation between APRs and TcIEs: approximately one-third of TcIEs contain APRs, but the majority of APRs occur within TcIE regions (TcIERs). Tregitopes also contain APRs. Most APR-containing TcIERs can bind multiple HLA-DR alleles, suggesting that aggregation-driven adverse immune responses could impact a broad segment of patient population. This article has identified common molecular sequence-structure loci that potentially contribute toward both manufacturability and safety profiles of the therapeutic antibodies, thereby laying a foundation for simultaneous optimization of these attributes in novel and follow-on candidates. Incidence of APRs within TcIERs is not special to biotherapeutics, self-TcIEs from human proteins, involved in various diseases, also contain predicted APRs and experimentally proven amyloid-fibril-forming peptide sequence portions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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SHIP-deficient dendritic cells, unlike wild type dendritic cells, suppress T cell proliferation via a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21893. [PMID: 21755007 PMCID: PMC3130768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) not only play a crucial role in activating immune cells but also suppressing them. We recently investigated SHIP's role in murine DCs in terms of immune cell activation and found that TLR agonist-stimulated SHIP-/- GM-CSF-derived DCs (GM-DCs) were far less capable than wild type (WT, SHIP+/+) GM-DCs at activating T cell proliferation. This was most likely because SHIP-/- GM-DCs could not up-regulate MHCII and/or co-stimulatory receptors following TLR stimulation. However, the role of SHIP in DC-induced T cell suppression was not investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we examined SHIP's role in DC-induced T cell suppression by co-culturing WT and SHIP-/- murine DCs, derived under different conditions or isolated from spleens, with αCD3+ αCD28 activated WT T cells and determined the relative suppressive abilities of the different DC subsets. We found that, in contrast to SHIP+/+ and -/- splenic or Flt3L-derived DCs, which do not suppress T cell proliferation in vitro, both SHIP+/+ and -/- GM-DCs were capable of potently suppressing T cell proliferation. However, WT GM-DC suppression appeared to be mediated, at least in part, by nitric oxide (NO) production while SHIP-/- GM-DCs expressed high levels of arginase 1 and did not produce NO. Following exhaustive studies to ascertain the mechanism of SHIP-/- DC-mediated suppression, we could conclude that cell-cell contact was required and the mechanism may be related to their relative immaturity, compared to SHIP+/+ GM-DCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that although both SHIP+/+ and -/- GM-DCs suppress T cell proliferation, the mechanism(s) employed are different. WT GM-DCs suppress, at least in part, via IFNγ-induced NO production while SHIP-/- GM-DCs do not produce NO and suppression can only be alleviated when contact is prevented.
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Parekkadan B, Upadhyay R, Dunham J, Iwamoto Y, Mizoguchi E, Mizoguchi A, Weissleder R, Yarmush ML. Bone marrow stromal cell transplants prevent experimental enterocolitis and require host CD11b+ splenocytes. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:966-75. [PMID: 20955701 PMCID: PMC3033974 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are being evaluated as a cellular therapeutic for immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the effects of MSCs in mice with chemically induced colitis and determined the effects of CD11b(+) cells based on the hypothesis that MSCs increase numbers of regulatory T cells. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; symptoms were monitored as a function of MSC delivery. An immunomodulatory response was determined by measuring numbers of regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. In vitro cocultures were used to assess the interaction of MSCs with regulatory T cells and CD11b(+) cells; findings were supported using near-infrared tracking of MSCs in vivo. We chemically and surgically depleted splenic CD11b(+) cells before colitis was induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to monitor the effects of MSCs. We adoptively transferred CD11b(+) cells that were cocultured with MSCs into mice with colitis. RESULTS Intravenous grafts of MSCs prevented colitis and increased survival times of mice. Numbers of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells increased in mesenteric lymph nodes in mice given MSCs. MSCs increased the numbers of Foxp3(+) splenocytes in a CD11b(+) cell-dependent manner. Transplanted MSCs colocalized near splenic CD11b(+) cells in vivo. Loss of CD11b(+) cells eliminated the therapeutic effect of MSCs. MSCs increased the anticolitis effects of CD11b(+) cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS MSC transplants, delivered by specific parameters, reduce colitis in mice. Interactions between MSC and CD11b(+) regulatory T cells might be used to develop potency assays for MSCs, to identify nonresponders to MSC therapy, and to create new cell grafts that are composed of CD11b(+) cells preconditioned by MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Parekkadan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua Dunham
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA
