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Modulation of dermal equivalent of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in mastocytosis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:461-472. [PMID: 34377129 PMCID: PMC8330854 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by abnormal growth and accumulation of tissue mast cells (MC) in one or more organ systems and is classified as being either cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) or systemic mastocytosis (SM). In the pioneer studies of Slominski's group, a fully functional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis equivalent has been discovered in various tissues, including skin. Aim In the present study we investigated potential involvement of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) cutaneous equivalent in ongoing mastocytosis. Material and methods The expression of HPA elements: CRH, UCN1, UCN2, UCN3, CRHR1, POMC, MC1R, MC2R and NR3C1 was assessed for their mRNA level in skin biopsies of adult patients with mastocytosis and healthy donors (n = 16 and 19, respectively), while CRH, UCN1, CRHR1, ACTH and MC1R were selected for immunostaining assay (n = 13 and 7, respectively). The expression of CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) isomers was investigated by RT-PCR. The ELISA was used for detection of cortisol, CRH, UCN and ACTH in the serum. Results The decrease in the expression of HPA element of skin equivalent was observed on both mRNA and protein levels, however quantification of immunohistochemical data was impeded due to melanin in epidermis. Furthermore, we observed infiltration of dermis with HPA elements overexpressing mononuclear cells, which is in the agreement with an in vitro study showing a high expression of HPA elements by mast cells. Conclusions Taken together, it was confirmed that the expression elements of HPA was modulated in mastocytosis, thus the potential involvement of general and local stress responses in its pathogenesis should be postulated and further investigated.
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Csaba G. Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2014; 61:241-60. [PMID: 25261940 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.61.2014.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells synthesize, store and secrete hormones, which are identical with the hormones of the endocrine glands. These are: the POMC hormones (ACTH, endorphin), the thyroid system hormones (TRH, TSH, T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, melatonin, histamine, serotonin, catecholamines, GnRH, LHRH, hCG, renin, VIP, ANG II. This means that the immune cells contain all of the hormones, which were searched at all and they also have receptors for these hormones. From this point of view the immune cells are similar to the unicells (Tetrahymena), so it can be supposed that these cells retained the properties characteristic at a low level of phylogeny while other cells during the evolution accumulated to form endocrine glands. In contrast to the glandular endocrine cells, immune cells are polyproducers and polyreceivers. As they are mobile cells, they are able to transport the stored hormone to different places (packed transport) or attracted by local factors, accumulate in the neighborhood of the target, synthesizing and secreting hormones locally. This is taking place, e.g. in the case of endorphin, where the accumulating immune cells calms pain caused by the inflammation. The targeted packed transport is more economical than the hormone-pouring to the blood circulation of glandular endocrines and the targeting also cares the other receptor-bearing cells timely not needed the effect. Mostly the immune-effects of immune-cell derived hormones were studied (except endorphin), however, it is not exactly cleared, while the system could have scarcely studied important roles in other cases. The evolutionary aspects and the known as well, as possible roles of immune-endocrine system and their hormones are listed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csaba
- 1 Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology Budapest Hungary
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Ahmed TJ, Kaneva MK, Pitzalis C, Cooper D, Perretti M. Resolution of inflammation: examples of peptidergic players and pathways. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1166-71. [PMID: 24880108 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Appreciation for the resolution of inflammation has increased in recent years, with the detailing of specific mediators and pathways and the identification of (receptor) targets that could be exploited for innovative anti-inflammatory drug discovery programmes. Thus, acute inflammation resolves by the intervention of endogenous anti-inflammatory mediators that reduce white blood cell recruitment and promote removal of migrated leukocytes by apoptosis and phagocytosis by resident 'cleaners', such as the macrophages, resulting ultimately in the repair of the inflamed or injured tissue. Here, we explore a selection of pro-resolving proteinaceous mediators and targets, such as melanocortins and galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazeen J Ahmed
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Magdalena K Kaneva
