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Fontes MG, Silva C, Roldán WH, Monteiro G. Exploring the potential of asparagine restriction in solid cancer treatment: recent discoveries, therapeutic implications, and challenges. Med Oncol 2024; 41:176. [PMID: 38879707 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Asparagine is a non-essential amino acid crucial for protein biosynthesis and function, and therefore cell maintenance and growth. Furthermore, this amino acid has an important role in regulating several metabolic pathways, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle and the urea cycle. When compared to normal cells, tumor cells typically present a higher demand for asparagine, making it a compelling target for therapy. In this review article, we investigate different facets of asparagine bioavailability intricate role in malignant tumors raised from solid organs. We take a comprehensive look at asparagine synthetase expression and regulation in cancer, including the impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, we explore asparagine depletion through L-asparaginase as a potential therapeutic method for aggressive solid tumors, approaching different formulations of the enzyme and combinatory therapies. In summary, here we delve into studies about endogenous and exogenous asparagine availability in solid cancers, analyzing therapeutic implications and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gabriel Fontes
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Henry Roldán
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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de Lima JY, de Castro Andreassa E, Venturi Biembengut Í, de Arruda Campos Brasil de Souza T. Dissecting dual specificity: Identifying key residues in L-asparaginase for enhanced acute lymphoid leukemia therapy and reduced adverse effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127998. [PMID: 37949271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli (EcA) has been used for the treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) since the 1970s. Nevertheless, the enzyme has a second specificity that results in glutaminase breakdown, resulting in depletion from the patient's body, causing severe adverse effects. Despite the huge interest in the use of this enzyme, the exact process of glutamine depletion is still unknown and there is no consensus regarding L-asparagine hydrolysis. Here, we investigate the role of T12, Y25, and T89 in asparaginase and glutaminase activities. We obtained individual clones containing mutations in the T12, Y25 or T89 residues. After the recombinant production of wild-type and mutated EcA, The purified samples were subjected to structural analysis using Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry, which revealed that all samples contained thermostable molecules in their active structural conformation, the homotetramer conformation. The quaternary conformation was confirmed by DLS and SEC. The activity enzymatic assay combined with molecular dynamics simulation identified the contribution of T12, Y25, and T89 residues in EcA glutaminase and asparaginase activities. Our results mapped the enzymatic behavior paving the way for the designing of improved EcA enzymes, which is important in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhenifer Yonara de Lima
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil.
| | - Emanuella de Castro Andreassa
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Ísis Venturi Biembengut
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
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3
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Lefin N, Miranda J, Beltrán JF, Belén LH, Effer B, Pessoa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Current state of molecular and metabolic strategies for the improvement of L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208277. [PMID: 37426818 PMCID: PMC10323146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) has become an important area of research due to its clinical and food industry applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and metabolic strategies that can be used to optimize the expression of L-ASNase in heterologous systems. This article describes various approaches that have been employed to increase enzyme production, including the use of molecular tools, strain engineering, and in silico optimization. The review article highlights the critical role that rational design plays in achieving successful heterologous expression and underscores the challenges of large-scale production of L-ASNase, such as inadequate protein folding and the metabolic burden on host cells. Improved gene expression is shown to be achievable through the optimization of codon usage, synthetic promoters, transcription and translation regulation, and host strain improvement, among others. Additionally, this review provides a deep understanding of the enzymatic properties of L-ASNase and how this knowledge has been employed to enhance its properties and production. Finally, future trends in L-ASNase production, including the integration of CRISPR and machine learning tools are discussed. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers looking to design effective heterologous expression systems for L-ASNase production as well as for enzymes production in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javiera Miranda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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4
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Zhang Y, Sultonova RD, You SH, Choi Y, Kim SY, Lee WS, Seong J, Min JJ, Hong Y. The anticancer effect of PASylated calreticulin-targeting L-ASNase in solid tumor bearing mice with immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115473. [PMID: 36863616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase), a bacterial enzyme that degrades asparagine, has been commonly used in combination with several chemical drugs to treat malignant hematopoietic cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In contrast, the enzyme was known to inhibit the growth of solid tumor cells in vitro, but not to be effective in vivo. We previously reported that two novel monobodies (CRT3 and CRT4) bound specifically with calreticulin (CRT) exposed on tumor cells and tissues during immunogenic cell death (ICD). Here, we engineered L-ASNases conjugated with monobodies at the N-termini and PAS200 tags at the C-termini (CRT3LP and CRT4LP). These proteins were expected to possess four monobody and PAS200 tag moieties, which did not disrupt the L-ASNase conformation. These proteins were expressed 3.8-fold more highly in E. coli than those without PASylation. The purified proteins were highly soluble, with much greater apparent molecular weights than expected ones. Their affinity (Kd) against CRT was about 2 nM, 4-fold higher than that of monobodies. Their enzyme activity (∼6.5 IU/nmol) was similar to that of L-ASNase (∼7.2 IU/nmol), and their thermal stability was significantly increased at 55 °C. Their half-life times were > 9 h in mouse sera, about 5-fold longer than that of L-ASNase (∼1.8 h). Moreover, CRT3LP and CRT4LP bound specifically with CRT exposed on tumor cells in vitro, and additively suppressed the tumor growth in CT-26 and MC-38 tumor-bearing mice treated with ICD-inducing drugs (doxorubicin and mitoxantrone) but not with a non-ICD-inducing drug (gemcitabine). All data indicated that PASylated CRT-targeted L-ASNases enhanced the anticancer efficacy of ICD-inducing chemotherapy. Taken together, L-ASNase would be a potential anticancer drug for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Rukhsora D Sultonova
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Choi
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyoun Seong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
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El-Ghonemy DH, Ali SA, Abdel-Megeed RM, Elshafei AM. Therapeutic impact of purified Trichoderma viride L-asparaginase in murine model of liver cancer and in vitro Hep-G2 cell line. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:38. [PMID: 36995465 PMCID: PMC10063745 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the common cancers, but difficult to diagnose and treat. L-asparaginase has been introduced in the treatment protocol of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) since the 1960s with a good outcome and increased survival rates to nearly 90%. Moreover, it has been found to have therapeutic potential in solid tumors. Production of glutaminase-free-L-asparaginase is of interest to avoid glutaminase-related toxicity and hypersensitivity. In the current study, an extracellular L-asparaginase that is free of L-glutaminase was purified from the culture filtrate of an endophytic fungus Trichoderma viride. The cytotoxic effect of the purified enzyme was evaluated in vitro against a panel of human tumor cell lines and in vivo against male Wister albino mice intraperitoneally injected with diethyl nitrosamine (200 mg/kg bw), followed by (after 2 weeks) oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (2 mL/kg bw). This dose was repeated for 2 months, and after that, the blood samples were collected to estimate hepatic and renal injury markers, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress parameters. RESULTS L-asparaginase was purified from T. viride culture filtrate with 36 purification folds, 688.1 U/mg specific activity, and 38.9% yield. The highest antiproliferative activity of the purified enzyme was observed against the hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cell line, with an IC50 of 21.2 g/mL, which was higher than that observed for MCF-7 (IC50 34.2 g/mL). Comparing the DENA-intoxicated group to the negative control group, it can be demonstrated that L-asparaginase adjusted the levels of the liver function enzymes and the hepatic injury markers that had previously changed with DENA intoxication. DENA causes kidney dysfunction and altered serum albumin and creatinine levels as well. Administration of L-asparaginase was found to improve the levels of the tested biomarkers including kidney and liver function tests. L-asparaginase treatment of the DENA-intoxicated group resulted in a significant improvement in the liver and kidney tissues to near normal similar to the healthy control group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that this purified T. viride L-asparaginase may be able to delay the development of liver cancer and may be used as a potential candidate for future application in medicine as an anticancer medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H El-Ghonemy
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Giza, EG-12622, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa A Ali
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, 33 El Buhouth St., Giza, EG-12622, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Abdel-Megeed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, 33 El Buhouth St., Giza, EG-12622, Egypt
| | - Ali M Elshafei
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Giza, EG-12622, Egypt
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6
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Sandley M, Angus J. Asparaginase therapy in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: expert opinion on use and toxicity management. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:776-787. [PMID: 36781296 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2171267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The addition of asparaginase to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) treatment regimens provides significant patient benefits. Asparaginase therapies vary in origin (Escherichia coli- or Erwinia-derived) and preparation (native or pegylated), conferring distinct pharmacokinetic and immunogenic profiles. Clinical hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) are commonly reported in patients and range from localized erythema to systemic anaphylaxis. Due to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and reduced immunogenicity compared to native E. coli preparations, pegaspargase is the first-line asparaginase therapeutic option. Switching to an Erwinia-derived asparaginase is recommended for patients who experience HSRs or antibody-mediated inactivation to achieve the significant clinical benefit observed in patients who complete asparaginase treatment. Previous global shortages of asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi necessitated conversion mitigation strategies such as premedication protocols, desensitization, and asparaginase activity level monitoring. Here, we discuss the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, current use, and administration of asparaginase therapies for pediatric and adolescent patients with ALL/LBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sandley
