1
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Takeoka K, Maekawa F, Nakagawa M, Kishimori C, Fukutsuka K, Hayashida M, Sumiyoshi S, Ohno H. MYC/BCL2 double- and MYC/BCL2/BCL6 triple-hit follicular lymphomas associated with t(8;14;18)(q24;q32;q21). J Clin Exp Hematop 2022; 62:258-267. [PMID: 36575003 PMCID: PMC9898723 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two follicular lymphoma (FL) patients with MYC/BCL2 double- and MYC/BCL2/BCL6 triple-hit translocations. The first patient (case 1) was a man in his 30s who presented with stage IV disease with leukemic manifestation. The second patient (case 2) was a man in his 60s who presented with relapsed FL, but his disease was in a limited stage. Histopathology of the lymph node biopsies revealed grade 3A FL in both cases. MYC positivity and the Ki-67-labeling index were 60-70 and 20% in case 1 and 30 and 50% in case 2, respectively. G-banding revealed t(8;14;18)(q24;q32;q21) in both cases and fluorescence in situ hybridization using MYC, IGH, and BCL2 break-apart probes confirmed t(8;14;18)(+5'BCL2,-3'MYC;+3'MYC,-5'IGH;+5'IGH,-5'BCL2). In case 2, additional materials of der(8)t(8;14;18) were duplicated and translocated to chromosome Y, and t(3;16)(q27;p13)/BCL6::CIITA was identified. We obtained BCL2-major breakpoint region::IGHJ5::IGHG1 and MYC exon 2::IGHA2 fusion sequences by long-distance polymerase chain reaction in case 1, and proposed that t(8;14;18) was generated by two-step translocations and that BCL2::IGH and MYC::IGH involved the same IGH allele. Both patients responded to the standard chemotherapy for FL. We suggest that the presence of t(8;14;18) in FL does not immediately indicate high-grade transformation and aggressive clinical behavior requiring intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Takeoka
- Tenri Institute of Medical Research, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Maekawa
- Tenri Institute of Medical Research, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Miho Nakagawa
- Tenri Institute of Medical Research, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Chiyuki Kishimori
- Tenri Institute of Medical Research, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Sumiyoshi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohno
- Tenri Institute of Medical Research, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Nara, Japan
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2
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Chen M, Jiang G, Liu Y, Li D, Li T, Peng J, Jiang Q, You H, Ba R, Pan J, Li M, Long W, Yan J, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Xi X, Mao J, Shi X. Establishment and characterization of a novel 'double-hit' follicular lymphoma cell line, FL-SJC. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7928-7938. [PMID: 32459397 PMCID: PMC7348184 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
About 5 per cent of follicular lymphoma (FL) cases are double-hit (DH) lymphomas. Double-hit follicular lymphoma (DHFL) cell lines can improve our understanding and drug development on FL. But there are only few DHFL cell lines. Here, we established a new MYC/BCL2 DHFL cell line, FL-SJC. The cells were obtained from the hydrothorax of a patient with MYC/BCL2 DHFL and cultured for 140 passages in vitro. FL-SJC cells demonstrated CD19++ , CD20+ , CD22++ , HLA-DR+ , CD10+ , CD38+ , Lambda+ CD23- , CD5- and Kappa- . The chromosome karyotypic analysis confirmed the co-existence of t(8;22)(q24;q11) and t(14;18)(q32;q21), as well as additional abnormalities involving chromosomes 2 and 3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) showed IGH/BCL2 fusion gene and the MYC rearrangement. In addition, the FL-SJC cells displayed KMT2D/MLL2 and CREBBP gene mutations. After subcutaneous inoculation of FL-SJC cells, the SCID mice developed solid tumour masses within 6-8 weeks. FL-SJC cells were proven to be free of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus infection and be multidrug-resistant. In a conclusion, the FL-SJC cell line has been identified as a novel MYC/BCL2 double-hit follicular lymphoma that can be used as a potentially available tool for the clinical and basic research, together with the drug development for MYC/BCL2 DHFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoxiong Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Jiangdu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongya Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiyan You
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Rong Ba
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinlan Pan
- Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weiguo Long
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinsong Yan
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Drexler HG, Eberth S, Nagel S, MacLeod RAF. Malignant hematopoietic cell lines: in vitro models for double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:1015-20. [PMID: 26727417 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mature B-cell lymphomas with concurrent rearrangements of MYC and BCL2 (more rarely BCL6), "double-hit lymphomas" (DHLs), form a heterogeneous group. Recent studies have shown that DHLs often present with an aggressive clinical course and a poor prognosis with standard therapy. This distinct clinical entity would benefit from more detailed pathobiological characterization to develop improved treatment options. Lymphoma cell lines are important and informative research tools. Several cell lines have been established from B-cell lymphoma patients harboring MYC rearrangements combined with either (double-hit) or both (triple-hit) BCL2 or BCL6 translocations. All rearrangements have been detected by cytogenetics and validated by FISH. These cell lines provide preclinical models for basic and translational research which speed development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Drexler
