1
|
Minervini A, Coccaro N, Anelli L, Zagaria A, Specchia G, Albano F. HMGA Proteins in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061456. [PMID: 32503270 PMCID: PMC7353061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group AT-Hook (HMGA) proteins are a family of nonhistone chromatin remodeling proteins known as "architectural transcriptional factors". By binding the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences, they interact with the transcription apparatus, altering the chromatin modeling and regulating gene expression by either enhancing or suppressing the binding of the more usual transcriptional activators and repressors, although they do not themselves have any transcriptional activity. Their involvement in both benign and malignant neoplasias is well-known and supported by a large volume of studies. In this review, we focus on the role of the HMGA proteins in hematological malignancies, exploring the mechanisms through which they enhance neoplastic transformation and how this knowledge could be exploited to devise tailored therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Albano
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)80-5478031; Fax: +39-(0)80-5508369
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ranjbar R, Karimian A, Aghaie Fard A, Tourani M, Majidinia M, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Yousefi B. The importance of miRNAs and epigenetics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia prognosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3216-3230. [PMID: 29384211 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), one of the most common malignant human disorders, originates in different important genetic lesions in T-cell or B-cell progenitors. ALL is a malignant lymphoid progenitor with peak prevalence in children (2-5 years). The rate of survival when one is suffering from ALL depends on various agents including the age of the patient, responses to anti-leukemic therapy, and cell biology. miRNAs and epigenetics are important regulatory factors in the expression of genes. miRNAs are noncoding RNA with inhibitory effectors on specific mRNA. Patterns of DNA methylation are profoundly changed in ALL by epigenetic mechanisms. The deciphering of miRNA and the epigenetic pathogenesis in ALL could revolutionize response to the therapy and outcome, and create an enormous promise for novel approaches to reduce the toxic side-effects of intensive leukemia. Hence, pathogenetic miRNAs and epigenetics leading to the initiation and the progression of ALL are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Arad Aghaie Fard
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tourani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chemosensitivity is differentially regulated by the SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF-1/CXCR7 axes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements. Leuk Res 2018; 75:36-44. [PMID: 30453100 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although recent advances in chemotherapy have markedly improved outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), infantile ALL with MLL gene rearrangements (MLL+ALL) is refractory to chemotherapy. We have shown that specific cytokines FLT3 ligand and TGFβ1 both of which are produced from bone marrow stromal cells synergistically induced MLL+ALL cells into chemo-resistant quiescence, and that treatment of MLL+ALL cells with inhibitors against FLT3 and/or TGFβ1 receptor partially but significantly converts them toward chemo-sensitive. In the present study, we showed that MLL+ALL cells expressed CXCR4 and CXCR7, both receptors for the same chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), but their biological events were differentially regulated by the SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF-1/CXCR7 axes and particularly exerted an opposite effect for determining chemo-sensitivity of MLL+ALL cells; enhancement via the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis vs. suppression via the SDF-1/CXCR7 axis. Because cytosine-arabinoside-induced apoptosis of MLL+ALL cells was inhibited by pretreatment with the CXCR4 inhibitor but rather accelerated by pretreatment with the CXCR7 inhibitor, an application of the CXCR7 inhibitor may become a good treatment option in future for MLL+ALL patients. MLL+ALL has a unique gene profile distinguishable from other types of ALL and AML, and should be investigated separately in responses to biological active agents including chemokine inhibitors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamai M, Furuichi Y, Kasai S, Ando N, Harama D, Goi K, Inukai T, Kagami K, Abe M, Ichikawa H, Sugita K. TGFβ1 synergizes with FLT3 ligand to induce chemoresistant quiescence in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements. Leuk Res 2017; 61:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Navarrete-Meneses MDP, Pérez-Vera P. Alteraciones epigenéticas en leucemia linfoblástica aguda. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2017; 74:243-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
6
|
|
7
|
Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Nemoto A, Saida S, Kato I, Kikuchi J, Furukawa Y, Maeda Y, Akahane K, Honna-Oshiro H, Goi K, Kagami K, Kimura S, Sato Y, Okabe S, Niwa A, Watanabe K, Nakahata T, Heike T, Sugita K, Inukai T. Specific Antileukemic Activity of PD0332991, a CDK4/6 Inhibitor, against Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Lymphoid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:94-105. [PMID: 26637365 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
S-phase progression of the cell cycle is accelerated in tumors through various genetic abnormalities, and, thus, pharmacologic inhibition of altered cell-cycle progression would be an effective strategy to control tumors. In the current study, we analyzed the antileukemic activity of three available small molecules targeting CDK4/CDK6 against lymphoid crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-LC) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL), and found that all three molecules showed specific activities against leukemic cell lines derived from CML-LC and Ph(+) ALL. In particular, PD0332991 exhibited extremely high antileukemic activity against CML-LC and Ph(+) ALL cell lines in the nanomolar range by the induction of G0-G1 arrest and partially cell death through dephosphorylation of pRb and downregulation of the genes that are involved in S-phase transition. As an underlying mechanism for favorable sensitivity to the small molecules targeting CDK4/CDK6, cell-cycle progression of Ph(+) lymphoid leukemia cells was regulated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional modulation of CDK4 as well as Cyclin D2 gene expression under the control of BCR-ABL probably through the PI3K pathway. Consistently, the gene expression level of Cyclin D2 in Ph(+) lymphoid leukemia cells was significantly higher than that in Ph(-) lymphoid leukemia cells. Of note, three Ph(+) ALL cell lines having the T315I mutation also showed sensitivity to PD0332991. In a xenograft model, PD0332991, but not imatinib, suppressed dissemination of Ph(+) ALL having the T315I mutation and prolonged survival, demonstrating that this reagent would be a new therapeutic modality for relapsed CML-LC and Ph(+) ALL patients after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saida
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jiro Kikuchi
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka Minami Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Honna-Oshiro
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Adult Nursing, The Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Okabe
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Z, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Yagi C, Iwabuki H, Gao W, Tauchi H, Inukai T, Sugita K, Ishii E, Eguchi M. HMGA2 as a potential molecular target in KMT2A-AFF1-positive infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:818-29. [PMID: 26403224 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is an intractable cancer in childhood. Although recent intensive chemotherapy progress has considerably improved ALL treatment outcome, disease cure is often accompanied by undesirable long-term side effects, and efficient, less toxic molecular targeting therapies have been anticipated. In infant ALL cells with KMT2A (MLL) fusion, the microRNA let-7b (MIRLET7B) is significantly downregulated by DNA hypermethylation of its promoter region. We show here that the expression of HMGA2, one of the oncogenes repressed by MIRLET7B, is reversely upregulated in infant ALL leukaemic cells, particularly in KMT2A-AFF1 (MLL-AF4) positive ALL. In addition to the suppression of MIRLET7B, KMT2A fusion proteins positively regulate the expression of HMGA2. HMGA2 is one of the negative regulators of CDKN2A gene, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4A) . The HMGA2 inhibitor netropsin, when combined with demethylating agent 5-azacytidine, upregulated and sustained the expression of CDKN2A, which resulted in growth suppression of KMT2A-AFF1-expressing cell lines. This effect was more apparent compared to treatment with 5-azacytidine alone. These results indicate that the MIRLET7B-HMGA2-CDKN2A axis plays an important role in cell proliferation of leukaemic cells and could be a possible molecular target for the therapy of infant ALL with KMT2A-AFF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Yagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Iwabuki
