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Diederichs S, Bartsch L, Berkmann JC, Fröse K, Heitmann J, Hoppe C, Iggena D, Jazmati D, Karschnia P, Linsenmeier M, Maulhardt T, Möhrmann L, Morstein J, Paffenholz SV, Röpenack P, Rückert T, Sandig L, Schell M, Steinmann A, Voss G, Wasmuth J, Weinberger ME, Wullenkord R. The dark matter of the cancer genome: aberrations in regulatory elements, untranslated regions, splice sites, non-coding RNA and synonymous mutations. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:442-57. [PMID: 26992833 PMCID: PMC5126213 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of the genome caused by oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition. Deep sequencing studies including large consortia such as TCGA and ICGC identified numerous tumor‐specific mutations not only in protein‐coding sequences but also in non‐coding sequences. Although 98% of the genome is not translated into proteins, most studies have neglected the information hidden in this “dark matter” of the genome. Malignancy‐driving mutations can occur in all genetic elements outside the coding region, namely in enhancer, silencer, insulator, and promoter as well as in 5′‐UTR and 3′‐UTR. Intron or splice site mutations can alter the splicing pattern. Moreover, cancer genomes contain mutations within non‐coding RNA, such as microRNA, lncRNA, and lincRNA. A synonymous mutation changes the coding region in the DNA and RNA but not the protein sequence. Importantly, oncogenes such as TERT or miR‐21 as well as tumor suppressor genes such as TP53/p53,APC,BRCA1, or RB1 can be affected by these alterations. In summary, coding‐independent mutations can affect gene regulation from transcription, splicing, mRNA stability to translation, and hence, this largely neglected area needs functional studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the important role and novel mechanisms of these non‐coding or allegedly silent mutations in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Division of RNA Biology & Cancer (B150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bartsch
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Berkmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Fröse
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Heitmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoppe
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deetje Iggena
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Danny Jazmati
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Maulhardt
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino Möhrmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Morstein
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella V Paffenholz
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Röpenack
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Rückert
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Sandig
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schell
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Steinmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gjendine Voss
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wasmuth
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria E Weinberger
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Wullenkord
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
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Rodríguez-Vicente AE, Quwaider D, Benito R, Misiewicz-Krzeminska I, Hernández-Sánchez M, de Coca AG, Fisac R, Alonso JM, Zato C, de Paz JF, García JL, Sarasquete ME, Hernández JÁ, Corchado JM, González M, Gutiérrez NC, Hernández-Rivas JM. MicroRNA-223 is a novel negative regulator of HSP90B1 in CLL. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:238. [PMID: 25880332 PMCID: PMC4404064 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs are known to inhibit gene expression by binding to the 3′UTR of the target transcript. Downregulation of miR-223 has been recently reported to have prognostic significance in CLL. However, there is no evidence of the pathogenetic mechanism of this miRNA in CLL patients. Methods By applying next-generation sequencing techniques we have detected a common polymorphism (rs2307842), in 24% of CLL patients, which disrupts the binding site for miR-223 in HSP90B1 3′UTR. We investigated whether miR-223 directly targets HSP90B1 through luciferase assays and ectopic expression of miR-223. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to determine HSP90B1 expression in CLL patients. The relationship between rs2307842 status, HSP90B1 expression and clinico-biological data were assessed. Results HSP90B1 is a direct target for miR-223 by interaction with the putative miR-223 binding site. The analysis in paired samples (CD19+ fraction cell and non-CD19+ fraction cell) showed that the presence of rs2307842 and IGHV unmutated genes determined HSP90B1 overexpression in B lymphocytes from CLL patients. These results were confirmed at the protein level by western blot. Of note, HSP90B1 overexpression was independently predictive of shorter time to the first therapy in CLL patients. By contrast, the presence of rs2307842 was not related to the outcome. Conclusions HSP90B1 is a direct target gene of miR-223. Our results provide a plausible explanation of why CLL patients harboring miR-223 downregulation are associated with a poor outcome, pointing out HSP90B1 as a new pathogenic mechanism in CLL and a promising therapeutic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1212-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Rodríguez-Vicente
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Dalia Quwaider
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benito
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Irena Misiewicz-Krzeminska
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain. .,National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | - Rosa Fisac
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain.
| | | | - Carolina Zato
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Juan Francisco de Paz
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis García
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, (IECSCYL)-HUSAL, Castilla y León, Spain.