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan Angus
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Sánchez L, Medina FE, Mendoza F, Febres-Molina C, Jaña GA. Elucidation of the Reaction Mechanism of Cavia porcellus l-Asparaginase: A QM/MM Study. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:270-280. [PMID: 36469738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The l-asparaginase (l-ASNase) enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the non-essential amino acid l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid and ammonia. Importantly, the l-ASNases are used as a key part of the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, despite their benefits, they trigger severe side effects because they have their origin in bacterial species (Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi). Therefore, one way to solve these side effects is the use of l-ASNases with characteristics similar to those of bacterial types, but from different sources. In this sense, Cavia porcellus l-ASNase (CpA) of mammalian origin is a promising enzyme because it possesses similarities with bacterial species. In this work, the hydrolysis reaction for C. porcellus l-asparaginase was studied from an atomistic point of view. The QM/MM methodology was employed to describe the reaction, from which it was found that the conversion mechanism of l-asparagine into l-aspartic acid occurs in four steps. It was identified that the nucleophilic attack and release of the ammonia group is the rate-limiting step of the reaction. In this step, the nucleophile (Thr19) attacks the substrate (ASN) leading to the formation of a covalent intermediate and release of the leaving group (ammonia). The calculated energy barrier is 18.9 kcal mol-1, at the M06-2X+D3(0)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//CHARMM36 level of theory, which is in agreement with the kinetic data available in the literature, 15.9 kcal mol-1 (derived from the kcat value of 38.6 s-1). These catalytic aspects will hopefully pave the way toward enhanced forms of CpA. Finally, our work emphasizes that computational calculations may enhance the rational design of mutations to improve the catalytic properties of the CpA enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Sánchez
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370136, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Fabiola E Medina
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4051381, Chile
| | - Fernanda Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de la Frontera, Av Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Camilo Febres-Molina
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370136, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Jaña
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
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Sharma D, Mishra A. Apoptosis induction in leukemic cells by L-asparaginase preparation from Bacillus indicus: bench-scale production, purification and therapeutic application. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 36568498 PMCID: PMC9772365 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of multiple side effects on the usage of commercial L-asparaginase formulations, keen interest is provoked to investigate new sources of L-asparaginases that possess antileukemic properties with minimal side effects. The present study reports the cost-effective bench-scale production, homogeneity purification and apoptosis induction potential of a new L-asparaginase preparation from Bacillus indicus against human leukemia cells. The enzyme is highly specific toward the natural substrate L-asparagine. The study initiated with the enzyme production using cost-effective substrates in which a 3.28-fold enhancement of enzyme activity was achieved in comparison with an unoptimized medium using the central composite experimental design approach. The scale-up of the process in a 3.7-L batch bioreactor resulted in 16.42 ± 0.17 IU/mL of L-asparaginase activity in 24 h. The crude extracellular enzyme was purified to homogeneity using anion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. A single band of approximately 35 kDa molecular weight was obtained on SDS-PAGE, while native PAGE analysis confirmed it to be a tetramer of four identical subunits. The circular dichroism spectroscopic study revealed the α + β mixed type of secondary structure with 38.7% α-helices and 27.4% β pleated sheets. The antitumor toxicity exhibited on the MOLT-4 leukemia cells by the new L-asparaginase was revealed using the MTT assay and acridine orange/propidium iodide dual staining for live/dead cells. The flow cytometry analysis established the potential of the purified L-asparaginase to induce the apoptotic cell death mechanism in MOLT-4 leukemia cells. Conclusively, the L-asparaginase of Bacillus indicus is a highly promising candidate that can be introduced as a new enzyme therapeutic against various leukemia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Sharma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005 India
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Patel P, Patel A, Agarwal-Rajput R, Rawal R, Dave B, Gosai H. Characterization, Anti-proliferative Activity, and Bench-Scale Production of Novel pH-Stable and Thermotolerant L-Asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis PPD37. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3122-3141. [PMID: 36564676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-asparaginase (LA) is a chemotherapeutic drug that has remained mainstay of cancer treatment for several decades. LA has been extensively used worldwide for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A halotolerant bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis sp. isolated from marine environment was used for LA production. The enzyme produced was subjected to purification and physico-chemical characterisation. Purified LA was thermotolerant and demonstrated more than 90% enzyme activity after 1 h of incubation at 80 °C. LA has also proved to be resistant against pH gradient and retained activity at pH ranging from 3.0 to 10. The enzyme also had high salinity tolerance with 90% LA activity at 10% NaCl concentration. Detergents like Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were observed to inhibit LA activity while more than 70% catalytic activity was maintained in the presence of metals. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that LA is a heterodimer (~ 63 and ~ 65 kDa) and has molecular mass of around 130 kDa in native form. The kinetic parameters of LA were tested with LA having low Km value of 1.518 µM and Vmax value of 6.94 µM/min/mL. Purified LA has also exhibited noteworthy antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines-HeLa, SiHa, A549, and SH-SY-5Y. In addition, bench-scale LA production was conducted in a 5-L bioreactor using moringa leaves as cost-effective substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patel
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Ajay Patel
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Reena Agarwal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research (IIAR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bharti Dave
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Haren Gosai
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
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10
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Chand S, Mihooliya KN, Sahoo DK, Prasad JP, Sharma G. L-asparaginase from Bacillus flexus strain SS: Isolation, Screening, Production Process Optimization, Purification, and Anticancer Activity. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Patel PG, Panseriya HZ, Vala AK, Dave BP, Gosai HB. Exploring current scenario and developments in the field of microbial L-asparaginase production and applications: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Biochemical and Biological Evaluation of an L-Asparaginase from Isolated Escherichia coli MF-107 as an Anti-Tumor Enzyme on MCF7 Cell Line. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:279-90. [PMID: 35690915 PMCID: PMC9432472 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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13
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Chakravarty N, Sharma M, Kumar P, Singh RP. Biochemical and molecular insights on the bioactivity and binding interactions of Bacillus australimaris NJB19 L-asparaginase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:1-11. [PMID: 35718140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, an antileukemic enzyme, is indispensable to the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). However, the intrinsic glutaminase activity entails various side effects to the patients; thus, an improved version of the enzyme lacking glutaminase activity would be a requisite for effective treatment management of ALL. The present study highlights the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the recombinant glutaminase-free L-asparaginase from Bacillus australimaris NJB19 (BaAsp). Investigation of the active site architecture of the protein unraveled the binding interactions of BaAsp with its substrate. Comparative analysis of the L-asparaginase sequences revealed few substitutions of key amino acids in the BaAsp that could construe its substrate selectivity and specificity. The purified heterologously expressed protein (42 kDa) displayed maximum L-asparaginase activity at 35-40 °C and pH 8.5-9, with no observed L-glutaminase activity. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, were determined as 45.6 μM and 0.16 μmoles min-1, respectively. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed a conserved zinc-binding site in the protein, which is generally implicated in inhibiting the L-asparaginase activity. However, BaAsp was not inhibited by zinc at 1 mM concentration. Therefore, the findings provide insights on the biochemical and molecular details of BaAsp, which could be valuable in formulating it for alternate antileukemic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chakravarty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - R P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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14
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Linhorst A, Lübke T. The Human Ntn-Hydrolase Superfamily: Structure, Functions and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101592. [PMID: 35626629 PMCID: PMC9140057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn)-hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of amide bonds in a variety of macromolecules, including the peptide bond in proteins, the amide bond in N-linked protein glycosylation, and the amide bond linking a fatty acid to sphingosine in complex sphingolipids. Ntn-hydrolases are all sharing two common hallmarks: Firstly, the enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors that undergo auto-proteolytic self-activation, which, as a consequence, reveals the active site nucleophile at the newly formed N-terminus. Secondly, all Ntn-hydrolases share a structural consistent αββα-fold, notwithstanding the total lack of amino acid sequence homology. In humans, five subclasses of the Ntn-superfamily have been identified so far, comprising relevant members such as the catalytic active subunits of the proteasome or a number of lysosomal hydrolases, which are often associated with lysosomal storage diseases. This review gives an updated overview on the structural, functional, and (patho-)physiological characteristics of human Ntn-hydrolases, in particular.