- a Department Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms & Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Sonja Eberth
- a Department Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms & Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefan Nagel
- a Department Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms & Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- a Department Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms & Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
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4
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Sasaki N, Kuroda J, Nagoshi H, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi S, Tsutsumi Y, Kobayashi T, Shimura Y, Matsumoto Y, Taki T, Nishida K, Horiike S, Akao Y, Taniwaki M. Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both could be a more effective treatment strategy for B-cell lymphoma with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:817-28.e1. [PMID: 21640157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prognosis for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2 remains dismal; there is an urgent need to clarify the significance of these two oncogenes as therapeutic targets for a more effective treatment strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established two novel cell lines, KPUM-MS3 and KPUM-UH1, from two chemoresistant patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Bcl-2, and investigated the significance of c-Myc and Bcl-2 as therapeutic targets. RESULTS KPUM-MS3 possesses t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation and KPUM-UH1 bcl-2 gene amplification, both of which account for Bcl-2 overexpression. Chromosomal translocation t(8;14)(q24;q34) was found to coexist only in KPUM-UH1, overexpression of pvt-1 messenger RNA was detected only in KPUM-MS3, and reduced expression of miR-143 and miR-145 was identified in both. Working together, these abnormalities can contribute to c-Myc overexpression. Using ABT-263, an inhibitor for Bcl-2, and 10058-F4, an inhibitor for c-Myc, we found that both cell lines were more highly sensitive to cell death as a result of Bcl-2 inhibition than of c-Myc inhibition. When combined with genotoxic agents, ABT-263 exerted additive and/or synergistic cell-killing effects, while 10058-F4 showed, at most, a modest combinatory effect. Importantly, the combination of ABT-263 and 10058-F4 had a synergistic cell-killing effect on both cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Bcl-2 is a better therapeutic target than c-Myc, but attacking both Bcl-2 and c-Myc would be an even more effective treatment strategy for diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with concurrent Bcl-2 and c-Myc overexpression.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectral Karyotyping
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Zhao S, Tang QL, He MX, Yang F, Wang H, Zhang WY, Jiang W, Wang XL, Mo XM, Li GD, Liu WP. A novel nude mice model of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2007; 22:170-8. [PMID: 17851553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel nude mice model of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma was established by subcutaneously implanting the sample taken from the patient with secondary extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma of the stomach into the right axillary region of a BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mouse. This model had been successfully transplanted in vivo for thirty-two generations with a stable growth cycle. The survival rates of both resuscitation and transplantation were 100%. Histologically, the tumor cells were medium to large size and arranged in sheets, with a little mesenchyma, and disseminated almost in all passages of the lymphoma-bearing nude mice. Immunologically, the tumor cells were positive for CD56, cytoplasmic CD3, granzyme B or TIA-1 and LMP1, sometimes for CD8 but negative for surface CD3, CD7, CD20 and CD1a. EBER1/2 was found. No T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement was detected in the transplanted tumors. Furthermore, both human sequencing-tagged sites SY14 and Y chromosome were detected by PCR or fluorescent in situ hybridization, respectively, in the transplanted tumor. The transplanted tumor in this novel nude mice model maintained the essential features of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma, and it would be an ideal tool in vivo for further research of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Knezevich S, Ludkovski O, Salski C, Lestou V, Chhanabhai M, Lam W, Klasa R, Connors JM, Dyer MJS, Gascoyne RD, Horsman DE. Concurrent translocation of BCL2 and MYC with a single immunoglobulin locus in high-grade B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2005; 19:659-63. [PMID: 15716988 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B-cell leukaemia or lymphoma with a combination of t(8;14)(q24;q32) of Burkitt leukaemia/lymphoma and t(14;18)(q32;q21) of follicular lymphoma may present clinically as de novo acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or transformation of follicular lymphoma to aggressive histology diffuse lymphoma. A number of cell lines have been reported with a complex t(8;14;18) with fusion of MYC, IGH and BCL2 on the same derivative 8 chromosome. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and chromosomal features of this der(8)t(8;14;18) in a series of acute leukaemias and malignant lymphomas. A database of 1350 leukaemia and lymphoma karyotypes was searched for cases with structural alterations affecting both 8q24 and 18q21. A total of 55 cases were identified, of which eight revealed a complex der(8)t(8;14;18) with an MYC-IGH-BCL2 rearrangement resulting from translocation of BCL2 and MYC with a single disrupted IGH allele. Molecular cytogenetic investigation is essential to identify cases of high-grade leukaemia/lymphoma with concurrent translocations affecting the BCL2 and MYC loci.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Female