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wenming Gao
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Tauchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mariko Eguchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hahn SM, Kwon SY, Kim HS, Han JW, Lyu CJ. Aberrant DNA Methylation of CDH1, p16 and DAPK in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2015.22.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Hahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei Cancer Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei Cancer Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei Cancer Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei Cancer Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chuhl Joo Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei Cancer Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roberts KG, Mullighan CG. Genomics in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: insights and treatment implications. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:344-57. [PMID: 25781572 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood cancer and an important cause of morbidity from haematological malignancies in adults. In the past several years, we have witnessed major advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of ALL. Genome-wide profiling studies, including microarray analysis and genome sequencing, have helped identify multiple key cellular pathways that are frequently mutated in ALL such as lymphoid development, tumour suppression, cytokine receptors, kinase and Ras signalling, and chromatin remodeling. These studies have characterized new subtypes of ALL, notably Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL, which is a high-risk subtype characterized by a diverse range of alterations that activate cytokine receptors or tyrosine kinases amenable to inhibition with approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Genomic profiling has also enabled the identification of inherited genetic variants of ALL that influence the risk of leukaemia development, and characterization of the relationship between genetic variants, clonal heterogeneity and the risk of relapse. Many of these findings are of direct clinical relevance and ongoing studies implementing clinical sequencing in leukaemia diagnosis and management have great potential to improve the outcome of patients with high-risk ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 342, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 342, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bernt KM, Hunger SP. Current concepts in pediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:54. [PMID: 24724051 PMCID: PMC3971203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(9;22)(q34;q11) or Philadelphia chromosome creates a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene encoding for a chimeric BCR-ABL1 protein. It is present in 3-4% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL), and about 25% of adult ALL cases. Prior to the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), Ph(+) ALL was associated with a very poor prognosis despite the use of intensive chemotherapy and frequently hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in first remission. The development of TKIs revolutionized the therapy of Ph(+) ALL. Addition of the first generation ABL1 class TKI imatinib to intensive chemotherapy dramatically increased the survival for children with Ph(+) ALL and established that many patients can be cured without HSCT. In parallel, the mechanistic understanding of Ph(+) ALL expanded exponentially through careful mapping of pathways downstream of BCR-ABL1, the discovery of mutations in master regulators of B-cell development such as IKZF1 (Ikaros), PAX5, and early B-cell factor (EBF), the recognition of the complex clonal architecture of Ph(+) ALL, and the delineation of genomic, epigenetic, and signaling abnormalities contributing to relapse and resistance. Still, many important basic and clinical questions remain unanswered. Current clinical trials are testing second generation TKIs in patients with newly diagnosed Ph(+) ALL. Neither the optimal duration of therapy nor the optimal chemotherapy backbone are currently defined. The role of HSCT in first remission and post-transplant TKI therapy also require further study. In addition, it will be crucial to continue to dig deeper into understanding Ph(+) ALL at a mechanistic level, and translate findings into complementary targeted approaches. Expanding targeted therapies hold great promise to decrease toxicity and improve survival in this high-risk disease, which provides a paradigm for how targeted therapies can be incorporated into treatment of other high-risk leukemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Bernt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Hu Y. Association betweenMTR A2756Gpolymorphism and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:1388-93. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.830304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Nishi M, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Wu Z, Gao W, Iwabuki H, Kawakami S, Tauchi H, Inukai T, Sugita K, Hamasaki Y, Ishii E, Eguchi M. Suppression of the let-7b microRNA pathway by DNA hypermethylation in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements. Leukemia 2012; 27:389-97. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Vasconcelos GM, Christensen BC, Houseman EA, Xiao J, Marsit CJ, Wiencke JK, Zheng S, Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Wrensch MR, Kelsey KT, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Wiemels JL. History of Parvovirus B19 infection is associated with a DNA methylation signature in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenetics 2012; 6:1436-43. [PMID: 22139573 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.12.18464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) likely has a multistep etiology, with initial genetic aberrations occurring early in life. An abnormal immune response to common infections has emerged as a plausible candidate for triggering the proliferation of pre-leukemic clones and the fixation of secondary genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations. We investigated whether evidence of infection with a specific common myelotropic childhood virus, parvovirus B19 (PVB19), relates to patterns of gene promoter DNA methylation in ALL patients. We serologically tested bone marrow samples at diagnosis of B-cell ALL for PVB19 infection and DNA methylation using a high-throughput bead array and found that 4.2% and 36.7% of samples were seroreactive to PVB19 IgM and IgG, respectively. Leukemia samples were grouped by DNA methylation pattern. Controlling for age and immunophenotype, unsupervised modeling confirmed that the DNA methylation pattern was associated with history of PVB19 (assessed by IgG, p = 0.02), but not recent infection (assessed by IgM). Replication assays on single genes were consistent with the association. The data indicate that a common viral illness may drive specific DNA methylation patterns in susceptible B-precursor cells, contributing to the leukemogenic potential of such cells. Infections may impact childhood leukemia by altering DNA methylation patterns and specific key genes in susceptible cells; these changes may be retained even after the clearance of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele M Vasconcelos
- Programa de Hematologia e Oncologia Pediátricas, Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malhotra P, Kochhar R, Vaiphei K, Wig JD, Mahmood S. Aberrant promoter methylation of p16 in colorectal adenocarcinoma in North Indian patients. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:295-303. [PMID: 21160660 PMCID: PMC2998854 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i7.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate p16 gene methylation and its expression in 30 patients with sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma in a North Indian population.
