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Merleev AA, Le ST, Alexanian C, Toussi A, Xie Y, Marusina AI, Watkins SM, Patel F, Billi AC, Wiedemann J, Izumiya Y, Kumar A, Uppala R, Kahlenberg JM, Liu FT, Adamopoulos IE, Wang EA, Ma C, Cheng MY, Xiong H, Kirane A, Luxardi G, Andersen B, Tsoi LC, Lebrilla CB, Gudjonsson JE, Maverakis E. Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single cell analysis of acral keratinocytes. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159762. [PMID: 35900871 PMCID: PMC9462509 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. Here, we used targeted lipid profiling to characterize the biogeographic alterations of human epidermal lipids across 12 anatomically distinct body sites, and we used single-cell RNA-Seq to compare keratinocyte gene expression at acral and nonacral sites. We demonstrate that acral skin has low expression of EOS acyl-ceramides and the genes involved in their synthesis, as well as low expression of genes involved in filaggrin and keratin citrullination (PADI1 and PADI3) and corneodesmosome degradation, changes that are consistent with increased corneocyte retention. Several overarching principles governing epidermal lipid expression were also noted. For example, there was a strong negative correlation between the expression of 18-carbon and 22-carbon sphingoid base ceramides. Disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid gene expression and their corresponding alterations to the epidermal lipidome were characterized. Lipid biomarkers with diagnostic utility for inflammatory and precancerous conditions were identified, and a 2-analyte diagnostic model of psoriasis was constructed using a step-forward algorithm. Finally, gene coexpression analysis revealed a strong connection between lipid and immune gene expression. This work highlights (a) mechanisms by which the epidermis is uniquely adapted for the specific environmental insults encountered at different body surfaces and (b) how inflammation-associated alterations in gene expression affect the epidermal lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Stephanie T Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Claire Alexanian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Atrin Toussi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Yixuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Alina I Marusina
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | | | - Forum Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Julie Wiedemann
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Ranjitha Uppala
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Halani Xiong
- Verso Biosciences, Davis, United States of America
| | - Amanda Kirane
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, United States of America
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Liu X, Qiu C, He R, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Keratin 9 L164P mutation in a Chinese pedigree with epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, cytokeratin analysis, and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e977. [PMID: 31525823 PMCID: PMC6825865 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) is characterized by hyperkeratotic lesions on palms and soles. The disorder is caused by mutations of keratin 9 (KRT9) or KRT1 gene. Methods Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma was diagnosed by physical examination and histopathological analysis in a five‐generation Chinese family. Mutation was screened by Sanger sequencing. The palmar expression of multiple cytokeratins were analyzed by tape‐stripping and Real‐time PCR. Literatures of EPPK with additional symptoms were reviewed. Results Affected family members showed diffuse palmoplantar keratosis, with knuckle pads, friction‐related lesions and a novel additional symptom of palmar constriction. A heterozygous mutation of c.T491C (p.L164P) of KRT9 was found within the helix initiation motif. The hydrophobic effect was decreased and the initiation of coiled‐coil conformation was delayed. The KRT16/KRT6 expression were significantly increased in the patients, especially on the right, indicating activation of stress‐response and wound‐healing cytokeratins. There were also increased KRT9/KRT2, unchanged KRT10/KRT1, and undetectable KRT14/KRT5 expression. The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of EPPK with additional symptoms were summarized by literature review. Conclusion The p.L164P mutation of KRT9 caused EPPK with a novel symptom of palmar constriction. The expression of multiple cytokeratins was altered in EPPK patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong He
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li Y, Tang L, Han Y, Zheng L, Zhen Q, Yang S, Gao M. Genetic Analysis of KRT9 Gene Revealed Previously Known Mutations and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma. Front Genet 2019; 9:645. [PMID: 30666268 PMCID: PMC6330350 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK, OMIM 144200) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, clinically characterized by diffuse yellowish thickening of the skin on the palms and soles, usually with erythematous borders developing during the first weeks or months after birth. Pathogenesis of EPPK is determined by mutations in the keratin gene (KRT9). Thirty three mutations in the KRT9 gene from 100 EPPK families have been identified. Among these, 23 mutations are located in the 1A region (a mutation hot spot region), 7 are located in the 2B region, and the remaining 3 are synonymous mutations. In this study, three heterozygous mutations (p.N161S, p.R163W, and p.R163Q), located in regions of the gene encoding the conserved central a-helix rod domain, were detected in the KRT9 gene of the three large Chinese families. This study confirms that codon 163 (48 of 100 cases) is a hot spot mutation site for KRT9. Additional findings identified p.N161S (4%) and p.R163W (4%) as potential hot spot mutations for EPPK associated with knuckle pads, and p.R163Q (15 of 100 cases) as the hot spot mutation of EPPK not occurring in combination with knuckle pads. In conjunction with future studies, this research may help lay the foundation for genetics counseling, prenatal diagnosis and clinical treatment of EPPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Han