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15
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Abaji R, Roux V, Yssaad IR, Kalegari P, Gagné V, Gioia R, Ferbeyre G, Beauséjour C, Krajinovic M. Characterization of the impact of the MYBBP1A gene and rs3809849 on asparaginase sensitivity and cellular functions. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:415-430. [PMID: 35485735 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the role of MYBBP1A gene and rs3809849 in pancreatic cancer (PANC1) and lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM6) cell lines and their response to asparaginase treatment. Materials & methods: The authors applied CRISPR-Cas9 to produce MYBBP1A knock-out (KO) and rs3809849 knock-in (KI) cell lines. The authors also interrogated rs3809849's impact on PANC1 cells through allele-specific overexpression. Results: PANC1 MYBBP1A KO cells exhibited lower proliferation capacity (p ≤ 0.05), higher asparaginase sensitivity (p = 0.01), reduced colony-forming potential (p = 0.001), cell cycle blockage in S phase, induction of apoptosis and remarkable morphology changes suggestive of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Overexpression of the wild-type (but not the mutant) allele of MYBBP1A-rs3809849 in PANC1 cells increased asparaginase sensitivity. NALM6 MYBBP1A KO displayed resistance to asparaginase (p < 0.0001), whereas no effect for rs3809849 KI was noted. Conclusions:MYBBP1A is important for regulating various cellular functions, and it plays, along with its rs3809849 polymorphism, a tissue-specific role in asparaginase treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Abaji
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Vincent Roux
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ismahène Reguieg Yssaad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Paloma Kalegari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Vincent Gagné
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Romain Gioia
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Gerardo Ferbeyre
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Christian Beauséjour
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
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16
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Wang N, Ji W, Wang L, Wu W, Zhang W, Wu Q, Du W, Bai H, Peng B, Ma B, Li L. Overview of the structure, side effects, and activity assays of l-asparaginase as a therapy drug of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:117-128. [PMID: 35308022 PMCID: PMC8864486 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (l-ASNase is the abbreviation, l-asparagine aminohydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that is clinically employed as an antitumor agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although l-ASNase is known to deplete l-asparagine (l-Asn), causing cytotoxicity in leukemia cells, the specific molecular signaling pathways are not well defined. Because of the deficiencies in the production and administration of current formulations, the l-ASNase agent in clinical use is still associated with serious side effects, so controlling its dose and activity monitoring during therapy is crucial for improving the treatment success rate. Accordingly, it is urgent to summarize and develop effective analytical methods to detect l-ASNase activity in treatment. However, current reports on these detection methods are fragmented and also have not been systematically summarized and classified, thereby not only delaying the investigations of specific molecular mechanisms, but also hindering the development of novel detection methods. Herein, in this review, we provided a detailed summary of the l-ASNase structures, antitumor mechanism and side effects, and current detection approaches, such as fluorescence assays, colorimetric assays, spectroscopic assays and some other assays. All of them possess unique advantages and disadvantages, so it has been difficult to establish clear criteria for clinical application. We hope that this review will be of some value in promoting the development of l-ASNase activity detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Wanxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China
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17
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Burke MJ, Zalewska-Szewczyk B. Hypersensitivity reactions to asparaginase therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: immunology and clinical consequences. Future Oncol 2022; 18:1285-1299. [PMID: 35107320 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase is commonly used in combination therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, as an immunogenic protein, hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) during asparaginase therapy are frequent, indicating the development of anti-asparaginase antibodies. These can be associated with diminished clinical effectiveness, including poorer survival. Therapeutic drug monitoring of serum asparaginase activity to confirm complete asparagine depletion is therefore crucial during asparaginase therapy. Switching to alternative types of asparaginase is recommended for patients experiencing HSRs or silent inactivation; those with HSRs or silent inactivation on Escherichia coli-derived asparaginases should switch to another preparation. However, prior global shortages of Erwinia asparaginase highlight the importance of alternative non-E. coli-derived asparaginase, including recombinant Erwinia asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Beata Zalewska-Szewczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology & Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Al Yousef SA. Fusarium sp. L-asparaginases: purification, characterization, and potential assessment as an antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11243-11254. [PMID: 34532809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases important role in the treatment of leukemia. It is part of chemotherapy in the treatment of leukemia in the last three decades. L-Asparaginase is isolated from Fusarium sp. isolated from soil and purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G 100. Characterization of the crude enzyme revealed it is a metalloprotease inhibited by EDTA. Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ also inhibited the enzyme. Mg2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+ activated L-asparaginase. Furthermore, kinetic studies of purified enzyme were carried out. Vmax and Km were 0.031 M and 454 U/mL, respectively. The optimum temperature was 30 °C and the optimum pH was 7. Concerning substrate specificity, gelatin and casein in addition to L-asparagine were tested. The enzyme was found to be nonspecific that could hydrolyze all tested substrates at different rates. The maximum enzyme activity was recorded in the case of L-asparagine, followed by casein and gelatin, respectively. The molecular weight of L-asparaginase was 22.5 kDa. The antileukemic cytotoxicity assay of the enzyme against RAW2674 leukemic cell lines by MTT viability test was estimated. The enzyme exhibited antileukemic activity with IC50 of 50.1 UmL-1. The current work presents additional information regarding the purification and characterization of the enzyme produced by Fusarium sp. and its evaluation as a potential antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman A Al Yousef
- Clinical Laboratories Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Hafr Al Batin University, Hafr Al Batin, 319 91, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Patel P, Gosai H, Panseriya H, Dave B. Development of Process and Data Centric Inference System for Enhanced Production of L-Asparaginase from Halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis PPD37. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:1659-1681. [PMID: 34845588 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims at bioengineering of medium components using data and process centric approaches for enhanced production of L-asparaginase, an important biological molecule, by halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis PPD37 strain. To achieve this, first significant medium components were screened followed by optimisation of a combination of media components and culture conditions such as L-asparagine, MgSO4, NaCl, pH, and temperature. Optimisation study was carried out using statistical models such as response surface methodology (RSM) - process centric and artificial neural network (ANN) - data centric approaches. The production improved from 2.86 U/mL to 17.089 U/mL, an increase of approximately 6-times of the unoptimised L-asparaginase production. On comparing RSM and ANN models for optimised L-asparaginase production based on R2 value, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute deviation (MAD) values, the ANN model emerged as the superior one. As this is the first report to the authors best knowledge on development of inference system using RSM and ANN models for enhanced L-asparaginase production using a halotolerant bacteria, this study could lead to more in-depth and large-scale L-asparaginase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patel
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740
| | - Haren Gosai
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740.