METHODS: Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction was used to detect p16 gene methylation and immunohistochemistry was used to study the p16 expression in 30 sporadic colorectal tumors as well as adjoining and normal tissue specimens.
RESULTS: Aberrant promoter methylation of p16 gene was detected in 12 (40%) tumor specimens, whereas no promoter methylation was observed in adjoining and normal tissue. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of p16 protein in 26 (86.6%) colorectal tumors whereas complete loss of expression was seen in 4 (13.3%) and reduced expression was observed in 12 (40%) tumors. In the adjoining mucosa, expression of p16 was in 11 (36.6%) whereas no clear positivity for p16 protein was seen in normal tissue. There was a significant difference in the expression of p16 protein in tumor tissue and adjoining mucosa (P < 0.001). The methylation of the p16 gene had a significant effect on the expression of p16 protein (P = 0.021). There was a significant association of methylation of p16 gene with the tumor size (P = 0.015) and of the loss/reduced expression of p16 protein with the proximal site of the tumor (P = 0.047). Promoter methylation and expression of p16 had no relation with the survival of the patients (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that promoter hypermethylation of the p16 gene results in loss/reduced expression of p16 protein and this loss/reduced expression may contribute to tumor enlargement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Malhotra
- Pooja Malhotra, Rakesh Kochhar, Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inukai T, Zhang X, Kameyama T, Suzuki Y, Yoshikawa K, Kuroda I, Nemoto A, Akahane K, Sato H, Goi K, Nakamoto K, Hamada J, Tada M, Moriuchi T, Sugita K. A specific linkage between the incidence of TP53 mutations and type of chromosomal translocations in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:535-7. [PMID: 20575032 PMCID: PMC7159455 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Xiuru Zhang
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukiko Suzuki
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Itaru Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakamoto
- Bioinformatics Support Section, Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jun‐ichi Hamada
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tada
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Moriuchi
- Division of Cancer‐Related Genes, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim M, Yim SH, Cho NS, Kang SH, Ko DH, Oh B, Kim TY, Min HJ, She CJ, Kang HJ, Shin HY, Ahn HS, Yoon SS, Kim BK, Shin HR, Han KS, Cho HI, Lee DS. Homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (p16, p14) and CDKN2B (p15) genes is a poor prognostic factor in adult but not in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comparative deletion and hypermethylation study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 195:59-65. [PMID: 19837270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior of childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is different from that of adults. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the deletion and the methylation profile of CDKN2A (hereafter identified separately as p16 and p14, for the different proteins encoded) and CDKN2B (hereafter p15) in 91 newly diagnosed B-ALL patients (61 children, 30 adults). The prognostic significance of the profiles of these genes and the association between alterations in these genes and known cytogenetic prognostic factors (BCR/ABL; ETV6/RUNX1, formerly TEL/AML1; MLL rearrangement; and ploidy changes of chromosomes) were also assessed. The prevalence of homozygous deletion, hemizygous deletion, and no deletion of the 9p21 region was 11.5%, 16.4%, and 72.1%, respectively, in children and 30.0%, 20.0%, and 50.0%, respectively, in adults; the higher incidence of homozygous deletion in adults was significant (P=0.029). Homozygous deletion was associated with poor overall survival in adults (P=0.019), but not in children. The incidence of promoter methylation of p16, p14, and p15 was 34.4%, 14.8%, and 34.4%, respectively, in children and 26.7%, 10.0%, and 40.0%, respectively, in adults, with no significant difference between the two groups. No significant association was observed between deletion and methylation or with known cytogenetic prognostic factors. The difference in incidence, distribution, and prognostic effect of homozygous deletion in children and adults may explain the prognostic disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gemmati D, De Mattei M, Catozzi L, Della Porta M, Serino ML, Ambrosio C, Cuneo A, Friso S, Krampera M, Orioli E, Zeri G, Ongaro A. DHFR 19-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and MTHFR C677T in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: is the risk reduction due to intracellular folate unbalancing? Am J Hematol 2009; 84:526-9. [PMID: 19536847 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Roman-Gomez J, Castillejo JA, Jimenez A, Barrios M, Heiniger A, Torres A. The Role of DNA Hypermethylation in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 44:1855-64. [PMID: 14738136 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000116689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a progressive appearance of malignant cell behavior that is triggered by the evolution of altered gene function. ALL has traditionally been viewed as a genetic disease, however, epigenetic defects also play an important role. DNA promoter methylation has gained increasing recognition as an important mechanism for transcriptional silencing of cancer related genes. The hypermethylation-associated inactivation affects virtually all of the pathways in the ALL cellular network, such as the cell cycle, apoptosis and adhesion. The identification of these methylation abnormalities and elucidation of the mechanistic events surrounding them are of prime importance, as the methylation status of ALL cells can be used as prognostic biomarker and also can be manipulated in vivo with demethylating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Roman-Gomez
- Department of Hematology, Reina Sofia Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The term epigenetics refers to the study of a number of biochemical modifications of chromatin that have an impact on gene expression regulation. Aberrant epigenetic lesions, in particular DNA methylation of promoter associated CpG islands, are common in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Recent data from multiple laboratories indicate that several hundred genes, involving dozens of critical molecular pathways, are epigenetically suppressed in ALL. Because these lesions are potentially reversible, the reactivation of these pathways using, for instance, hypomethylating agents may have therapeutic potential in this disease. Furthermore, the analysis of epigenetic alterations in ALL may allow: (1) identification of subsets of patients with poor prognosis when treated with conventional therapy; (2) development of new techniques to evaluate minimal residual disease; (3) better understanding of the differences between pediatric and adult ALL; and (4) new therapeutic interventions by incorporating agents with hypomethylating activity to conventional chemotherapeutic programs. In this review, we describe the role of epigenetic alterations in ALL from a translational perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gra OA, Glotov AS, Kozhekbayeva ZM, Makarova OV, Nasedkina TV. Genetic polymorphism of GST, NAT2, and MTRR and susceptibility to childhood acute leukemia. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Furuichi Y, Goi K, Inukai T, Sato H, Nemoto A, Takahashi K, Akahane K, Hirose K, Honna H, Kuroda I, Zhang X, Kagami K, Hayashi Y, Harigaya K, Nakazawa S, Sugita K. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand stimulation induces MLL-rearranged leukemia cells into quiescence resistant to antileukemic agents. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9852-61. [PMID: 17942916 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is highly expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangement refractory to chemotherapy. We examined the biological effect of FLT3-ligand (FL) on 18 B-precursor leukemic cell lines with variable karyotypic abnormalities, and found that nine of nine MLL-rearranged cell lines with wild-type FLT3, in contrast to other leukemic cell lines, are significantly inhibited in their proliferation in a dose-dependent manner by FL. This inhibition was due to induction of the G0-G1 arrest. A marked up-regulation of p27 by suppression of its protein degradation and an abrogation of constitutive signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 phosphorylation were revealed in arrested leukemia cells after FL stimulation. Importantly, FL treatment rendered not only cell lines but also primary leukemia cells with MLL rearrangement resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. MLL-rearranged leukemia cells adhering to the bone marrow stromal cell line, which expresses FL as the membrane-bound form, were induced to quiescent state resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, but their chemosensitivity was significantly restored in the presence of neutralizing anti-FL antibody. The FL/FLT3 interaction between leukemia cells and bone marrow stromal cells expressing FL at high levels should contribute, at least in part, to persistent minimal-residual disease of MLL-rearranged leukemia in bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Furuichi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fosmire SP, Thomas R, Jubala CM, Wojcieszyn JW, Valli VEO, Getzy DM, Smith TL, Gardner LA, Ritt MG, Bell JS, Freeman KP, Greenfield BE, Lana SE, Kisseberth WC, Helfand SC, Cutter GR, Breen M, Modiano JF. Inactivation of the p16 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in high-grade canine non-Hodgkin's T-cell lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:467-78. [PMID: 17606508 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-4-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The significance of p16/Rb tumor suppressor pathway inactivation in T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) remains incompletely understood. We used naturally occurring canine NHL to test the hypothesis that p16 inactivation has specific pathologic correlates. Forty-eight samples (22 T-cell NHL and 26 B-cell NHL) were included. As applicable, metaphase- or array-based comparative genomic hybridization, Southern blotting, promoter methylation, and Rb phosphorylation were used to determine the presence, expression, and activity of p16. Fisher's exact test was used to test for significance. Deletion of p16 (or loss of dog chromosome 11) was restricted to high-grade T-cell NHL (lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified). These were characterized by a concomitant increase of tumor cells with Rb phosphorylation at canonical CDK4 sites. Rb phosphorylation also was seen in high-grade B-cell NHL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt-type lymphoma), but in those cases, it appeared to be associated with c-Myc overexpression. The data show that p16 deletion or inactivation occurs almost exclusively in high-grade T-cell NHL; however, alternative pathways can generate functional phenotypes of Rb deficiency in low-grade T-cell NHL and in high-grade B-cell NHL. Both morphologic classification according to World Health Organization criteria and assessment of Rb phosphorylation are prognostically valuable parameters for canine NHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Fosmire
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, AMC Campus, 1600 Pierce, Denver, CO 80214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kinoshita T. Epigenetic Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Hematologic Malignancies. Int J Hematol 2004; 80:108-19. [PMID: 15481438 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of genetic alterations are involved in the development of hematologic malignancies. These alterations include the activation of oncogenes by chromosomal translocation or gene amplification and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by gene deletion or mutations. Recently, epigenetic change has been proven to be another important means of inactivating tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells, and hypermethylation of promoter DNA is one of the most important mechanisms. In hematologic malignancies, many kinds of tumor suppressor genes and candidate suppressor genes are epigenetically inactivated. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes usually occurs in a disease-specific manner and plays important roles in the development and progression of the disease. Some of these alterations have clinical effects on treatment results or the prognoses of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gemmati D, Ongaro A, Scapoli GL, Della Porta M, Tognazzo S, Serino ML, Di Bona E, Rodeghiero F, Gilli G, Reverberi R, Caruso A, Pasello M, Pellati A, De Mattei M. Common Gene Polymorphisms in the Metabolic Folate and Methylation Pathway and the Risk of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.787.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Folate and methionine metabolism is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation processes. Polymorphisms in the genes of folate metabolism enzymes have been associated with some forms of cancer. In a case-control study, we evaluated whether four common polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C), methionine synthase (MS A2756G), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G) genes may have a role in altering susceptibility to adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed DNA of 120 adult ALL, 200 NHL, and 257 healthy control subjects. Individual carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype showed a 3.6-fold decreased ALL risk [odds ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.12–0.72] than wild-types. Similarly, MS 2756GG individuals showed a 5.0-fold decreased ALL risk (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.02–1.45) than wild-types. In combined results, subjects with the MTHFR 677CT/TT and MS 2756AG/GG genotypes revealed a 3.6-fold ALL risk reduction (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14–0.58) and those with the MTHFR 677TT and MTRR 66AG genotypes revealed a 4.2-fold ALL risk reduction (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.81). Finally, those with the MS 2756AG/GG and MTRR 66AG/GG genotypes revealed a 2.2-fold ALL risk reduction (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.10–0.85). Single analysis for NHL did not show any significant difference for all the polymorphisms investigated, but in the low-grade NHL subgroup, we found a 2.0-fold risk reduction for the MTRR 66GG homozygous genotype (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25–0.99), which was higher (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–0.85) when analyzed in combination with MS 2756AA genotype. These data are in accordance with the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the genes for folate and methionine metabolism might play a greater role in the occurrence of ALL than NHL by influencing DNA synthesis and/or DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gemmati