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Wang Y, Bi Y, Wu K, Wang C. Dendritic cell co-transfected with FasL and allergen genes induces T cell tolerance and decreases airway inflammation in allergen induced murine model. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:809-17. [PMID: 20373028 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) displays tremendous functional plasticity in response to antigens and plays important roles in inducing immune tolerance. In this study, we investigated the effects of immature DC (imDC) co-transfected with FasL and allergen Der p2 genes (FasL-Der p2-DC) on inducing immune tolerance and modulating airway inflammation of Der p2-induced allergic mice. Moreover, we compared the effects of FasL-Der p2-DC with FasL-transfected imDC (FasL-DC) and Der p2-transfected imDC (Der p2-DC) respectively. Results showed that FasL-Der p2-DC and Der p2-pulsed FasL-DC induced T cell unresponsiveness to Der p2 via apoptosis. Der p2-DC could induce T cell hyporesponsiveness to Der p2. FasL-Der p2-DC, FasL-DC and Der p2-DC could inhibit Th2 response and reduce allergic airway inflammation. FasL-Der p2-DC was more effective than FasL-DC and Der p2-DC, respectively. These results demonstrate that FasL and allergen genes co-expressing DC might be a promising approach to allergy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Lange CM, Tran TYV, Farnik H, Jungblut S, Born T, Wagner TO, Hirche TO. Increased frequency of regulatory T Cells and selection of highly potent CD62L+ cells during treatment of human lung transplant recipients with rapamycin. Transpl Int 2010; 23:266-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Differential modulation of CNS-specific effector and regulatory T cells during tolerance induction by recombinant invariant chains in vivo. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:861-7. [PMID: 19362139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation within the Central Nervous System (CNS) is largely controlled by the balance between CNS-specific effector and regulatory T lymphocytes. To suppress CNS-inflammation in an antigen-specific manner, CNS-specific effector and regulatory T cells thus have to be differentially regulated. We employed recombinant peptide/MHC class II tetramers to assess CNS-specific effector and regulatory T cells during the specific suppression of myelin proteolipid protein aa139-151 (PLP139-151)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by intravenous injection of recombinant invariant chains (Ii) in which the CLIP region has been replaced by the PLP139-151 epitope (Ii-PLP139-151). Injection of Ii-PLP139-151 induced apoptosis in CNS-specific effector T cells. In contrast, the proportion of specific regulatory T cells was increased and these cells expressed larger amounts of molecules that mediate regulatory T cell function including transforming growth factor beta and the inducible costimulator (ICOS). Consequently, regulatory T cells from Ii-treated mice were more potent than regulatory T cells from control-treated animals in suppressing effector T cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that effector T cells and regulatory T cells directed against the same CNS-antigen can be differentially regulated in vivo to suppress CNS-autoimmunity. Recombinant Ii induce apoptosis in CNS-specific effector T cells and provoke qualitative changes in specific regulatory T cells that enhance their immunosuppressive properties.
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Li H, Zhang GX, Chen Y, Xu H, Fitzgerald DC, Zhao Z, Rostami A. CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells play an important role in intravenous tolerance and the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2483-93. [PMID: 18684939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The central role of T cells in the induction of immunological tolerance against i.v. Ags has been well documented. However, the role of dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent APCs, in this process is not clear. In the present study, we addressed this issue by examining the involvement of two different DC subsets, CD11c(+)CD11b(+) and CD11c(+)CD8(+) DCs, in the induction of i.v. tolerance. We found that mice injected i.v. with an autoantigen peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) developed less severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) following immunization with MOG peptide but presented with more CD11c(+)CD11b(+) DCs in the CNS and spleen. Upon coculturing with T cells or LPS, these DCs exhibited immunoregulatory characteristics, including increased production of IL-10 and TGF-beta but reduced IL-12 and NO; they were also capable of inhibiting the proliferation of MOG-specific T cells and enhancing the generation of Th2 cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Furthermore, these DCs significantly suppressed ongoing EAE upon adoptive transfer. These results indicate that CD11c(+)CD11b(+) DCs, which are abundant in the CNS of tolerized animals, play a crucial role in i.v. tolerance and EAE and may be a candidate cell population for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Alterations in p53-specific T cells and other lymphocyte subsets in breast cancer patients during vaccination with p53-peptide loaded dendritic cells and low-dose interleukin-2. Vaccine 2008; 26:4716-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:384-98. [PMID: 18578001 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of inflammatory responses and of immune self-tolerance is considered to be a key element in the autoreactive immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS). Regulatory T (T(REG)) cells have emerged as crucial players in the pathogenetic scenario of CNS autoimmune inflammation. Targeted deletion of T(REG) cells causes spontaneous autoimmune disease in mice, whereas augmentation of T(REG)-cell function can prevent the development of or alleviate variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of MS. Recent findings indicate that MS itself is also accompanied by dysfunction or impaired maturation of T(REG) cells. The development and function of T(REG) cells is closely linked to dendritic cells (DCs), which have a central role in the activation and reactivation of encephalitogenic cells in the CNS. DCs and T(REG) cells have an intimate bidirectional relationship, and, in combination with other factors and cell types, certain types of DCs are capable of inducing T(REG) cells. Consequently, T(REG) cells and DCs have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in MS. This Review compiles the current knowledge on the role and function of various subsets of T(REG) cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We also highlight the role of tolerogenic DCs and their bidirectional interaction with T(REG) cells during CNS autoimmunity.
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