| | - Haresh Panseriya
- Gujarat Ecology Society, Synergy house, Subhanpura, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, 390003
| | - Bharti Dave
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science, Indrashil University, Dist. Mehsana, Rajpur-Kadi, Gujarat, India, 382740
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20
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Villanueva-Flores F, Zárate-Romero A, Torres AG, Huerta-Saquero A. Encapsulation of Asparaginase as a Promising Strategy to Improve In Vivo Drug Performance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1965. [PMID: 34834379 PMCID: PMC8625962 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) is a widely applied chemotherapeutic drug that is used to treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL); however, immune responses and silent inactivation of the drug often limit its bioavailability. Many strategies have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks, including the development of improved formulations (biobetters), but only two of them are currently on the market. Nano- and micro-encapsulation are some of the most promising and novel approaches to enhance in vivo performance of ASNase, preventing the direct contact of the enzyme with the environment, protecting it from protease degradation, increasing the enzymes catalytic half-life, and in some cases, reducing immunogenicity. This review summarizes the strategies, particularly for ASNase nano- and micro-encapsulation, and their main findings, constraints, and current gaps in the state-of-the-art knowledge. The pros and cons of the use of different nanocarriers are discussed with the idea to ultimately provide safer and more effective treatments for patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Villanueva-Flores
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (F.V.-F.); (A.Z.-R.)
| | - Andrés Zárate-Romero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (F.V.-F.); (A.Z.-R.)
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (F.V.-F.); (A.Z.-R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
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21
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[Effects of L-asparaginase on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:930-938. [PMID: 35045655 PMCID: PMC8763592 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of L-asparaginase on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and explore the molecular mechanism. Methods: The effect of L-asparaginase on the cell proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines was detected using the CCK-8 method. The apoptosis rate and cell cycle were detected using flow cytometry. The expression of related molecules in cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was detected and analyzed using qPCR and Western blot assay. Results: L-asparaginase significantly inhibited the proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and caused cell cycle arrest at G(0)/G(1) phage. L-asparaginase induced cell apoptosis and autophagy in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Further results showed that L-asparaginase inhibited the expression of c-Myc and also inhibited the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt-S473, p-mTOR, p-70S6K, and p-4E-BP1. Combining PI3K inhibitor LY294002 with L-asparaginase further induced apoptosis. Additionally, L-Asp inhibited STAT and ERK signaling pathways. Conclusion: L-asparaginase inhibited Burkitt lymphoma cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle, activated autophagy, and induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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22
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Lubkowski J, Wlodawer A. Structural and biochemical properties of L-asparaginase. FEBS J 2021; 288:4183-4209. [PMID: 34060231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (a hydrolase converting l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid) was the first enzyme to be used in clinical practice as an anticancer agent after its approval in 1978 as a component of a treatment protocol for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Structural and biochemical properties of l-asparaginases have been extensively investigated during the last half-century, providing an accurate structural description of the enzyme isolated from a variety of sources, as well as clarifying the mechanism of its activity. This review provides a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge of primarily structural, but also selected biochemical properties of 'bacterial-type' l-asparaginases from different organisms. The most extensively studied members of this enzyme family are l-asparaginases highly homologous to one of the two enzymes from Escherichia coli (usually referred to as EcAI and EcAII). Members of this enzyme family, although often called bacterial-type l-asparaginases, have been also identified in such divergent organisms as archaea or eukarya. Over 100 structural models of l-asparaginases have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank during the last 30 years. One of the prime achievements of structure-centered approaches was the elucidation of the details of the mechanism of enzymatic action of this unique hydrolase that utilizes a side chain of threonine as the primary nucleophile. The molecular basis of other important properties of these enzymes, such as their substrate specificity, is still being evaluated. Results of structural and mechanistic studies of l-asparaginases are being utilized in efforts to improve the clinical properties of this important anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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23
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Circumventing the side effects of L-asparaginase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111616. [PMID: 33932739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of asparagine and successfully used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase toxicity is either related to hypersensitivity to the foreign protein or to a secondary L-glutaminase activity that causes inhibition of protein synthesis. PEGylated versions have been incorporated into the treatment protocols to reduce immunogenicity and an alternative L-asparaginase derived from Dickeya chrysanthemi is used in patients with anaphylactic reactions to the E. coli L-asparaginase. Alternative approaches commonly explore new sources of the enzyme as well as the use of protein engineering techniques to create less immunogenic, more stable variants with lower L-glutaminase activity. This article reviews the main strategies used to overcome L-asparaginase shortcomings and introduces recent tools that can be used to create therapeutic enzymes with improved features.
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24
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Badie F, Ghandali M, Tabatabaei SA, Safari M, Khorshidi A, Shayestehpour M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Morshedi K, Jalili A, Tajiknia V, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624759. [PMID: 33738260 PMCID: PMC7960920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Safari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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25
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Chakravarty N, Priyanka, Singh J, Singh RP. A potential type-II L-asparaginase from marine isolate Bacillus australimaris NJB19: Statistical optimization, in silico analysis and structural modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:527-539. [PMID: 33508362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a cardinal biotherapeutic drug for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is highly prevalent in children worldwide. In the current investigation, L-asparaginase producing marine bacterial isolate, Bacillus australimaris NJB19 (MG734654), was observed to be producing extracellular glutaminase free L-asparaginase (13.27 ± 0.4 IU mL-1). Production of L-asparaginase was enhanced by the Box-Behnken design approach that enumerated the significant variables affecting the enzyme production. The optimum levels of the derived variables resulted in 2.8-fold higher levels of the enzyme production (37.93 ± 1.06 IU mL-1). An 1146 bp L-asparaginase biosynthetic gene of Bacillus australimaris NJB19 was identified and cloned in E. coli DH5α, fused with a histidine tag. The in silico analysis of the protein sequence revealed the presence of a signal peptide and classified it as a type II L-asparaginase. Toxic peptide prediction disclosed no toxin domain in the protein sequence, hence suggesting it as a non-toxic protein. The secondary structure analysis of the enzyme displayed a comparable percentage of alpha-helical and random coil structure, while 14.39% and 6.57% of amino acid residues were composed of extended strands and beta-turns, respectively. The functional sites in the three-dimensional structural model of the protein were predicted and interestingly had a few less conserved residues. Bacillus australimaris NJB19 identified in this study produces type-II L-asparaginase, known for its high affinity for asparagine and effectiveness against leukemic cells. Hence, these observations indicate the L-asparaginase, thus obtained, as a potentially significant and novel therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chakravarty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - R P Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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26
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Dunn KA, Connors J, Bielawski JP, Nearing JT, Langille MGI, Van Limbergen J, Fernandez CV, MacDonald T, Kulkarni K. Investigating the gut microbial community and genes in children with differing levels of change in serum asparaginase activity during pegaspargase treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:927-936. [PMID: 33258724 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1850718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) is an effective treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Changes in ASNase activity may lead to suboptimal treatment and poorer outcomes. The gut microbiome produces metabolites that could impact ASNase therapy, however, remains uninvestigated. We examined gut-microbial community and microbial-ASNase and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) genes using 16SrRNA and metagenomic sequence data from stool samples of pediatric ALL patients. Comparing ASNase activity between consecutive ASNase-doses, we found microbial communities differed between decreased- and increased-activity samples. Escherichia predominated in the decreased-activity community while Bacteroides and Streptococcus predominated in the increased-activity community. In addition microbial ASNS was significantly (p=.004) negatively correlated with change in serum ASNase activity. These preliminary findings suggest microbial communities prior to treatment could affect serum ASNase levels, although the mechanism is unknown. Replication in an independent cohort is needed, and future research on manipulation of these communities and genes could prove useful in optimizing ASNase therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Dunn
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Joseph P Bielawski
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jacob T Nearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Morgan G I Langille
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Tamara MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Professions, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ketan Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
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27
