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Oorschot V, Lindsey BW, Kaslin J, Ramm G. TEM, SEM, and STEM-based immuno-CLEM workflows offer complementary advantages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:899. [PMID: 33441723 PMCID: PMC7806999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying endogenous tissue stem cells remains a key challenge in developmental and regenerative biology. To distinguish and molecularly characterise stem cell populations in large heterogeneous tissues, the combination of cytochemical cell markers with ultrastructural morphology is highly beneficial. Here, we realise this through workflows of multi-resolution immuno-correlative light and electron microscopy (iCLEM) methodologies. Taking advantage of the antigenicity preservation of the Tokuyasu technique, we have established robust protocols and workflows and provide a side-by-side comparison of iCLEM used in combination with scanning EM (SEM), scanning TEM (STEM), or transmission EM (TEM). Evaluation of the applications and advantages of each method highlights their practicality for the identification, quantification, and characterization of heterogeneous cell populations in small organisms, organs, or tissues in healthy and diseased states. The iCLEM techniques are broadly applicable and can use either genetically encoded or cytochemical markers on plant, animal and human tissues. We demonstrate how these protocols are particularly suited for investigating neural stem and progenitor cell populations of the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oorschot
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Lindsey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Skeletal Metastases of Unknown Primary: Biological Landscape and Clinical Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091270. [PMID: 31470608 PMCID: PMC6770264 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal metastases of unknown primary (SMUP) represent a clinical challenge in dealing with patients diagnosed with bone metastases. Management of these patients has improved significantly in the past few years. however, it is fraught with a lack of evidence. While some patients have achieved impressive gains, a more systematic and tailored treatment is required. Nevertheless, in real-life practice, the outlook at the beginning of treatment for SMUP is decidedly somber. An incomplete translational relevance of pathological and clinical data on the mortality and morbidity rate has had unsatisfactory consequences for SMUP patients and their physicians. We examined several approaches to confront the available evidence; three key points emerged. The characterization of the SMUP biological profile is essential to driving clinical decisions by integrating genetic and molecular profiles into a multi-step diagnostic work-up. Nonetheless, a pragmatic investigation plan and therapy of SMUP cannot follow a single template; it must be adapted to different pathophysiological dynamics and coordinated with efforts of a systematic algorithm and high-quality data derived from statistically powered clinical trials. The discussion in this review points out that greater efforts are required to face the unmet needs present in SMUP patients in oncology.
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Chow PW, Rajab NF, Chua KH, Chan KM, Abd Hamid Z. Differential responses of lineages-committed hematopoietic progenitors and altered expression of self-renewal and differentiation-related genes in 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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El Ashkar S, Van Looveren D, Schenk F, Vranckx LS, Demeulemeester J, De Rijck J, Debyser Z, Modlich U, Gijsbers R. Engineering Next-Generation BET-Independent MLV Vectors for Safer Gene Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624199 PMCID: PMC5415309 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors have shown their curative potential in clinical trials correcting monogenetic disorders. However, therapeutic benefits were compromised due to vector-induced dysregulation of cellular genes and leukemia development in a subset of patients. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins act as cellular cofactors that tether the murine leukemia virus (MLV) pre-integration complex to host chromatin via interaction with the MLV integrase (IN) and thereby define the typical gammaretroviral integration distribution. We engineered next-generation BET-independent (Bin) MLV vectors to retarget their integration to regions where they are less likely to dysregulate nearby genes. We mutated MLV IN to uncouple BET protein interaction and fused it with chromatin-binding peptides. The addition of the CBX1 chromodomain to MLV INW390A efficiently targeted integration away from gene regulatory elements. The retargeted vector produced at high titers and efficiently transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, while fewer colonies were detected in a serial colony-forming assay, a surrogate test for genotoxicity. Our findings underscore the potential of the engineered vectors to reduce the risk of insertional mutagenesis without compromising transduction efficiency. Ultimately, combined with other safety features in vector design, next-generation BinMLV vectors can improve the safety of gammaretroviral vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Ashkar
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 3000 Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Looveren
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska Schenk
- RG Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lenard S Vranckx
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 3000 Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 3000 Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Rijck
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 3000 Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, 3000 Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ute Modlich