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Center Study for Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Unit of Hematology, and
| | - Alessia Ongaro
- 2Department of Morphology and Embryology, Unit of Histology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian L. Scapoli
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Center Study for Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Unit of Hematology, and
| | - Matteo Della Porta
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Center Study for Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Unit of Hematology, and
| | - Silvia Tognazzo
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Center Study for Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Unit of Hematology, and
| | - Maria L. Serino
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Center Study for Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Unit of Hematology, and
| | - Eros Di Bona
- 3Department of Hematology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; and
| | | | | | | | - Angelo Caruso
- 2Department of Morphology and Embryology, Unit of Histology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michela Pasello
- 2Department of Morphology and Embryology, Unit of Histology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Pellati
- 2Department of Morphology and Embryology, Unit of Histology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica De Mattei
- 2Department of Morphology and Embryology, Unit of Histology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng S, Ma X, Zhang L, Gunn L, Smith MT, Wiemels JL, Leung K, Buffler PA, Wiencke JK. Hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of the FHIT gene is associated with hyperdiploid and translocation-negative subtypes of pediatric leukemia. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2000-6. [PMID: 15026336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human FHIT (fragile histidine triad) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene located at chromosome region 3p14.2. Previous studies have shown that loss of heterozygosity, homozygous deletions, and abnormal expression of the FHIT gene are involved in several types of human malignancies. A CpG island is present in the 5' promoter region of the FHIT gene, and methylation in this region correlates with loss of FHIT expression. To test whether aberrant methylation of the FHIT gene may play a role in pediatric leukemia, we assessed the FHIT methylation status of 10 leukemia cell lines and 190 incident population-based cases of childhood acute lymphocytic and myeloid leukemias using methylation-specific PCR. Conventional and fluorescence in situ hybridization cytogenetic data were also collected to examine aneuploidy, t(12, 21), and other chromosomal rearrangements. Four of 10 leukemia cell lines (40%) and 52 of 190 (27.4%) bone marrows from childhood leukemia patients demonstrated hypermethylation of the promoter region of FHIT. Gene expression analyses and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment showed that promoter hypermethylation correlated with FHIT inactivation. Among primary leukemias, hypermethylation of FHIT was strongly correlated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) histology (P = 0.008), high hyperdiploid (P < 0.0001), and translocation-negative (P < 0.0001) categories. Hyperdiploid B-cell ALLs were 23-fold more likely to be FHIT methylated compared with B-cell ALL harboring TEL-AML translocations. FHIT methylation was associated with high WBC counts at diagnosis, a known prognostic indicator. These results suggest that hypermethylation of the promoter region CpG island of the FHIT gene is a common event and may play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of specific cytogenetic subtypes of childhood ALL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases
- Adolescent
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- CpG Islands/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Diploidy
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/etiology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Zheng
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0560, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gutierrez MI, Siraj AK, Bhargava M, Ozbek U, Banavali S, Chaudhary MA, El Solh H, Bhatia K. Concurrent methylation of multiple genes in childhood ALL: Correlation with phenotype and molecular subgroup. Leukemia 2003; 17:1845-50. [PMID: 12970785 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genes have been shown to be independently hypermethylated in lymphoid malignancies. We report here on the extent of concurrent methylation of E-cadherin, Dap-kinase, O(6)MGMT, p73, p16, p15 and p14 in 129 pediatric ALL cases. While most of these genes demonstrated methylation in a proportion of cases, O(6)MGMT, p16 and p14 were infrequently methylated (11, 7 and 3%, respectively). Methylation of at least one gene was found in the vast majority (83%) of cases. To determine the extent and concordance of methylation we calculated a methylation index (MI=number of methylated genes/number of studied genes) for each sample. The average MI was 0.28, corresponding to 2/7 methylated genes. MI was correlated with standard prognostic factors, including immunophenotype, age, sex, WBC and presence of specific translocations (TEL-AML1, BCR-ABL, E2A-PBX1 or MLL-AF4). We determined that children >/=10 years old and children presenting with high WBC (>/=50 x 10(9)/l) both associated with a higher MI (P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively). T-ALLs demonstrated a lower MI (median=0.17) than precursor B ALLs (median=0.28). Among the different molecular subgroups, MLL-ALLs had the highest MI (mean=0.35), while ALLs carrying the t(1;19) had the lowest MI (mean=0.07). The most common epigenetic lesion in childhood ALL was methylation of E-cadherin (72%) independent of the molecular subtype or other clinicopathological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Gutierrez
- King Fahad National Centre for Children's Cancer and Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Expression of p16, cyclin D1 and RB protein in gastric carcinoma and premalignant lesions. Chin J Cancer Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-003-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
30
|