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Radadiya A, Zhu W, Coricello A, Alcaro S, Richards NGJ. Improving the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3193-3200. [PMID: 32786406 PMCID: PMC7497903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) was first used as a component of combination drug therapies to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, almost 50 years ago. Administering this enzyme to reduce asparagine levels in the blood is a cornerstone of modern clinical protocols for ALL; indeed, this remains the only successful example of a therapy targeted against a specific metabolic weakness in any form of cancer. Three problems, however, constrain the clinical use of l-asparaginase. First, a type II bacterial variant of l-asparaginase is administered to patients, the majority of whom are children, which produces an immune response thereby limiting the time over which the enzyme can be tolerated. Second, l-asparaginase is subject to proteolytic degradation in the blood. Third, toxic side effects are observed, which may be correlated with the l-glutaminase activity of the enzyme. This Perspective will outline how asparagine depletion negatively impacts the growth of leukemic blasts, discuss the structure and mechanism of l-asparaginase, and briefly describe the clinical use of chemically modified forms of clinically useful l-asparaginases, such as Asparlas, which was recently given FDA approval for use in children (babies to young adults) as part of multidrug treatments for ALL. Finally, we review ongoing efforts to engineer l-asparaginase variants with improved therapeutic properties and briefly detail emerging, alternate strategies for the treatment of forms of ALL that are resistant to asparagine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adriana Coricello
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,Net4Science, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nigel G J Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13079 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
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28
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George G, Rezazadeh A, Zook F, Pearl N, McCoy C, Carlson K, Runaas L, Abedin S, Guru Murthy GS, Michaelis LC, Atallah E, Baumann-Kreuziger L. Reducing venous thrombosis with antithrombin supplementation in patients undergoing treatment for ALL with Peg-asparaginase-A real world study. Leuk Res 2020; 94:106368. [PMID: 32442786 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemlyn George
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Alexandra Rezazadeh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Felicia Zook
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nicole Pearl
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cole McCoy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Karen Carlson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lyndsey Runaas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sameem Abedin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Laura C Michaelis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ehab Atallah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa Baumann-Kreuziger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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29
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Dumina MV, Eldarov MA, Zdanov DD, Sokolov NN. [L-asparaginases of extremophilic microorganisms in biomedicine]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:105-123. [PMID: 32420891 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is extensively used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and several other lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition to its biomedical application, L-asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide, which is classified as probably neurotoxic and carcinogenic to human, and in biosensors for determination of L-asparagine level in medicine and food chemistry. The importance of L-asparaginases in different fields, disadvantages of commercial ferments, and the fact that they are widespread in nature stimuli the search for biobetter L-asparaginases from new producing microorganisms. In this regard, extremofile microorganisms exhibit unique physiological properties such as thermal stability, adaptability to extreme cold conditions, salt and pH tolerance and so provide one of the most valuable sources for novel L-asparaginases. The present review summarizes the recent results on studying the structural, functional, physicochemical and kinetic properties, stability of extremophilic L-asparaginases in comparison with their mesophilic homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Dumina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Zdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Zadeh Hosseingholi E, Neghabi N, Molavi G, Gheibi Hayat SM, Shahriarpour H. In silico identification and characterization of antineoplastic asparaginase enzyme from endophytic bacteria. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:991-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neda Neghabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic SciencesAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz Iran
| | - Ghader Molavi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Hamed Shahriarpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic SciencesAzarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz Iran
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31
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Métayer LE, Brown RD, Carlebur S, Burke GAA, Brown GC. Mechanisms of cell death induced by arginase and asparaginase in precursor B-cell lymphoblasts. Apoptosis 2020; 24:145-156. [PMID: 30578463 PMCID: PMC6373273 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arginase has therapeutic potential as a cytotoxic agent in some cancers, but this is unclear for precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL), the commonest form of childhood leukaemia. We compared arginase cytotoxicity with asparaginase, currently used in pre-B ALL treatment, and characterised the forms of cell death induced in a pre-B ALL cell line 697. Arginase and asparaginase both efficiently killed 697 cells and mature B lymphoma cell line Ramos, but neither enzyme killed normal lymphocytes. Arginase depleted cellular arginine, and arginase-treated media induced cell death, blocked by addition of arginine or arginine-precursor citrulline. Asparaginase depleted both asparagine and glutamine, and asparaginase-treated media induced cell death, blocked by asparagine, but not glutamine. Both enzymes induced caspase cleavage and activation, chromatin condensation and phosphatidylserine exposure, indicating apoptosis. Both arginase- and asparaginase-induced death were blocked by caspase inhibitors, but with different sensitivities. BCL-2 overexpression inhibited arginase- and asparaginase-induced cell death, but did not prevent arginase-induced cytostasis, indicating a different mechanism of growth arrest. An autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, had no effect on the cell death induced by arginase, but doubled the cell death induced by asparaginase. In conclusion, arginase causes death of lymphoblasts by arginine-depletion induced apoptosis, via mechanism distinct from asparaginase. Therapeutic implications for childhood ALL include: arginase might be used as treatment (but antagonised by dietary arginine and citrulline), chloroquine may enhance efficacy of asparaginase treatment, and partial resistance to arginase and asparaginase may develop by BCL-2 expression. Arginase or asparaginase might potentially be used to treat Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Métayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Richard D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Saskia Carlebur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - G A Amos Burke
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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32
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Sharma D, Singh K, Singh K, Mishra A. Insights into the Microbial L-Asparaginases: from Production to Practical Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:452-464. [PMID: 30426897 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666181114111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a valuable protein therapeutic drug utilized for the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Administration of asparaginase leads to asparagine starvation causing inhibition of protein synthesis, growth, and proliferation of tumor cells. Besides its clinical significance, the enzyme also finds application in the food sector for mitigation of a cancer-causing agent acrylamide. The numerous applications ensue huge market demands and create a continued interest in the production of costeffective, more specific, less immunogenic and stable formulations which can cater both the clinical and food processing requirements. The current review article approaches the process parameters of submerged and solid-state fermentation strategies for the microbial production of the L-asparaginase from diverse sources, genetic engineering approaches used for the production of L-asparaginase enzyme and major applications in clinical and food sectors. The review also addresses the immunological issues associated with the L-asparaginase usage and the immobilization strategies, drug delivery systems employed to circumvent the toxicity complications are also discussed. The future prospects for microbial Lasparaginase production are discussed at the end of the review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Sharma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kushagri Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
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33
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Sindhu R, Pradeep H, Manonmani HK. Polyethylene Glycol Acts as a Mechanistic Stabilizer of L-asparaginase: A Computational Probing. Med Chem 2019; 15:705-714. [PMID: 30727907 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190206232816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (L-ASN) is an anti-cancer enzyme therapeutic drug that exerts cytotoxicity via inhibition of protein synthesis through depletion of L-asparagine in the tumor microenvironment. The therapeutic performance of the native drug is partial due to the associated instability, reduced half-life and immunogenic complications. OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted the modification of recombinant L-asparaginase with PEG and an integrated computational strategy to probe the PEGylation in the protein to understand the biological stability/activity imparted by PEG. METHODS In vitro PEGylation of recombinant L-ASN was carried out and further evaluated in silico. RESULTS PEGylation enhanced thermal and pH activities with extended serum half-life and resistance to proteases compared to the native enzyme. The molecular dynamics analysis revealed intricate interactions required in the coupling of PEG to L-asparaginase to bestow stronger binding affinity of L-asparagine moiety towards L-asparaginase. PEG-asparagine complex ensured stable conformation over both the native protein and asparagine-protein complex thus elucidating the PEG-induced stable conformation in the protein. PEG mechanistically stabilized L-asparaginase through inducing pocket modification at the receptor to adapt to the cavity. CONCLUSION The study provides the rationale of PEGylation in imparting the stability towards Lasparaginase which would expand the potential application of L-asparaginase enzyme for the effective treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashekar Sindhu
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Dept., CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, India
| | - Hanumanthappa Pradeep
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Dept., CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, India
| | - Haravey K Manonmani