- RG Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Martin-Rendon E, Sweeney D, Lu F, Girdlestone J, Navarrete C, Watt SM. 5-Azacytidine-treated human mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from umbilical cord, cord blood and bone marrow do not generate cardiomyocytes in vitro at high frequencies. Vox Sang 2008; 95:137-48. [PMID: 18557828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that differentiate into such lineages as bone, fat, cartilage and stromal cells that support haemopoiesis. Bone marrow MSCs can also contribute to cardiac repair, although the mechanism for this is unclear. Here, we examine the potential of MSCs from different sources to generate cardiomyocytes in vitro, as a means for predicting their therapeutic potential after myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells were isolated from the perivascular tissue and Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord and from cord blood. Their immunophenotype and differentiation potential to generate osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and cardiomyoxcytes in vitro was compared with those of bone marrow MSCs. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells isolated from umbilical cord and cord blood were phenotypically similar to bone marrow MSCs, the exception being in the expression of CD106, which was absent on umbilical cord MSCs, and CD146 that was highly expressed in cord blood MSCs. They have variable abilities to give rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, with bone marrow MSCs being the most robust. While a small proportion (approximately 0.07%) of bone marrow MSCs could generate cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro, those from umbilical cord and cord blood did not express cardiac markers either spontaneously or after treatment with 5-azacytidine. CONCLUSION Although MSCs may be useful for such clinical applications as bone or cartilage repair, the results presented here indicate that such cells do not generate cardiomyocytes frequently enough for cardiac repair. Their efficacy in heart repair is likely to be due to paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin-Rendon
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS-Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Mendez-Pertuz M, Hughes C, Annenkov A, Daly G, Chernajovsky Y. Engineering stem cells for therapy. Regen Med 2007; 1:575-87. [PMID: 17465851 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.4.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of a stem cell is dependent on the environmental cues that it receives and can be modulated by the expression of different master regulators or by secreted factors or inducers. The use of genetically modified stem cells to express the required factors can direct differentiation along the requisite pathway. This approach to the engineering of stem cells is important, as control of the pluripotentiality of stem cells is necessary in order to avoid unwanted growth, migration or differentiation to nontarget tissues. The authors provide an overview of the stem cell engineering field, highlighting challenges and solutions, and focusing on recent developments in therapeutic applications in areas such as autoimmunity, CNS lesions, bone and joint diseases, cancer and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Mendez-Pertuz
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Barts and The London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A McCulloch
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
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Abstract
Experimental biology and medicine work with stem cells more than twenty years. The method discovered for in vitro culture of human embryonal stem cells acquired at abortions or from "surplus" embryos left from in vitro fertilization, evoked immediately ideas on the possibility to aim development and differentiation of these cells at regeneration of damaged tissues. Recently, several surprising observations proved that even tissue-specific (multipotent) stem cells are capable, under suitable conditions, of producing a whole spectrum of cell types, regardless, whether these tissues are derived from the same germ layer or not. This ability is frequently called stem cell plasticity but other authors also use different names - "non-orthodox differentiation" or "transdifferentiation". In this paper we wish to raise several important questions and problems related to this theme. Let us remind some of them: Is it possible to force cells of one-type tissue to look and act as cells of another tissue? Are these changes natural? Could these transformations be used to treat diseases? What about the bioethic issue? However, the most serious task "still remains to be solved - how to detect, harvest and culture stem cells for therapy of certain diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filip
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University Hospital, Sokolska Street 480, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
For many years, adult haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been considered 'plastic' in their proliferative and differentiation capacities. Recently, evidence that supports newer concepts of adult stem cell plasticity has been reported. In particular, stem cells from haemopoietic tissues seem to have 'extraordinary' abilities to generate or switch between haemopoietic and nonhaemopoietic lineages, exhibiting an unexpected degree of developmental or differentiation potential. The mechanisms by which cell fate reprogramming occurs are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies is challenging one of the main dogmas in biology, namely that mammalian cell differentiation follows established programmes in a hierarchical fashion, and once committed to a particular somatic cell lineage, cells do not change into another somatic lineage. The 'nonhierarchical', 'reversible' phenotype of stem cells in haemopoietic tissues, if it exists, would be an advantage that could be exploited in regenerative medicine. Here, we review the recent advances in HSC biology and discuss the general concepts of adult stem cell plasticity with respect to these cells and how these might be exploited clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin-Rendon
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, National Blood Service, Oxford Centre, Oxford, UK
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