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Harvima IT, Nilsson G. Stress, the neuroendocrine system and mast cells: current understanding of their role in psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:235-41. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Melanocortin Receptors 1 and 5 Might Mediate Inhibitory Effects of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone on Antigen-Induced Chronic Allergic Skin Inflammation in IgE Transgenic Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1925-7. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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da Silva L, Carvalho E, Cruz MT. Role of neuropeptides in skin inflammation and its involvement in diabetic wound healing. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1427-39. [PMID: 20738210 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.515207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In 2010, the world prevalence of diabetes is 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults. Diabetic patients are at risk of developing neuropathy and delayed wound healing that can culminate in incurable diabetic foot ulcerations (DFUs) or even foot amputation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The contrast between cellular and molecular events of wound healing and diabetic wound healing processes is characterized. Neuropeptides released from the autonomous nervous system and skin cells reveal a major role in the immunity of wound healing. Therefore, the signaling pathways that induce pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines expression and its involvement in diabetic wound healing are discussed. The involvement of neuropeptides in the activation, growth, migration and maturation of skin cells, like keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages and mast cells, are described. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review attempts to address the role of neuropeptides in skin inflammation, focusing on signal transduction, inflammatory mediators and pro/anti-inflammatory function, occurring in each cell type, as well as, its connection with diabetic wound healing. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Understanding the role of neuropeptides in the skin, their application on skin wounds could be a potential therapy for skin pathologies, like the problematic and prevalent DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Patel HB, Bombardieri M, Sampaio ALF, D’Acquisto F, Gray M, Grieco P, Getting SJ, Pitzalis C, Perretti M. Anti‐inflammatory and antiosteoclastogenesis properties of endogenous melanocortin receptor type 3 in experimental arthritis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetal B. Patel
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - André L. F. Sampaio
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Fulvio D’Acquisto
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Queen's Building, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ToxicologyUniversity of Naples Naples Italy
| | | | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of London London UK
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Patel HB, Bombardieri M, Sampaio ALF, D'Acquisto F, Gray M, Grieco P, Getting SJ, Pitzalis C, Perretti M. Anti-inflammatory and antiosteoclastogenesis properties of endogenous melanocortin receptor type 3 in experimental arthritis. FASEB J 2010; 24:4835-43. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetal B. Patel
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - André L. F. Sampaio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation, Queen's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
| | | | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Schulz C, Paulus K, Lobmann R, Dallman M, Lehnert H. Endogenous ACTH, not only alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, reduces food intake mediated by hypothalamic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E237-44. [PMID: 19920221 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ACTH and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) are both consecutively processed from proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which is synthesized in hypothalamic arcuate neurons innervating the paraventricular nuclei (PVN). POMC secretion/synthesis is regulated by energy availability. ACTH and alpha-MSH bind with equal affinity to melanocortin-4 receptors and elicit similar effects on signal transduction in-vitro. Endogenous alpha-MSH thus far is believed to be the major physiological agonist and to act in an anorexigenic manner. Until now, it was fully unknown whether endogenous ACTH is also involved in the regulation of appetite and food intake. In this study in rats, we now show that icv ACTH as well as alpha-MSH possess anorexigenic effects in the PVN or areas in close proximity in vivo and that the effect of ACTH is direct and not mediated via alpha-MSH. We investigated the roles of endogenous ACTH and alpha-MSH by PVN application of the respective antibodies under different physiological conditions. In satiated rats with high levels of ACTH and alpha-MSH in the PVN, antibody administration increased food intake and body weight gain; hungry animals were unaffected. Finally, repeated injections of ACTH antibodies into PVN resulted in persistently increased food intake during the light period. These data now provide robust evidence that endogenous ACTH without further processing acts in the PVN or areas in close proximity to reduce food intake under conditions of feeding-induced satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Schulz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Luebeck University, Germany.