Garcia-Manero G, Jeha S, Daniel J, Williamson J, Albitar M, Kantarjian HM, Issa JPJ. Aberrant DNA methylation in pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2003; 97:695-702. [PMID: 12548613 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation of promoter-associated cystosine-guanine (CpG) islands is an epigenetic modification of DNA frequently observed in adult patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This epigenetic modification has been associated with gene silencing, malignant transformation, and aging. It is not known whether there are epigenetic differences between pediatric patients and adult patients with ALL. METHODS To investigate the methylation characteristics of pediatric patients with ALL and to determine whether DNA methylation can explain prognostic or biologic differences between pediatric and adult patients, the authors analyzed the methylation status of 7 promoter-associated CpG islands in 16 pediatric patients with ALL and compared them with the methylation characteristics of a cohort of adult patients with ALL. The genes analyzed included the estrogen receptor gene (ER), multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), p15, C-ABL, CD10, p16, and p73. RESULTS The mean methylation densities of ER, MDR1, CD10, p15, and C-ABL were 25.4%, 16.4%, 5.23%, 4.24%, and 4%, respectively. P16 was methylated in 11.7% of patients, and p73 was methylated in 17.6% of patients. One patient (6.2%) had methylation of 0 genes, 15 patients (93.7%) had methylation of >/= 1 gene, and 4 patients (25%) had methylation of 3-4 genes. Methylation of all these genes was < 2% (or methylation specific polymerase chain reaction negative) in nonneoplastic tissues. A significant inverse correlation was observed between methylation of CD10 and CD10 expression. No differences were observed between the methylation characteristics of pediatric patients and adult patients. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that DNA methylation is common in pediatric patients with ALL and that methylation of the genes studied does not account for prognostic differences between pediatric patients and adult patients with ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
García MJ, Martínez-Delgado B, Cebrian A, Martínez A, Benítez J, Rivas C. Different incidence and pattern of p15INK4b and p16INK4a promoter region hypermethylation in Hodgkin's and CD30-Positive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1007-13. [PMID: 12213729 PMCID: PMC3278767 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The p16INK4a and p15INK4b 5' CpG island hypermethylation has been described as one of the most frequent mechanisms leading to inactivation of these tumor suppressor genes in hematological malignancies. The p16 and p15 promoter regions were studied using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in 53 CD30 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (25 anaplastic large-cell, 13 peripheral T cell, and 15 anaplastic diffuse large B cell) and 26 Hodgkin's lymphomas, with the aim of comparing the methylation status of these tumor suppressor genes in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas and other related entities. p16 and p15 methylation was detected, respectively, in 28% and 60% of CD30 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and in 38% and 42% of Hodgkin's neoplasms. This confirms the p16-methylated status in Hodgkin's cases described in a single previous study and adds information concerning the p15 gene that was also found to be methylated in this lymphoma subtype. Methylation incidence within cases at diagnosis and at relapse suggests that it is an early event in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, being involved in tumor progression in Hodgkin's cases. Our results show that although p16 and/or p15 methylation is involved in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's tumors that share morphological and phenotypic features, differences in incidence, pattern of methylation, and implication in tumor progression are observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J García
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Harada K, Toyooka S, Maitra A, Maruyama R, Toyooka KO, Timmons CF, Tomlinson GE, Mastrangelo D, Hay RJ, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Aberrant promoter methylation and silencing of the RASSF1A gene in pediatric tumors and cell lines. Oncogene 2002; 21:4345-9. [PMID: 12082624 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2001] [Revised: 02/15/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes has not been fully investigated in pediatric tumors. Therefore, we examined the methylation status of nine genes (p16(INK4A), MGMT, GSTP1, RASSF1A, APC, DAPK, RARbeta, CDH1 and CDH13) in 175 primary pediatric tumors and 23 tumor cell lines using methylation-specific PCR. We studied the major forms of pediatric tumors--Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, retinoblastoma and acute leukemia. The most frequently methylated gene in both primary tumors and cell lines was RASSF1A (40, 86%, respectively). However, the rates of RASSF1A methylation in individual tumor types varied from 0 to 88%. RASSF1A methylation was tumor specific and was absent in adjacent non-malignant tissues. Methylation of the other genes was relatively rare in tumors and non-malignant tissues (less than 5%). Neuroblastoma patients with methylation of RASSF1A were significantly older than patients without methylation (P=0.008). There was no relationship between methylation status and other clinico-pathologic parameters. We treated six cell lines lacking RASSF1A mRNA with 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine to examine the relationship between methylation and transcriptional silencing. In five of six cell lines, restoration of RASSF1A mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR. Our findings indicate that aberrant promoter methylation of RASSF1A may contribute to the pathogenesis of many different forms of pediatric tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Infant
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Harada
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dalle JH, Fournier M, Nelken B, Mazingue F, Laï JL, Bauters F, Fenaux P, Quesnel B. p16(INK4a) immunocytochemical analysis is an independent prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2002; 99:2620-3. [PMID: 11895806 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.7.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prognostic value of p16(INK4a) immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis in 126 cases of newly diagnosed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The incidence of negative p16(INK4a) ICC was 38.1% and was more frequent in T-lineage ALL. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were significantly higher in patients with positive p16(INK4a) ICC than in patients with negative ICC (6 years OS, 90% versus 63%, P =.0014; 6 years EFS, 77.8% versus 55%, P =.0033). The p16(INK4a) ICC remained a significant prognostic factor within the subgroup of B-precursor ALL. Multivariate analysis showed that negative p16(INK4a) ICC was an independent prognostic factor for OS (relative risk [RR], 3.38; P =.02) and EFS (RR, 2.49; P =.018). Sequential study showed that p16(INK4a) expression remained stable during first relapse in most patients. These findings indicate that p16(INK4a) ICC is an independent factor of outcome in childhood ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Hughes Dalle
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59037 Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yi J, Wang ZW, Cang H, Chen YY, Zhao R, Yu BM, Tang XM. p16 gene methylation in colorectal cancers associated with Duke′s staging. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:722-5. [PMID: 11819863 PMCID: PMC4695583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i5.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the association of methylation of the CpG island in the promotor of the P16 tumor suppressor gene with the clinicopathological characteristics of the colorectal cancers.
METHODS: Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to detect P16 methylation of 62 sporadic colorectal cancer specimens.
RESULTS: P16 methylation was detected in 42% of the tumors. Dukes’ staging was associated with P16 methylation status. p16 methylation occurred more frequently in Dukes’ C and D patients (75.9%) than in Dukes’ A and B patients (12.1%).
