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Yang Y, Yu C, Le Y, Gong W, Ju J, Zhang G, Ji P, Zuo R, Liu Z, Zhang P, Hou R, Fu Y. Angiopoietin-like 4 promotes epidermal stem cell proliferation and migration and contributes to cutaneous wound re-epithelialization. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1265-1274. [PMID: 37394884 PMCID: PMC10448045 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and migration of epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) are essential for epithelialization during skin wound healing. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) has been reported to play an important role in wound healing, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the contribution of ANGPTL4 to full-thickness wound re-epithelialization and the underlying mechanisms using Angptl4-knockout mice. Immunohistochemical staining reveals that ANGPTL4 is significantly upregulated in the basal layer cells of the epidermis around the wound during cutaneous wound healing. ANGPTL4 deficiency impairs wound healing. H&E staining shows that ANGPTL4 deficiency significantly reduces the thickness, length and area of the regenerated epidermis postwounding. Immunohistochemical staining for markers of EpSCs (α6 integrin and β1 integrin) and cell proliferation (PCNA) shows that the number and proliferation of EpSCs in the basal layer of the epidermis are reduced in ANGPTL4-deficient mice. In vitro studies show that ANGPTL4 deficiency impedes EpSC proliferation, causes cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and reduces the expressions of cyclins D1 and A2, which can be reversed by ANGPTL4 overexpression. ANGPTL4 deletion suppresses EpSC migration, which is also rescued by ANGPTL4 overexpression. Overexpression of ANGPTL4 in EpSCs accelerates cell proliferation and migration. Collectively, our results indicate that ANGPTL4 promotes EpSC proliferation by upregulating cyclins D1 and A2 expressions and accelerating the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase and that ANGPTL4 promotes skin wound re-epithelialization by stimulating EpSC proliferation and migration. Our study reveals a novel mechanism underlying EpSC activation and re-epithelialization during cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
| | - Chenghao Yu
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yingying Le
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of ImmunologyYangzhou University Medical CollegeYangzhou225009China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Teaching Hospital of Yangzhou University Medical CollegeSuzhou Ruihua Orthopedic HospitalSuzhou215104China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human AnatomyHistology and EmbryologySchool of Biology and Basic Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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Lacina L, Plzak J, Kodet O, Szabo P, Chovanec M, Dvorankova B, Smetana K. Cancer Microenvironment: What Can We Learn from the Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24094-110. [PMID: 26473842 PMCID: PMC4632740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are crucial for maintenance and self- renewal of skin epithelium and also for regular hair cycling. Their role in wound healing is also indispensable. ESCs reside in a defined outer root sheath portion of hair follicle—also known as the bulge region. ECS are also found between basal cells of the interfollicular epidermis or mucous membranes. The non-epithelial elements such as mesenchymal stem cell-like elements of dermis or surrounding adipose tissue can also contribute to this niche formation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) participate in formation of common epithelial malignant diseases such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma. In this review article, we focus on the role of cancer microenvironment with emphasis on the effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This model reflects various biological aspects of interaction between cancer cell and CAFs with multiple parallels to interaction of normal epidermal stem cells and their niche. The complexity of intercellular interactions within tumor stroma is depicted on example of malignant melanoma, where keratinocytes also contribute the microenvironmental landscape during early phase of tumor progression. Interactions seen in normal bulge region can therefore be an important source of information for proper understanding to melanoma. The therapeutic consequences of targeting of microenvironment in anticancer therapy and for improved wound healing are included to article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Wang LQ, Liu DW, Lan W, Lin ZW, Huang PX. Introduction of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene into epidermal stem cells derived from human skins. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Suzuki D, Sahu R, Leu NA, Senoo M. The carboxy-terminus of p63 links cell cycle control and the proliferative potential of epidermal progenitor cells. Development 2014; 142:282-90. [PMID: 25503409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 (Trp63) plays a key role in homeostasis and regeneration of the skin. The p63 gene is transcribed from dual promoters, generating TAp63 isoforms with growth suppressive functions and dominant-negative ΔNp63 isoforms with opposing properties. p63 also encodes multiple carboxy (C)-terminal variants. Although mutations of C-terminal variants have been linked to the pathogenesis of p63-associated ectodermal disorders, the physiological role of the p63 C-terminus is poorly understood. We report here that deletion of the p63 C-terminus in mice leads to ectodermal malformation and hypoplasia, accompanied by a reduced proliferative capacity of epidermal progenitor