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Patel HB, Leoni G, Melendez TM, Sampaio ALF, Perretti M. Melanocortin Control of Cell Trafficking in Vascular Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 681:88-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Weller K, Artuc M, Jennings G, Friedrichson T, Guhl S, dos Santos RV, Sünder C, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Miltefosine Inhibits Human Mast Cell Activation and Mediator Release Both In Vitro and In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:496-8. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fischer TW, Slominski A, Zmijewski MA, Reiter RJ, Paus R. Melatonin as a major skin protectant: from free radical scavenging to DNA damage repair. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:713-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leoni G, Patel HB, Sampaio ALF, Gavins FNE, Murray JF, Grieco P, Getting SJ, Perretti M. Inflamed phenotype of the mesenteric microcirculation of melanocortin type 3 receptor-null mice after ischemia-reperfusion. FASEB J 2008; 22:4228-38. [PMID: 18757499 PMCID: PMC2700033 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-113886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The existence of anti-inflammatory circuits centered on melanocortin receptors (MCRs) has been supported by the inhibitory properties displayed by melanocortin peptides in models of inflammation and tissue injury. Here we addressed the pathophysiological effect that one MCR, MCR type 3 (MC3R), might have on vascular inflammation. After occlusion (35 min) and reopening of the superior mesenteric artery, MC3R-null mice displayed a higher degree of plasma extravasation (45 min postreperfusion) and cell adhesion and emigration (90 min postreperfusion). These cellular alterations were complemented by higher expression of mesenteric tissue CCL2 and CXCL1 (mRNA and protein) and myeloperoxydase, as compared with wild-type animals. MC1R and MC3R mRNA and protein were both expressed in the inflamed mesenteric tissue; however, no changes in vascular responses were observed in a mouse colony bearing an inactive MC1R. Pharmacological treatment of animals with a selective MC3R agonist ([d-Trp8]-γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; 10 μg i.v.) produced marked attenuation of cell adhesion, emigration, and chemokine generation; such effects were absent in MC3R-null mice. These new data reveal the existence of a tonic inhibitory signal provided by MC3R in the mesenteric microcirculation of the mouse, acting to down-regulate cell trafficking and local mediator generation.—Leoni, G., Patel, H. B., Sampaio, A. L. F., Gavins, F. N. E., Murray, J. F., Grieco, P., Getting, S. J., Perretti, M. Inflamed phenotype of the mesenteric microcirculation of melanocortin type 3 receptor-null mice after ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Leoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Spencer JD, Gibbons NCJ, Böhm M, Schallreuter KU. The Ca2+-binding capacity of epidermal furin is disrupted by H2O2-mediated oxidation in vitiligo. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1638-45. [PMID: 18174282 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-dependent precursor convertase furin is abundantly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes. In this context, it is noteworthy that proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cleavage is also processed by furin, leading to ACTH, beta-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin. All prohormone convertases including furin are regulated by Ca(2+). Because numerous epidermal peptides and enzymes are affected by H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation, including the POMC-derived peptides alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin as shown in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo, we here asked the question of whether furin could also be a possible target for this oxidation mechanism by using immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, Western blotting, Ca(2+)-binding studies, and computer modeling. Our results demonstrate significantly decreased in situ immunoreactivity of furin in the epidermis of patients with progressive vitiligo (n = 10), suggesting H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation. This was confirmed by (45)Ca(2+)-binding studies with human recombinant furin identifying the loss of one Ca(2+)-binding site from the enzyme after oxidation with H(2)O(2). Computer simulation supported alteration of one of the two Ca(2+)-binding sites on furin. Taken together, our results implicate that the Ca(2+)-dependent proteolytic activity of this convertase is targeted by H(2)O(2), which in turn could contribute to the reduced epidermal expression of the POMC-derived peptides alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin as documented earlier in patients with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Spencer
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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Kim SY, Kim MY, Kang H, Kim HO, Park YM. Becker's naevus in a patient with neurofibromatosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:394-5. [PMID: 18269623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee MG, Dong X, Liu Q, Patel KN, Choi OH, Vonakis B, Undem BJ. Agonists of the Mas-Related Gene (Mrgs) Orphan Receptors as Novel Mediators of Mast Cell-Sensory Nerve Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2251-5. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Mast cell functions in the innate skin immune system. Immunobiology 2007; 213:251-60. [PMID: 18406371 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are not only potent effector cells in allergy, but are also important players in protective immune responses against pathogens. Most of our knowledge about mast cells in innate immunity is derived from models of sepsis, whereas their role in innate immune responses of the skin has largely been neglected in the past. Their particular pattern of distribution in the skin and their ability to sense and react to pathogens and other danger signals indicate that mast cells can be important sentinels and effector cells in skin immune responses. The recent findings reviewed here have confirmed this hypothesis and have established a prominent role for skin mast cells in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Metz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system is the central coordinator of the systemic endocrine responses to sustained stress. It has been recently discovered that mast cells also display regulated production of POMC peptides. Since at the tissue level mast cells integrate stress responses into the neuroimmune regulatory network, it is likely that the POMC system is involved in mast cells' functions in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 38163, USA.
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