CONCLUSION: P16 methylation plays a role in the carcinogenes is of a subset of colorectal cancer, and it might be linked to poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yi
- Department of Cell Biology, Shanghai Second Medical University, 280 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Müller-Tidow C, Kügler K, Diederichs S, Klümpen S, Möller M, Vogt U, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Berdel WE, Serve H. Loss of expression of HDAC-recruiting methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins in human cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1168-74. [PMID: 11710831 PMCID: PMC2375156 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of CpG-methylation is a common feature of many human cancers and tumour suppressor genes can be silenced by hypermethylation. Recently, 2 methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins have been linked to gene inactivation by their ability to recruit co-repressors and HDAC-activity to methylated gene promoters. Here, we have analysed mRNA expression of these genes, MeCP2 and MBD2, in a wide variety of primary human tumours. In solid tumours, expression levels of MBD2 (57/71) and MeCP2 (64/71) were significantly reduced in the majority of primary tumours as detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Western blot analyses of MeCP2 in matched tumour-normal samples of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) indicated reduced protein in a significant percentage of patients. In acute myelogenous leukaemia (n = 26), expression levels were only slightly reduced and did not differ between samples analysed at diagnosis or at the time of relapse. In early-stage NSCLC (n = 70) expression of MeCP2 and MBD2 was significantly lower in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01). To further elucidate the mechanisms of gene regulation, we analysed MeCP2 and MBD2 regulation during haematopoietic differentiation. No significant changes in MeCP2 or MBD2 expression were found when NB4 cells were differentiated toward granulocytes suggesting that neither differentiation nor cell cycle status were relevant for the reduced expression of these genes in human cancer. In conclusion, the significant loss of MeCP2 and MBD2 expression in human cancers suggests a potential role of this phenomenon in the development of solid human tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
He XS, Su Q, Chen ZC, He XT, Long ZF, Ling H, Zhang LR. Expression, deletion [was deleton] and mutation of p16 gene in human gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:515-21. [PMID: 11819820 PMCID: PMC4688664 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2001] [Revised: 05/13/2001] [Accepted: 05/20/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between the expression of p16 gene and the gastric carcinogenesis, depth of invasion and lymph node metastases, and to evaluate the deletion and mutation of exon 2 in p16 gene in gastric carcinoma. METHODS The expression of p16 protein was examined by streptavidin-peroxidase conjugated method (S-P);the deletion and mutation of p16 gene were respectively examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (PCR-SSCP) in gastric carcinoma. RESULTS Expression of p16 protein was detected in 96.25% (77/80) of the normal gastric mucosa, in 92.00% (45/50) of the dysplastic gastric mucosa and in 47.54% (58/122) of the gastric carcinoma. The positive rate of p16 protein expression in gastric carcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal gastric mucosa and dysplastic gastric mucosa (P < 0.05). The positive rate of p16 protein expression in mucoid carcinoma 10.00% (1/10) was significantly lower than that in poorly differentiated carcinoma 51.22% (21/41), undifferentiated carcinoma 57.69% (15/26) and signet ring cell carcinoma 62.50% (10/16) (P < 0.05). The positive rate of p16 protein in 30 cases paired primary and lymph node metastatic gastric carcinoma: There was 46.67% (14/30) in primary gastric carcinoma, 16.67% (5/30) in lymph node metastatic gastric carcinoma. The positive rate of lymph node metastatic carcinoma was significantly lower than that of primary carcinoma (P < 0.05). There was of p16 gene mutation in exon 2, but 5 cases displayed deletion of p16 gene in exon 2 in the 25 primary gastric carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The expression loss of p16 protein related to the gastric carcinogenesis, gastric carcinoma histopathological subtypes and lymph metastasis. The mutation of p16 gene in exon 2 may not be involved in gastric carcinogenesis. But the deletion of p16 gene in exon 2 may be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X S He
- The Oncology Institute of Center South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nakamura M, Sugita K, Inukai T, Goi K, Miyamoto N, Kagami K, Okazaki-Koyama T, Mori T, Saito M, Nakazawa S. Abnormalities of the p16INK4a gene in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia without nonrandom translocations: analysis of seven matched pairs of primary leukemia and corresponding cell line. Leukemia 2001; 15:1136-9. [PMID: 11455986 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Shteper PJ, Siegfried Z, Asimakopoulos FA, Palumbo GA, Rachmilewitz EA, Ben-Neriah Y, Ben-Yehuda D. ABL1 methylation in Ph-positive ALL is exclusively associated with the P210 form of BCR-ABL. Leukemia 2001; 15:575-82. [PMID: 11368359 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In human Ph-positive leukemia there is a clear association of different forms of the BCR-ABL oncogene with distinct types of leukemia. The P190 form of BCR-ABL is rarely observed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) but is present in 50% of Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In contrast, the P210 form is observed both in CML and 50% of Ph-positive ALL. Methylation of the proximal promoter of the ABL1 gene has been shown to be a nearly universal event associated with clinical progression of CML. This raises the question of whether methylation of the ABL1 promoter is an epigenetic modification also associated with Ph-positive ALL. To study this issue, we used methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing to determine the methylation status of the ABL1 promoter in 18 Ph-positive ALL samples. We report here that gene-specific ABL1 promoter methylation is associated mainly with the P210 form of BCR-ABL and not the P190 form. While six out of the seven P210-positive ALL samples had ABL1 promoter methylation, none of the 11 P190-positive ALL samples demonstrated ABL1 promoter methylation. In addition, we estimated the extent and relative abundance of ABL1 promoter methylation in several Ph-positive ALL samples and compared it to the methylation pattern in chronic, accelerated and blastic crisis phases of CML. We put forth a model that correlates the different types of leukemias with the different levels of ABL1 promoter methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Shteper
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Since its discovery as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, the tumor suppressor p16 has continued to gain widespread importance in cancer. The high frequency of deletions of p16 in tumor cell lines first suggested an important role for p16 in carcinogenesis. This initial genetic evidence was subsequently strengthened by numerous studies documenting p16 inactivation in kindreds with familial melanoma. Moreover, a high frequency of p16 gene alterations was found in primary tumors, while recent studies have identified p16 promoter methylation as a major mechanism of tumor-suppressor-gene silencing. Additional insight into p16's role in cancer has come from the genetic analysis of precancerous lesions and various tissue culture models. It is now believed that loss of p16 is an early and often critical event in tumor progression. Consequently, p16 is a major tumor-suppressor gene whose frequent loss occurs early in many human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Rocco