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Dept., CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, India
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34
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Sun J, Nagel R, Zaal EA, Ugalde AP, Han R, Proost N, Song JY, Pataskar A, Burylo A, Fu H, Poelarends GJ, van de Ven M, van Tellingen O, Berkers CR, Agami R. SLC1A3 contributes to L-asparaginase resistance in solid tumors. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102147. [PMID: 31523835 PMCID: PMC6826201 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L‐asparaginase (ASNase) serves as an effective drug for adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, many clinical trials indicated severe ASNase toxicity in patients with solid tumors, with resistant mechanisms not well understood. Here, we took a functional genetic approach and identified SLC1A3 as a novel contributor to ASNase resistance in cancer cells. In combination with ASNase, SLC1A3 inhibition caused cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, and myriads of metabolic vulnerabilities in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, urea cycle, nucleotides biosynthesis, energy production, redox homeostasis, and lipid biosynthesis. SLC1A3 is an aspartate and glutamate transporter, mainly expressed in brain tissues, but high expression levels were also observed in some tumor types. Here, we demonstrate that ASNase stimulates aspartate and glutamate consumptions, and their refilling through SLC1A3 promotes cancer cell proliferation. Lastly, in vivo experiments indicated that SLC1A3 expression promoted tumor development and metastasis while negating the suppressive effects of ASNase by fueling aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine metabolisms despite of asparagine shortage. Altogether, our findings identify a novel role for SLC1A3 in ASNase resistance and suggest that restrictive aspartate and glutamate uptake might improve ASNase efficacy with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Sun
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Nagel
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Piñeiro Ugalde
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruiqi Han
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Proost
- Preclinical Intervention Unit and Pharmacology Unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abhijeet Pataskar
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Burylo
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Preclinical Intervention Unit and Pharmacology Unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Mukherjee A, Ahmed N, Rose FT, Ahmad AN, Javed TA, Wen L, Bottino R, Xiao X, Kilberg MS, Husain SZ. Asparagine Synthetase Is Highly Expressed at Baseline in the Pancreas Through Heightened PERK Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:1-13. [PMID: 31421261 PMCID: PMC6881672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) causes pancreatitis in approximately 10% of leukemia patients, and the mechanisms underlying this painful complication are not known. ASNase primarily depletes circulating asparagine, and the endogenously expressed enzyme, asparagine synthetase (ASNS), replenishes asparagine. ASNS was suggested previously to be highly expressed in the pancreas. In this study, we determined the expression pattern of ASNS in the pancreas and the mechanism for increased pancreatic ASNS abundance. Compared with other organs, ASNS was highly expressed in both the human and mouse pancreas, and, within the pancreas, ASNS was present primarily in the acinar cells. The high baseline pancreatic ASNS was associated with higher baseline activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling in the pancreas, and inhibition of PERK in acinar cells lessened ASNS expression. ASNase exposure, but not the common pancreatitis triggers, uniquely up-regulated ASNS expression, indicating that the increase is mediated by nutrient stress. The up-regulation of acinar ASNS with ASNase exposure was owing to increased transcriptional rather than delayed degradation. Knockdown of ASNS in the 266-6 acinar cells provoked acinar cell injury and worsened ASNase-induced injury, whereas ASNS overexpression protected against ASNase-induced injury. In summary, ASNS is highly expressed in the pancreatic acinar cells through heightened basal activation of PERK, and ASNS appears to be crucial to maintaining acinar cell integrity. The implications are that ASNS is especially hardwired in the pancreas to protect against both baseline perturbations and nutrient deprivation stressors, such as during ASNase exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nayyar Ahmed
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, Greensburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Fateema T Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Abraheem N Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tanveer A Javed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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36
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Michelozzi IM, Granata V, De Ponti G, Alberti G, Tomasoni C, Antolini L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Gentner B, Dazzi F, Biondi A, Coliva T, Rizzari C, Pievani A, Serafini M. Acute myeloid leukaemia niche regulates response to L-asparaginase. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:420-430. [PMID: 31044436 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eradicating the malignant stem cell is the ultimate challenge in the treatment of leukaemia. Leukaemic stem cells (LSC) hijack the normal haemopoietic niche, where they are mainly protected from cytotoxic drugs. The anti-leukaemic effect of L-asparaginase (ASNase) has been extensively investigated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but only partially in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We explored the susceptibility of AML-LSC to ASNase as well as the role of the two major cell types that constitute the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, i.e., mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and monocytes/macrophages. Whilst ASNase was effective on both CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ CD38- LSC fractions, MSC and monocytes/macrophages partially counteracted the effect of the drug. Indeed, the production of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, by BM monocytic cells and by AML cells classified as French-American-British M5 is related to the inactivation of ASNase. Our work demonstrates that, while MSC and monocytes/macrophages may provide a protective niche for AML cells, ASNase has a cytotoxic effect on AML blasts and, importantly, LSC subpopulations. Thus, these features should be considered in the design of future clinical studies aimed at testing ASNase efficacy in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria M Michelozzi
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Granata
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giada De Ponti
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Gaia Alberti
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Tomasoni
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Antolini
- Centro di Biostatistica per L'epidemiologia Clinica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Biondi
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Coliva
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Pievani
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Brito AEMD, Pessoa Jr A, Converti A, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Silva JAD, Apolinário AC. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres allow for high l-asparaginase encapsulation yield and activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:524-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Alrumman SA, Mostafa YS, Al-Izran KA, Alfaifi MY, Taha TH, Elbehairi SE. Production and Anticancer Activity of an L-Asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3756. [PMID: 30842557 PMCID: PMC6403232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an important anticancer agent that is used extensively worldwide. In this study, 40 bacterial isolates were obtained from the Red Sea of Saudi Arabia and screened for ASNase production using a qualitative rapid plate assay, 28 of which were producing large L-asparagine hydrolysis zones. The ASNase production of the immobilized bacterial cells was more favorable than that of freely suspended cells. A promising isolate, KKU-KH14, was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus licheniformis. Maximal ASNase production was achieved using an incubation period of 72 h, with an optimum of pH 6.5, an incubation temperature of 37 °C, an agitation rate 250 rpm, and with glucose and (NH4)2SO4 used as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The glutaminase activity was not detected in the ASNase preparations. The purified ASNase showed a final specific activity of 36.08 U/mg, and the molecular weight was found to be 37 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The maximum activity and stability of the purified enzyme occurred at pH values of 7.5 and 8.5, respectively, with maximum activity at 37 °C and complete thermal stability at 70 °C for 1 h. The Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme were 0.049995 M and of 45.45 μmol/ml/min, respectively. The anticancer activity of the purified ASNase showed significant toxic activity toward HepG-2 cells (IC50 11.66 µg/mL), which was greater than that observed against MCF-7 (IC50 14.55 µg/mL) and HCT-116 cells (IC50 17.02 µg/mL). The results demonstrated that the Red Sea is a promising biological reservoir, as shown by the isolation of B. licheniformis, which produces a glutaminase free ASNase and may be a potential candidate for further pharmaceutical use as an anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Alrumman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Y S Mostafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood A Al-Izran
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Y Alfaifi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - T H Taha
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - S E Elbehairi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Assessment of l-Asparaginase Pharmacodynamics in Mouse Models of Cancer. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9010010. [PMID: 30634463 PMCID: PMC6359345 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase (ASNase) is a metabolism-targeted anti-neoplastic agent used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ASNase’s anticancer activity results from the enzymatic depletion of asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln), which are converted to aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu), respectively, in the blood. Unfortunately, accurate assessment of the in vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) of ASNase is challenging because of the following reasons: (i) ASNase is resilient to deactivation; (ii) ASNase catalytic efficiency is very high; and (iii) the PD markers Asn and Gln are depleted ex vivo in blood samples containing ASNase. To address those issues and facilitate longitudinal studies in individual mice for ASNase PD studies, we present here a new LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method that incorporates rapid quenching of ASNase for measurement of Asn, Asp, Gln, and Glu in just 10 µL of whole blood, with limits of detection (s:n ≥ 10:1) estimated to be 2.3, 3.5, 0.8, and 0.5 µM, respectively. We tested the suitability of the method in a 5-day, longitudinal PD study in mice and found the method to be simple to perform with sufficient accuracy and precision for whole blood measurements. Overall, the method increases the density of data that can be acquired from a single animal and will facilitate optimization of novel ASNase treatment regimens and/or the development of new ASNase variants with desired kinetic properties.