| | - Ma Eugenia Sarasquete
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Ángel Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan M Corchado
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Marcos González
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Norma C Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Jesús-María Hernández-Rivas
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
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Wang S, Jiang Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Xiang C, Ma R, Gao H, Jin L, He F, Wang H. Revisiting the role of MCL1 in tumorigenesis of solid cancer: gene expression correlates with antiproliferative phenotype in breast cancer cells and its functional regulatory variants are associated with reduced cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8289-99. [PMID: 24852432 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to the well-defined anti-apoptotic role of myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1), its antiproliferative function in tumorigenesis is less studied. We had recently reported that regulatory variants of MCL1 contribute to enhanced promoter activity but reduced risk of lung cancer. We hypothesized that MCL1 expression may manifest antiproliferative phenotype and its functional variations may have etiological relevance for breast cancer. We manipulated MCL1 expression in MCF-7 cells and MDA231 with overexpression and knockdown, analyzed the effects on cell viability and cell cycling phase, and characterized the correlation with expression profiles of key regulators of cell cycle. We further genotyped the -190 insertion polymorphism and the neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 745 breast cancer patients and 537 controls and analyzed their association with cancer risk. We confirmed that heightened expression of MCL1 resulted in decreased proliferation ability of breast cancer cells. We further observed that MCL1 overexpression in breast cancer cells resulted in cell cycle progression arresting in S phase and concomitant enhanced expression of p27, which could be rescued by p27 knockdown with co-transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, we found a significant reduction in breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.74; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-0.93] associated with -190 insertion genotype; the expression-enhancing regulatory haplotype (OR 0.79; 95 % CI 0.66-0.95) and diplotype (OR 0.71; 95 % CI 0.57-0.89) were consistently associated with decreased cancer susceptibility. The study demonstrates that the expression-enhancing regulatory variants of MCL1 are protective modifiers of breast cancer risk, and reduced cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression partly mediated by p27 might be the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Rd., 200433, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The description of apoptosis and the identification of the genes that regulate it have proved pivotal to our understanding of how cancer cells accumulate and ultimately cause morbidity and mortality. It has become increasingly clear that in CLL the balance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family of apoptotic regulatory proteins is critical in the development and clinical progression of CLL. Furthermore, the apoptotic potential of the CLL cell determines chemotherapy sensitivity and ultimately progression-free and overall survival. The unravelling of the BCL2 story in CLL has led to the development of a whole new class of therapeutic agents-the BH3 mimetics-which are significantly more targeted than conventional chemo-immunotherapy and therefore promise potent clinical activity coupled with reduced toxicity.
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Jiang Y, Wang W, Wang J, Lu Y, Chen Y, Jin L, Lin D, He F, Wang H. Functional regulatory variants of MCL1 contribute to enhanced promoter activity and reduced risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers: implications for context-dependent phenotype of an antiapoptotic and antiproliferative gene in solid tumor. Cancer 2011; 118:2085-95. [PMID: 21887682 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of molecules that regulate both apoptosis and proliferation is involved in tumorigenesis. A common insertional polymorphism in promoter of MCL1, a member of BCL2 family gene with the dual regulatory functions, has been shown to be functional in leukemia, but its association with cancer predisposition and prognosis has not been well established. We hypothesized that MCL1 promoter variants may modify risk of solid cancer. METHODS We genotyped -190 insertional polymorphism and 3 linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (-627A>C, -298G>C, and -235C>A) in 320 lung cancer patients and 362 controls, and analyzed their functional significance. RESULTS We confirmed that these regulatory variants correlated with enhanced promoter activity and elevated expression of both mRNA and protein in solid cancer cells and tissues. We further demonstrated that heightened expression of MCL1 resulted in decreased proliferation ability of lung cancer cells. We found a reduced cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25-0.88) associated with -190 insertional genotype. Stratification analysis further showed pronounced associations in nonsmokers (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.70), in females (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07-0.74), and in the histological type of adenocarcinoma (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05-0.62). Likewise, homologous diplotype of these polymorhpisms that positively affected gene expression was associated with reduced risk in nonsmokers (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.58). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that common variants in MCL1 promoter correlated with increased transactivation in solid cancer cells and were associated with reduced risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers, suggesting a dominant antiproliferative function of MCL1 against its antiapoptosis effect in development of solid cancer in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Day BW, Stringer BW, Spanevello MD, Charmsaz S, Jamieson PR, Ensbey KS, Carter JC, Cox JM, Ellis VJ, Brown CL, Walker DG, Inglis PL, Allan S, Reynolds BA, Lickliter JD, Boyd AW. ELK4 neutralization sensitizes glioblastoma to apoptosis through downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1202-12. [PMID: 21846680 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common adult primary brain tumor. Its most malignant form, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is almost invariably fatal, due in part to the intrinsic resistance of GBM to radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We analyzed B-cell leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) anti-apoptotic proteins in GBM and found myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) to be the highest expressed in the majority of malignant gliomas. Mcl-1 was functionally important, as neutralization of Mcl-1 induced apoptosis and increased chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. To determine how Mcl-1 was regulated in glioma, we analyzed the promoter and identified a novel functional single nucleotide polymorphism in an uncharacterized E26 transformation-specific (ETS) binding site. We identified the ETS transcription factor ELK4 as a critical regulator of Mcl-1 in glioma, since ELK4 downregulation was shown to reduce Mcl-1 and increase sensitivity to apoptosis. Importantly the presence of the single nucleotide polymorphism, which ablated ELK4 binding in gliomas, was associated with lower Mcl-1 levels and a greater dependence on Bcl-xL. Furthermore, in vivo, ELK4 downregulation reduced tumor formation in glioblastoma xenograft models. The critical role of ELK4 in Mcl-1 expression and protection from apoptosis in glioma defines ELK4 as a novel potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Day
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, 4029, Brisbane, Australia.