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Niitsu N, Hayashi Y, Sugita K, Honma Y. Sensitization by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine of leukaemia cells with MLL abnormalities to induction of differentiation by all-trans retinoic acid and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:315-26. [PMID: 11167824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most chromosomal abnormalities associated with breakage at 11q23 in acute leukaemia involve the MLL gene, and the presence of this breakage strongly predicts a poor clinical outcome. We assessed the possibility of differentiation-inducing therapy for acute leukaemias with chromosomal translocations involving 11q23. Among the cell lines with MLL translocations that we examined, KOCL48 and KOPN-1 cells were induced to differentiate into granulocytes by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or into monocytes by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). These cells expressed p16 mRNA before treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), an inhibitor of DNA methylation. On the other hand, differentiation was not induced in SN-1, KOCL33, KOCL51 or KOCL44 cells by ATRA or VD3, and these cells did not express mRNA of this gene. However, these cells were effectively induced to differentiate by ATRA or VD3 in the presence of 5-AZA, and concomitantly exhibited p16 gene expression, suggesting an association between DNA demethylation and restoration of sensitivity to differentiation-inducing activity of ATRA or VD3 in leukaemia cells with MLL abnormalities. Based on these findings, combined treatment with ATRA or VD3 plus 5-AZA may be clinically useful in therapy for acute leukaemia with MLL abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Niitsu
- Saitama Cancer Centre Research Institute, Ina-machi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Watt PM, Kumar R, Kees UR. Promoter demethylation accompanies reactivation of the HOX11 proto-oncogene in leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29:371-7. [PMID: 11066085 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1050>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable work on the epigenetic control of tumor suppressor genes, little is known about the potential role of promoter CpG demethylation in the activation of oncogenes in lymphoid tumors. The HOX11 proto-oncogene is frequently activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). HOX11 activation can occur in the absence of translocation of the gene to the T-cell receptor locus (Salvati et al., 1995), implying that activation mechanisms must be involved other than the juxtaposition of the gene to adjacent enhancing sequences. We tested whether the methylation status of the proximal promoter was correlated with expression status in T-ALL and found that, in all cases, expression of HOX11 in T-ALL was associated with extensive demethylation of the proximal HOX11 promoter, regardless of whether or not translocation was involved. In contrast, cells that did not express HOX11 showed a more methylated pattern of CpG residues in the proximal promoter. Methylation of this sequence in vitro was sufficient to silence the proximal promoter. We propose a model in which the selection of leukemia clones via a pathway involving HOX11 expression requires the demethylation of its promoter as a prerequisite for additional gene activation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Watt
- TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Faderl S, Albitar M. Insights into the biologic and molecular abnormalities in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2000; 14:1267-88. [PMID: 11147223 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The last 3 decades have seen much progress in the treatment and outcome of patients with ALL. Unfortunately, the success that has been achieved in children with ALL has not yet been translated into adult patients. Insight into the biologic and molecular abnormalities in ALL may, however, provide the necessary clues that allow a clearer understanding of the crucial differences in the behavior of ALL in different groups of patients. As the molecular basis of the disease is deciphered, new targets are discovered that may prove useful for therapeutic interventions in the future.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aneuploidy
- Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA Damage
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Iijima K, Sugita K, Inukai T, Goi K, Tezuka T, Uno K, Sato H, Kagami K, Nakazawa S. Expression of thrombopoietin receptor and its functional role in human B-precursor leukemia cells with 11q23 translocation or Philadelphia chromosome. Leukemia 2000; 14:1598-605. [PMID: 10995006 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a hematopoietic growth factor which plays a central role in normal megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Although the interaction between TPO and its receptor c-Mpl encoded by the c-mpl gene is now known to be implicated in the proliferation and/or differentiation of abnormal myeloid cells and normal hematopoietic stem cells, little is known about a role of the TPO/c-Mpl system in lymphoid leukemia cells. In the present study, we first examined the expression of c-mpl/c-Mpl in 23 human lymphoid leukemic cell lines (T-lineage 4, B-lineage 19) using three distinct methods. The c-mpl mRNA was detectable in as many as 20 cell lines (T-lineage 3, B-lineage 17) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but its translated product, c-Mpl, was demonstrable by Western blot only in B-lineage cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the surface c-Mpl expression in 13 of 17 B-lineage cell lines, but its higher expression (>40%) was restricted in nine B-precursor cell lines, eight of which had 11q23 translocation or Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). We also demonstrated that two of eight cell lines with 11q23 translocation or Ph1 exhibited a significant proliferative response to TPO in the 3H-thymidine uptake and colony-forming assays. Triggering of these cell lines by TPO transiently up-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK-2 and Shc, indicating that their receptor is functional. Primary leukemia cells separated from patients with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Ph1 or 11q23 translocation also showed the surface c-Mpl expression and a significant responsiveness to TPO. These results suggest that the TPO/c-Mpl interaction may play a physiological role in the growth regulation of B-precursor leukemia cells particularly with specific chromosomal abnormalities.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin
- Thrombopoietin/metabolism
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tritium
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Inukai T, Sugita K, Mitsui K, Iijima K, Goi K, Tezuka T, Kojika S, Kagami K, Mori T, Kinoshita A, Suzuki T, Okazaki-Koyama T, Nakazawa S. Participation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the growth regulation of leukemia cells from Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia and blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2000; 14:1386-95. [PMID: 10942233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to support the growth of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells in addition to the cells of neutrophilic lineage. Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia has its origin in the hematopoietic stem cell. In the present study, we demonstrated that the proliferation of leukemic cells from chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC) and Ph1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases is frequently stimulated with G-CSF in vitro. We next studied a total of 12 leukemic cell lines established from CML-BC (n= 6) and Ph1-positive acute leukemia (n= 6): four 'myeloid', five 'biphenotypic', and three 'lymphoid' types. All cell lines expressed G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) in flow cytometric analysis, but their proliferative response to G-CSF in 3H-thymidine incorporation assay varied. The 'biphenotypic' cell lines expressed G-CSFR at higher levels and showed the most pronounced response to G-CSF. The 'lymphoid' cell lines showed intermediate G-CSFR expression with the modest response to G-CSF. Unexpectedly, 'myeloid' cell lines showed lower G-CSFR expression and lower G-CSF response compared with 'biphenotypic' cell lines. In three of four 'myeloid' cell lines, proliferation was partially inhibited by an addition of anti-G-CSF neutralizing monoclonal antibody into culture medium. Further, the % inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake of cell lines positively correlated with the amount of their intracellular G-CSF measured by enzyme immunoassay, suggesting an autocrine growth mechanism via the G-CSF/G-CSFR interaction. These results suggest that G-CSF play an important role in the growth regulation of leukemia cells from Ph1-positive acute leukemia and CML-BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|