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Cartledge Wolf DM, Langhans SA. Moving Myeloid Leukemia Drug Discovery Into the Third Dimension. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:314. [PMID: 31417884 PMCID: PMC6682595 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapies aimed at leukemia has progressed substantially in the past years but childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains one of the most challenging cancers to treat. Genomic profiling of AML has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of this high-risk leukemia. With it comes the opportunity to develop targeted therapies that are expected to be more effective and less toxic than current treatment regimens. Nevertheless, often overlooked in leukemia drug discovery are the dynamic interactions between leukemic cells and the bone marrow environment. The interplay between leukemic cells, stromal cells and the extracellular matrix plays critical roles in the development, progression and relapse of AML as well as in drug response and the development of resistance. Here we will review pediatric leukemia with a special focus on acute myeloid disease in children, and discuss the tumor microenvironment in the context of drug resistance and leukemia stem cell survival. We will emphasize how three-dimensional (3D) cell-based drug discovery may offer hope for both the identification and advancement of more effective treatment options for patients suffering from this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Cartledge Wolf
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
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Noree C, Monfort E, Shotelersuk V. Human asparagine synthetase associates with the mitotic spindle. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.038307. [PMID: 30464009 PMCID: PMC6310878 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by extensive reprogramming of metabolic pathways in order to promote cell division and survival. However, the growth promotion effects of metabolic reprogramming can be due to moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes as well as the redirection of flux through particular pathways. To identify metabolic enzymes that might have potential moonlighting functions in oncogenesis, we have examined recent screens of the yeast GFP strain collection for metabolic enzymes that have been implicated in cancer metabolism with an unusual subcellular localization. Asparagine synthetase forms filaments in yeast in response to nutrient limitation and is part of a pathway that is a chemotherapy target in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Interestingly, while yeast asparagine synthetase forms cytoplasmic filaments in response to nutrient stress, human asparagine synthetase is associated with the centrosomes and mitotic spindles. This localization is disrupted by both nocodazole and asparaginase treatments. This failure to localize occurs even though asparagine synthetase is highly upregulated in response to asparaginase treatment. Together, these results argue that human asparagine synthetase undergoes regulated recruitment to the mitotic spindles and that it may have acquired a second role in mitosis similar to other metabolic enzymes that contribute to metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Summary: While yeast Asn1p/ASN2p forms cytoplasmic filaments in response to nutrient limitation, hASNS is associated with centrosomes and mitotic spindles in actively dividing cells, suggesting its additional role in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalongrat Noree
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Elena Monfort
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC 0347), La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Thu Huynh V, Bergeron S. Asparaginase Toxicities: Identification and Management in Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2018; 21:E248-E259. [PMID: 28945721 DOI: 10.1188/17.cjon.e248-e259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common cancer in children, and outcomes have greatly improved because of the refinement of multiagent chemotherapy regimens that include intensified asparaginase therapy. Asparaginase, a cornerstone of modern pediatric chemotherapy regimens for ALL and asparaginase-containing protocols, is increasingly used in adolescent and adult patients historically treated with asparaginase-free regimens.
. OBJECTIVES This article is an overview of commonly encountered asparaginase-
associated toxicities and offers recommendations for treatment management.
. METHODS A literature review was conducted, reviewing asparaginase and common toxicities, specifically hypersensitivity, pancreatitis, thrombosis, hyperbilirubinemia, and hyperglycemia.
. FINDINGS The rapid identification and management of common asparaginase-associated adverse events can reduce symptom severity and limit potential interruptions to therapy, possibly improving outcomes.
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43
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Kim K, Min SY, Lim HD, You SH, Lim D, Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Rhee JH, Park K, Shin M, Kim GJ, Min JJ, Choy HE. Cell mass-dependent expression of an anticancer protein drug by tumor-targeted Salmonella. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8548-8559. [PMID: 29492216 PMCID: PMC5823552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy relies on the properties of certain bacterial species capable of targeting and proliferating within solid malignancies. If these bacteria could be loaded with antitumor proteins, the efficacy of this approach could be greatly increased. However, because most antitumor proteins are also toxic to normal tissue, they must be expressed by bacteria that specifically target and exclusively localize to tumor tissue. As a strategy for treating solid malignancies, we recently evaluated L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) delivered by tumor-targeted Salmonella. In this system, L-ASNase was expressed under the control of the araBAD promoter (PBAD) of the E. coli arabinose operon, which is induced by injection of L-arabinose. Here, we further improved the performance of recombinant Salmonella in cancer therapy by exploiting the quorum-sensing (QS) system, which uses cell mass-dependent auto-induction logic. This approach obviates the necessity of monitoring intratumoral bacterial status and inducing cargo protein expression by administration of an exogenous compound. Recombinant Salmonella in tumors expressed and secreted active L-ASNase in a cell mass-dependent manner, yielding significant anticancer effects. These results suggest that expression of a therapeutic protein under the control of the QS system represents a promising engineering platform for the production of recombinant proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Young Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Dong Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongil Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University Medical School, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Medicine, BK21 plus, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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44
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Mehanna P, Gagné V, Lajoie M, Spinella JF, St-Onge P, Sinnett D, Brukner I, Krajinovic M. Characterization of the microDNA through the response to chemotherapeutics in lymphoblastoid cell lines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184365. [PMID: 28877255 PMCID: PMC5587290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new class of extrachromosomal circular DNA, called microDNA, was identified. They are on average 100 to 400 bp long and are derived from unique non-repetitive genomic regions with high gene density. MicroDNAs are thought to arise from DNA breaks associated with RNA metabolism or replication slippage. Given the paucity of information on this entirely novel phenomenon, we aimed to get an additional insight into microDNA features by performing the microDNA analysis in 20 independent human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) prior and after treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. The results showed non-random genesis of microDNA clusters from the active regions of the genome. The size periodicity of 190 bp was observed, which matches DNA fragmentation typical for apoptotic cells. The chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis of LCLs increased both number and size of clusters further suggesting that part of microDNAs could result from the programmed cell death. Interestingly, proportion of identified microDNA sequences has common loci of origin when compared between cell line experiments. While compatible with the original observation that microDNAs originate from a normal physiological process, obtained results imply complementary source of its production. Furthermore, non-random genesis of microDNAs depicted by redundancy between samples makes these entities possible candidates for new biomarker generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mehanna
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Vincent Gagné
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lajoie
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | | | - Pascal St-Onge
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Ivan Brukner
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- * E-mail:
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45