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Min Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China
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Kon A, Itagaki K, Yoneda K, Takagaki K. A novel mutation of keratin 9 gene (R162P) in a Japanese family with epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:375-8. [PMID: 15605275 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) is an autosomal dominant inherited skin disorder characterized by hyperkeratosis of the skin over the palms and soles. Mutations in keratin 9 gene (KRT9) have been demonstrated in EPPK. In this study, we screened a Japanese family with EPPK for KRT9 mutation by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic sequences, followed by heteroduplex analysis and direct nucleotide sequencing. The mutation consisted of a G-to-C transversion at codon 162 in exon 1, which was located in the hot spot of the mutations that have been reported previously (R162Q and R162W). However, the amino acid substitution was proline for arginine (R162P) in the 1A rod domain, the highly conserved helix initiation motif of keratin 9. Our result illustrates the repertoire of KRT9 mutation underlying the occurrence of EPPK in a Japanese family and is an important contribution to the investigation of the genotype/phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kon
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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Sehgal VN, Sardana K, Sharma S, Raut D. Hereditary palmoplantar (epidermolytic) keratoderma: illustration through a familial report. Skinmed 2004; 3:323-30; quiz 331-2. [PMID: 15538081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2004.03243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma, a well-known clinical entity, is illustrated through a familial report of an unmarried young man who is the product of a consanguineous marriage (paternal and maternal grandmothers were sisters). The lesions were characterized by immense yellow waxy thickening of the skin surrounded by erythematous border (halo) and fissures/cracks associated with extensive scaling of the palms and soles. The lesions were bilateral and symmetrical. These features were supported by orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis hypergranulosis and acanthosis in hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections prepared from the soles. Mycelia/spores could not be identified on Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. An autosomal dominant trait was revealed through family pedigree. An abridged update to recap the current status is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra N Sehgal
- Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Centre, Sehgal Nursing Home, Panchwati, Azadpur, Delhi, India.
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Rugg EL, Common JEA, Wilgoss A, Stevens HP, Buchan J, Leigh IM, Kelsell DP. Diagnosis and confirmation of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma by the identification of mutations in keratin 9 using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:952-7. [PMID: 12072061 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) is one of a number of disorders characterized by diffuse thickening of palm and sole skin. Although EPPK is not a life-threatening condition, palmoplantar keratoderma can be associated with cancer and heart disease and therefore differential diagnosis is important so that adequate surveillance can be provided for the more serious conditions. Most cases of EPPK are caused by mutations in the gene encoding the palm- and sole-specific keratin 9 (K9), and this provides an option for molecular diagnosis of this condition. OBJECTIVES To identify the molecular basis of diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma in four British families. METHODS Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) and DNA sequencing were used to screen exon 1 of the k9 gene for sequence variations. RESULTS The dHPLC profiles obtained from individuals with EPPK differed from control samples, indicating sequence variations within the fragment analysed. The profiles varied between families, suggesting that underlying mutations were different for each family; this was confirmed by DNA sequencing. In three cases previously reported mutations were found that resulted in the change of methionine156 to valine and arginine162 to either tryptophan or glutamine. A novel mutation was identified in a fourth family that changed valine170 to methionine. dHPLC was used to screen control samples for this sequence variation and confirmed that it was not a common polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the diagnosis of EPPK in these families and underline the usefulness of dHPLC as a method of screening samples for heterozygous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Rugg
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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