cells. Notably, unlike the p63-null condition, we find that p63 C-terminus deficiency promotes expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1) (Cdkn1a), a factor associated with reduced proliferative capacity of both hematopoietic and neuronal stem cells. These data suggest that the p63 C-terminus plays a key role in the cell cycle progression required to maintain the proliferative potential of stem cells of many different lineages. Mechanistically, we show that loss of Cα, the predominant C-terminal p63 variant in epithelia, promotes the transcriptional activity of TAp63 and also impairs the dominant-negative activity of ΔNp63, thereby controlling p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. We propose that the p63 C-terminus links cell cycle control and the proliferative potential of epidermal progenitor cells via mechanisms that equilibrate TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoform function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raju Sahu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Senoo
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Stojadinovic O, Pastar I, Nusbaum AG, Vukelic S, Krzyzanowska A, Tomic-Canic M. Deregulation of epidermal stem cell niche contributes to pathogenesis of nonhealing venous ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:220-227. [PMID: 24635172 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is maintained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that reside in distinct niches and contribute to homeostasis and wound closure. Keratinocytes at the nonhealing edges of venous ulcers (VUs) are healing-incompetent, hyperproliferative, and nonmigratory, suggesting deregulation of ESCs. To date, genes which regulate ESC niches have been studied in mice only. Utilizing microarray analysis of VU nonhealing edges, we identified changes in expression of genes harboring regulation of ESCs and their fate. In a prospective clinical study of 10 VUs, we confirmed suppression of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) as well as inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins 2 and 4 (ID2 and ID4). We also found decreased levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), nuclear presence of β-catenin, and overexpression of its transcriptional target, c-myc, indicating activation of the Wnt pathway. Additionally, we found down-regulation of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1), a gene important for maintaining ESCs in a quiescent state, and absence of keratin 15 (K15), a marker of the basal stem cell compartment suggesting local depletion of ESCs. Our study shows that loss of genes important for regulation of ESCs and their fate along with activation of β-catenin and c-myc in the VU may contribute to ESC deprivation and a hyperproliferative, nonmigratory healing incapable wound edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Aron G Nusbaum
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Sasa Vukelic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Agata Krzyzanowska
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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Liao X, Xie GH, Liu HW, Cheng B, Li SH, Xie S, Xiao LL, Fu XB. Helium-neon laser irradiation promotes the proliferation and migration of human epidermal stem cells in vitro: proposed mechanism for enhanced wound re-epithelialization. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:219-25. [PMID: 24661127 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser irradiation on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of cultured human epidermal stem cells (ESCs). BACKGROUND DATA A He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm is known to have photobiological effects, and is widely used for accelerating wound healing; however, the cellular mechanisms involved have not been completely understood. METHODS The ESCs were prepared from human foreskin, and irradiated by using He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm with 2 J/cm(2). The ESC proliferation, migration, and differentiation were examined by using XTT assay, scratch assay, and flow cytometry technology, respectively. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) was analyzed by using Western blotting. RESULTS He-Ne laser irradiation markedly promoted cell proliferation and migration accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of ERK, but did not significantly influence cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that photostimulation with a He-Ne laser resulted in a significant increase in human ESC proliferation and migration in vitro, which might contribute, at least partially, to accelerated wound re-epithelialization by low-level laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liao
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
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Abstract
Stem cells represent a unique opportunity for regenerative medicine to cure a broad number of diseases for which current treatment only alleviates symptoms or retards further disease progression. However, the number of stem cells available has speedily increased these past 10 years and their diversity presents new challenges to clinicians and basic scientists who intend to use them in clinics or to study their unique properties. In addition, the recent possibility to derive pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells using epigenetic reprogramming has further increased the clinical interest of stem cells since induced pluripotent stem cells could render personalized cell-based therapy possible. The present review will attempt to summarize the advantages and challenges of each type of stem cell for current and future clinical applications using specific examples.