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Salmaninejad A, Khoramshahi V, Azani A, Soltaninejad E, Aslani S, Zamani MR, Zal M, Nesaei A, Hosseini SM. PD-1 and cancer: molecular mechanisms and polymorphisms. Immunogenetics 2017. [PMID: 28642997 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is expressed by activated T cells that act as an immunoregulatory molecule, and are responsible for the negative regulation of T cell activation and peripheral tolerance. The PD-1 gene also encodes an inhibitory cell surface receptor involved in the regulation of T cell functions during immune responses/tolerance. Beyond potent inhibitory effects on T cells, PD-1 also has a role in regulating B cell and monocyte responses. An overexpression of PD-1 has been reported to contribute to immune system avoidance in different cancers. In particular, PD-1 over-expression influences tumor-specific T cell immunity in a cancer microenvironment. Blocking the PD-1/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway could potentially augment endogenous antitumor responses. Along these lines, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been applied in clinical trials against diverse forms of cancer. It was believed that antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 might synergize with other treatments that enhance endogenous antitumor immunity by blocking inhibitory receptor-ligand interactions. However, in all cases, the host genetic status (as well as that of the tumor) is likely to have an impact on the expected outcomes. Various investigations have evaluated the association between PD-1 polymorphisms and the risk of various types of cancer. Frequently studied PD-1 polymorphisms, PD-1.1 (rs36084323), PD-1.3 (rs11568821), PD-1.5 (rs2227981), PD-1.9 (rs2227982), and PD-1 rs7421861, and their associations in the risk of susceptibility to different types of cancer are mentioned in this review, as are studies highlighting the significance of conducting genetic association studies in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Khoramshahi
- Department of Immunology, International Campus of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Azani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Soltaninejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Zal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nesaei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sayed Mostafa Hosseini
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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46
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Lee JH, Lee J, Yhim HY, Oh D, Bang SM. Venous thromboembolism following L-asparaginase treatment for lymphoid malignancies in Korea. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:655-661. [PMID: 28150907 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Data on venous thromboembolism (VTE) after L-asparaginase (L-asp) in Asian lymphoma are scarce. This is a population-based study in Asian patients with lymphoid disease and L-asp-related VTE. The overall incidence of L-asp-associated VTE was similar to reports on Caucasians. This first and largest study in Asians shows that mainly adult patients are at risk of thrombosis. SUMMARY Background L-asparaginase (L-asp)-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious adverse complication associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma treatment. The incidence rate of L-asp-related VTE in Asian cancer patients is not well known. Methods We performed a population-based study between 2009 and 2013 using claim databases, including both diagnostic and medication codes, such as anti-cancer treatment with L-asp and VTE diagnoses from the starting date until 3 months after cessation of L-asp. Results A total of 3286 patients were prescribed L-asp treatment for any type of lymphoid malignancy including ALL and lymphoma; 116 patients (3.5%) experienced VTE. The most common site of thrombosis was the upper extremities (34.5%). Cerebral vein thrombosis (1.7%) occurred in two pediatric patients; 2.4% (43/1795) of pediatric patients and 4.9% (72/1486) of adult patients suffered from VTE, respectively; 2.7% (56/2064) of ALL and 4.9% (59/1217) of lymphoma patients were diagnosed with VTE after L-asp exposure. After univariate analysis, both the diagnosis of lymphoma (vs. ALL) and being an adult patient (vs. pediatric patient) were risk factors for VTE occurrence. However, after multivariate analysis, only age > 18 remained a risk factor for VTE (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.81). Conclusions This is the first and largest population-based study in Asian patients with lymphoid malignancies treated with L-asp demonstrating that adult patients are at elevated risk of thrombosis after L-asp exposure. The overall incidence of L-asp-related VTE amongst these patients was similar to that in Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan
| | - J Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam
| | - H-Y Yhim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju
| | - D Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - S-M Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam
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47
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Takahashi H, Inoue J, Sakaguchi K, Takagi M, Mizutani S, Inazawa J. Autophagy is required for cell survival under L-asparaginase-induced metabolic stress in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:4267-4276. [PMID: 28346428 PMCID: PMC5537607 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase has been used for more than three decades in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and remains an essential drug in the treatment of ALL. Poor response to L-asparaginase is associated with increased risk of therapeutic failure in ALL. However, both the metabolic perturbation and molecular context of L-asparaginase-treated ALL cells has not been fully elucidated. Here we identify that treatment with L-asparaginase results in metabolic shutdown via the reduction of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial damage and activation of autophagy. The autophagy is involved in reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by eliminating injured mitochondria. Inhibition of autophagy enhances L-asparaginase-induced cytotoxicity and overcomes the acquired resistance to L-asparaginase in ALL cells. The ROS-p53-positive feedback loop is an essential mechanism of this synergistic cytotoxicity. Thus, our findings provide the rationale for the future development of combined treatment of L-asparaginase and anti-autophagy drug in ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Sakaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - M Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Pokrovskaya M, Zhdanov D, Eldarov M, Aleksandrova S, Veselovskiy A, Pokrovskiy V, Grishin D, Gladilina J, Sokolov N. Suppression of telomerase activity leukemic cells by mutant forms of Rhodospirillum rubrum L-asparaginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176301062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The active and stable mutant forms of short chain cytoplasmic L-asparaginase type I of Rhodospirillum rubrum (RrA): RrA+N17, D60K, F61L, RrA+N17, A64V, E67K, RrA+N17, E149R, V150P, RrAE149R, V150P and RrAE149R, V150P, F151T were obtained by the method of site-directed mutagenesis. It is established that variants RrA-N17, E149R, V150P, F151T and RrАE149R, V150P are capable to reduce an expression hTERT subunit of telomerase and, hence, activity of telomeres in Jurkat cells, but not in cellular lysates. During too time, L-asparaginasеs of Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora and Wolinella succinogenes, mutant forms RrА+N17, D60K, F61L and RrА+N17, A64V, E67K do not suppress of telomerase activity. The assumption of existence in structure RrA of areas (amino acids residues in the position 146-164, 1-17, 60-67) which are responsible for suppression of telomerase activity is made. The received results show that antineoplastic activity of some variants RrA is connected both with reduction of concentration of free L-asparagine, and with expression suppression of hTERT telomerase subunit, that opens new prospects for antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D.D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - D.V. Grishin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - N.N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Meghavarnam AK, Salah M, Sreepriya M, Janakiraman S. Growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects ofl-asparaginase fromFusarium culmorumASP-87 on human leukemia cells (Jurkat). Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Meghavarnam
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Bangalore University; Jnana Bharathi Campus Bangaluru 560056 Karnataka India
| | - Maryam Salah
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology; Faculty of Marine Sciences; Annamalai University; Parangipettai 608502 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Meenakshisundaram Sreepriya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Bangalore University; Jnana Bharathi Campus Bangaluru 560056 Karnataka India
| | - Savitha Janakiraman
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Bangalore University; Jnana Bharathi Campus Bangaluru 560056 Karnataka India
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L-Asparaginase Isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris Seeds Exhibited Potent Anti-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Effects In-Vitro and Low Immunogenic Properties In-Vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13101008. [PMID: 27754445 PMCID: PMC5086747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli-derived L-asparaginases have been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), however, clinical hypersensitivity reactions and silent inactivation due to antibodies against E. coli-asparaginase, lead to inactivation of these preparations in most cases.Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and antitumor effects ofa novel L-asparaginaseenzyme, isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds (P-Asp) on the ALL cell line (Jurkat). The immunogenicity of the enzyme was also evaluated in-vivo and results were compared to commercially available enzymes of microbial sources. The data demonstrated that P-Asp has an enhanced anti-proliferative effect on ALL cells as detected by the WST-8 cell viability assay kit. Cells treated with P-Asp also exhibited a higher degree of early apoptosis compared with asparaginase from Escherichia coli (L-Asp) or its pegylated form Pegasparagas (PEG-ASP) that induced higher rates of late apoptosis and necrosis as detected by an Annexin V/Propidium iodide binding assay. In-vivo experiments indicated that mice treated with P-Asp had less distinct allergenic responses than other bacterial enzyme preparations as indicated by lower serum concentrations of IgG, IgE, IgM and mMCP-1 compared with other treated groups. In conclusion, P-Asp can be considered as a promising candidate for use in the treatment of ALL.
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