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knezevich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Munoz O, Fend F, de Beaumont R, Husson H, Astier A, Freedman AS. TGFbeta-mediated activation of Smad1 in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and effect on cell proliferation. Leukemia 2004; 18:2015-25. [PMID: 15470494 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported an overexpression of Smad1 in follicular lymphoma (FL) cells, which are characterized by the t(14;18) bcl2/IgH translocation. Smad1 is commonly involved in bone morphogenetic protein but not in tumor-transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling pathways. This study focuses on Smad1 signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells including follicular or large-cell lymphoma cells. Our results support the notion that phosphorylation of Smad1 is mediated by TGFbeta present in the microenvironment and occurs in FL in vivo. Using an in vitro coculture system mimicking interactions between stroma cells and FL cells, we found that both the cell partners release TGFbeta at a sufficient concentration to activate Smad pathways in the malignant cells. This Smad1 activation involves TGFbetaRII but not ALK-1 receptors, and does not compete with the Smad2 pathway. Moreover, proliferation assays performed on lymphoma cells expressing wild-type or mutated Smad1, or in which endogenous Smad1 level was decreased by gene silencing, strongly supported that overexpression and activation of Smad1 modifies the biological response of lymphoma B cells to TGFbeta family members. This work opens new insights into aberrant Smad pathways and their pathophysiological role in FL and in other non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mutation
- Palatine Tonsil/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad Proteins
- Smad1 Protein
- Smad2 Protein
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- O Munoz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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Maines-Bandiera SL, Huntsman D, Lestou VS, Kuo WL, Leung PCK, Horsman RD, Wong AST, Woo MMM, Choi KKC, Roskelley CD, Auersperg N. Epithelio-mesenchymal transition in a neoplastic ovarian epithelial hybrid cell line. Differentiation 2004; 72:150-61. [PMID: 15157238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2004.07204003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid cell line, IOSE-Ov29, was created through fusion of cells from the human ovarian adenocarcinoma line OVCAR3 and the non-tumorigenic SV40 Tag-transfected human ovarian surface epithelial line IOSE-29. OVCAR3 cells exhibit a differentiated epithelial phenotype, whereas line IOSE-29 expresses mesenchymal characteristics that were acquired in culture by epithelio-mesenchymal transition. Microsatellite analysis, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and MFISH showed the genotype of the IOSE-Ov29 cells to contain components of both parent cell lines, but to be predominantly OVCAR3 derived. IOSE-Ov29 resembled OVCAR3 and differed from IOSE-29 as shown by its unlimited life span, tumorigenicity, epithelial morphology, keratin, occludin, E-cadherin and CA125 expression, increased expression of kinases of the PI3K pathway, and loss of cGMP-dependent protein kinase expression. IOSE-29-derived properties included SV40 Tag expression, growth inhibition by activin, collagen type III secretion, increased adhesion and spreading on tissue culture plastic, and increased growth rate. Proliferation of all three lines was stimulated by FSH and ATP and inhibited by GnRH I and GnRH II. Interestingly, IOSE-Ov29 was more anchorage independent than either parent line and was the only line that invaded Matrigel in Boyden chambers and formed invasive branches in collagen gels. The results indicate that IOSE-Ov29 is an IOSE-29/OVCAR3 hybrid, which differs from both parent lines genetically and phenotypically. Unexpectedly, fusion with the non-tumorigenic IOSE-29 cells enhanced malignancy-associated characteristics of OVCAR3, presumably as a result of the expression of IOSE-29-derived mesenchymal properties that are usually acquired by carcinoma cells through epithelio-mesenchymal transition during metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Maines-Bandiera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Women's Hospital, 4490 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V5, Canada
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9
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Ishkanian AS, Malloff CA, Watson SK, DeLeeuw RJ, Chi B, Coe BP, Snijders A, Albertson DG, Pinkel D, Marra MA, Ling V, MacAulay C, Lam WL. A tiling resolution DNA microarray with complete coverage of the human genome. Nat Genet 2004; 36:299-303. [PMID: 14981516 DOI: 10.1038/ng1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a tiling resolution array consisting of 32,433 overlapping BAC clones covering the entire human genome. This increases our ability to identify genetic alterations and their boundaries throughout the genome in a single comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiment. At this tiling resolution, we identified minute DNA alterations not previously reported. These alterations include microamplifications and deletions containing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and new genes that may be associated with multiple tumor types. Our findings show the need to move beyond conventional marker-based genome comparison approaches, that rely on inference of continuity between interval markers. Our submegabase resolution tiling set for array CGH (SMRT array) allows comprehensive assessment of genomic integrity and thereby the identification of new genes associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ishkanian
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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