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Enrichment of putative human epidermal stem cells based on cell size and collagen type IV adhesiveness. Cell Res 2008; 18:360-71. [PMID: 18071365 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2007.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enrichment and identification of human epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) are of paramount importance for both basic research and clinical application. Although several approaches for the enrichment of EpSCs have been established, enriching a pure population of viable EpSCs is still a challenging task. An improved approach is worth developing to enhance the purity and viability of EpSCs. Here we report that cell size combined with collagen type IV adhesiveness can be used in an improved approach to enrich pure and viable human EpSCs. We separated the rapidly adherent keratinocytes into three populations that range in size from 5-7 microm (population A), to 7-9 microm (population B), to > or =9 microm (population C) in diameter, and found that human putative EpSCs could be further enriched in population A with the smallest size. Among the three populations, population A displayed the highest density of beta1-integrin receptor, contained the highest percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, showed the highest nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, and possessed the highest colony formation efficiency (CFE). When injected into murine blastocysts, these cells participated in multi-tissue formation. More significantly, compared with a previous approach that sorted putative EpSCs according to beta1-integrin antibody staining, the viability of the EpSCs enriched by the improved approach was significantly enhanced. Our results provide a putative strategy for the enrichment of human EpSCs, and encourage further study into the role of cell size in stem cell biology.
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Therrien JP, Pfützner W, Vogel JC. An approach to achieve long-term expression in skin gene therapy. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:104-11. [PMID: 18337228 DOI: 10.1177/0192623307312705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For gene therapy purposes, the skin is an attractive organ to target for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins to treat systemic diseases, skin diseases, or skin cancer. To achieve long-term stable expression of a therapeutic gene in keratinocytes (KC), we have developed an approach using a bicistronic retroviral vector expressing the desired therapeutic gene linked to a selectable marker (multidrug resistant gene, MDR) that is then introduced into KC and fibroblasts (FB) to create genetically modified human skin equivalent (HSE). After grafting the HSE onto immunocompromised mice, topical colchicine treatment is used to select and enrich for genetically modified keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) that express MDR and are resistant to colchicine's antimitotic effects. Both the apparatus for topical colchicine delivery and the colchicine doses have been optimized for application to human skin. This approach can be validated by systemic delivery of therapeutic factors such as erythropoietin and the antihypertensive atrial natriuretic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Therrien
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1908, USA.
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Herdrich B, Lind R, Liechty K. Multipotent adult progenitor cells: their role in wound healing and the treatment of dermal wounds. Cytotherapy 2008; 10:543-50. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240802345820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Snykers S, Vinken M, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Differential role of epigenetic modulators in malignant and normal stem cells: a novel tool in preclinical in vitro toxicology and clinical therapy. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:533-44. [PMID: 17387455 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are primitive cells that undergo asymmetric division, thereby giving rise to one clonogenic, self-renewing cell and one cell able to undergo multipotent differentiation. Disturbance of this controlled process by epigenetic alterations, including imbalance of histone acetylation/histone deacetylation and DNA methylation/demethylation, may result in uncontrolled growth, formation of self-renewing malignant stem cells and eventually cancer. In view of this notion, several epigenetic modulators, in particular those with histone deacetylase inhibiting activity, are currently being tested in phase I and II clinical trials for their promising chemotherapeutic properties in cancer therapy. As chromatin modulation is also involved in regulation of differentiation, normal development, embryonic and adult stem cell functions and maintenance of their plasticity during embryonic organogenesis, the question can be raised whether predestined cell fate can be modified through epigenetic interference. And if so, could this strategy enforce adult stem cells to differentiate into different types of functional cells? In particular, functional hepatocytes seem important for preclinical toxicity screening of candidate drugs. This paper reviews the potential use and relevance of epigenetic modifiers, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases (1) to change cell fate and 'trans'differentiate normal adult stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells and (2) to cure disorders, caused by uncontrolled growth of malignant stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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