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Mcl-1 expression has in vitro and in vivo significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is associated with other poor prognostic markers. Blood 2008; 112:3807-17. [PMID: 18599795 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-157131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins play a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, their association with established prognostic markers is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Mcl-1 in 185 CLL patients and evaluated their relationship with other prognostic markers, in vitro sensitivity to fludarabine, and clinical outcome. Mcl-1 expression was significantly correlated with stage of disease (P < .001), lymphocyte doubling time (P = .01), V(H) gene mutation status (P < .001), CD38 expression (P < .001), and ZAP-70 expression (P = .003). In addition, Mcl-1 and Mcl-1/Bax ratios showed strong correlations with in vitro resistance to fludarabine (P = .005 and P < .001, respectively). Furthermore, elevated Mcl-1 expression and Mcl-1/Bax ratios were predictive of time to first treatment in the whole cohort (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) and in stage A patients only (P = .002 and P = .001, respectively). Taken together, our data show that Mcl-1 is a key controller of in vitro drug resistance and is an important regulator of disease progression and outcome in CLL. It therefore represents a promising therapeutic target in this incurable condition. The close correlation between Mcl-1 expression and V(H) gene mutation status, CD38 expression, and ZAP-70 expression offers a biologic explanation for their association with adverse prognosis.
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Butler T, Gribben JG. Biologic prognostic markers and their application in clinical trials and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:101-12. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kaderi MA, Norberg M, Murray F, Merup M, Sundström C, Roos G, Aleskog A, Karlsson K, Axelsson T, Tobin G, Rosenquist R. The BCL-2 promoter (-938C>A) polymorphism does not predict clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 22:339-43. [PMID: 18046447 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The (-938C>A) polymorphism in the promoter region of the BCL-2 gene was recently associated with inferior time to treatment and overall survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients displaying the -938A/A genotype and may thus serve as an unfavorable genetic marker in CLL. Furthermore, the -938A/A genotype was associated with increased expression of Bcl-2. To investigate this further, we analyzed the -938 genotypes of the BCL-2 gene in 268 CLL patients and correlated data with treatment status, overall survival and known prognostic factors, for example, Binet stage, immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) mutational status and CD38 expression. In contrast to the recent report, the current cohort of CLL patients showed no differences either in time to treatment or overall survival in relation to usage of a particular genotype. In addition, no correlation was evident between the (-938C>A) genotypes and IGHV mutational status, Binet stage or CD38. Furthermore, the polymorphism did not appear to affect the Bcl-2 expression at the RNA level. Taken together, our data do not support the use of the (-938C>A) BCL-2 polymorphism as a prognostic marker in CLL and argue against its postulated role in modulating Bcl-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kaderi
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Short nucleotide polymorphic insertions in the MCL-1 promoter affect gene expression. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:114-31. [PMID: 17198743 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported novel short nucleotide (six and eighteen) polymorphic insertions, in the MCL-1 promoter and their association with higher mRNA and protein levels. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that these insertions directly affect MCL-1 gene expression. Haematopoietic and epithelial human cell lines were transfected with +0, +6, or +18 MCL-1 promoter fragments positioned upstream of the Firefly luciferase reporter gene. The cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Compared to +0, both polymorphic insertions (+6 and +18) were associated with increased promoter activity. Although chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that there are Sp1/Sp3 binding sites in the MCL-1 promoter, electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that it is unlikely that these sites are in the region harboring these insertions. These results provide further evidence for the biological effect of MCL-1 promoter polymorphisms on gene expression.
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Dicker F, Rauhut S, Kohlmann A, Kern W, Schoch C, Haferlach T, Schnittger S. Re: Prognostic Significance of a Short Sequence Insertion in the MCL-1 Promoter in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 97:1092-3; author reply 1093-5. [PMID: 16030312 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Nenning UCF, Eckert C, Wellmann S, Barth A, Henze G, Seeger K. Re: Prognostic Significance of a Short Sequence Insertion in the MCL-1 Promoter in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 97:1091-2; author reply 1093-5. [PMID: 16030311 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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