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Mitogen-activated protein kinases are involved in cucurbitacin D-induced antitumor effects on adult T-cell leukemia cells. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:122-130. [PMID: 32914311 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive and malignant blood disease. We previously reported that steroid-structured cucurbitacin D (CuD) induces apoptosis in ATL cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling inhibitors on CuD-induced cell death in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) isolated from ATL/acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and two human leukemia cell lines (MT-1 and MT-4). PBLs were isolated from an ATL/ALL patient as well as from a healthy donor. Cell surface markers were examined using flow cytometry. Serum cytokine levels were estimated using LEGENDplex or analyzed at the Center for Clinical and Translational Research of Kyushu University Hospital. Cell proliferation was assessed using the Cell Titer-Glo luminescent cell viability assay. Protein expression was determined by western blotting. PBLs from patients highly expressed CD4 and CD5. Serum from the patient contained high levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-18, and interferon-γ compared to the healthy donor. CuD-induced cell death was enhanced by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor U0126. However, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor prevented CuD-induced cell death. Immunoblot analyses revealed that CuD reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and JNK, and co-treatment with CuD and U0126 did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK. MEK1/2 and p38 inhibitors enhanced CuD-induced cell death, and U0126 enhanced the CuD-induced de-phosphorylation of ERK in MT-1 and MT-4 cells. We conclude that CuD reduces ERK activation, resulting in enhanced antitumor effects on leukemic cells.
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2
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Cherian MA, Olson S, Sundaramoorthi H, Cates K, Cheng X, Harding J, Martens A, Challen GA, Tyagi M, Ratner L, Rauch D. An activating mutation of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in adult T-cell leukemia. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29540473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax drives cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis early in the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Subsequently, probably as a result of specific immunoediting, Tax expression is down-regulated and functionally replaced by somatic driver mutations of the host genome. Both amplification and point mutations of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) have been previously detected in ATL., K59R is the most common single-nucleotide variation of IRF4 and is found exclusively in ATL. High-throughput whole-exome sequencing revealed recurrent activating genetic alterations in the T-cell receptor, CD28, and NF-κB pathways. We found that IRF4, which is transcriptionally activated downstream of these pathways, is frequently mutated in ATL. IRF4 RNA, protein, and IRF4 transcriptional targets are uniformly elevated in HTLV-1-transformed cells and ATL cell lines, and IRF4 was bound to genomic regulatory DNA of many of these transcriptional targets in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. We further noted that the K59R IRF4 mutant is expressed at higher levels in the nucleus than WT IRF4 and is transcriptionally more active. Expression of both WT and the K59R mutant of IRF4 from a constitutive promoter in retrovirally transduced murine bone marrow cells increased the abundance of T lymphocytes but not myeloid cells or B lymphocytes in mice. IRF4 may represent a therapeutic target in ATL because ATL cells select for a mutant of IRF4 with higher nuclear expression and transcriptional activity, and overexpression of IRF4 induces the expansion of T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Cherian
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Sydney Olson
- the Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kitra Cates
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John Harding
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Martens
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Grant A Challen
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Manoj Tyagi
- the Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lee Ratner
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
| | - Daniel Rauch
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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3
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Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a inhibited by pimozide may regulate survival of goat mammary gland epithelial cells by regulating parathyroid hormone-related protein. Gene 2014; 551:279-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Fathi AT, Chen YB, Carter BW, Ryan RJH. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 24-2012. A 38-year-old man with abdominal pain and altered mental status. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:552-63. [PMID: 22873536 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir T Fathi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology and the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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5
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Shu ST, Dirksen WP, Lanigan LG, Martin CK, Thudi NK, Werbeck JL, Fernandez SA, Hildreth BE, Rosol TJ. Effects of parathyroid hormone-related protein and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in Jurkat T-cells on tumor formation in vivo and expression of apoptosis regulatory genes in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:688-98. [PMID: 21942940 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.626883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, but their effects on T-cells have not been well studied. Here we analyzed the functions of PTHrP and MIP-1α on T-cell growth and death both in vitro and in vivo by overexpressing either factor in human Jurkat T-cells. PTHrP or MIP-1α did not affect Jurkat cell growth in vitro, but PTHrP increased their sensitivity to apoptosis. Importantly, PTHrP and MIP-1α decreased both tumor incidence and growth in vivo. To investigate possible mechanisms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays and real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays were performed. Both PTHrP and MIP-1α increased the expression of several factors including signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, tumor necrosis factor α, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and death-associated protein kinase 1, and decreased the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1, interferon γ and CD40 ligand in Jurkat cells. In addition, MIP-1α also increased the expression of transcription factor AP-2α and PTHrP increased expression of the vitamin D3 receptor. These data demonstrate that PTHrP and MIP-1α exert a profound antitumor effect presumably by increasing the sensitivity to apoptotic signals through modulation of transcription and apoptosis factors in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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6
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Shu ST, Martin CK, Thudi NK, Dirksen WP, Rosol TJ. Osteolytic bone resorption in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:702-14. [PMID: 20214446 DOI: 10.3109/10428191003646697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is caused by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Patients with ATLL frequently develop humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) resulting from increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Our goal was to investigate the mechanisms of ATLL-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. Murine calvaria co-cultured with HTLV-1-infected cells directly or conditioned media from cell cultures had increased osteoclast activity that was dependent on RANKL, indicating that factors secreted from ATLL cells had a stimulatory effect on bone resorption. Factors released from resorbing bone stimulated proliferation of HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), both osteoclast stimulators, were expressed in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Interestingly, when HTLV-1-infected T-cells were co-cultured with pre-osteoblasts, the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), an osteoclast inhibitory factor, was significantly down-regulated in the pre-osteoblasts. When OPG was added into the ex vivo osteoclastogenesis assay induced by HTLV-1-infected T-cells, osteoclastogenesis was strongly inhibited. In addition, HTLV-1-infected T-cells inhibited expression of early osteoblast genes and induced late genes. These regulators will serve as future therapeutic targets for the treatments of HHM in ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry T Shu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Maass PG, Wirth J, Aydin A, Rump A, Stricker S, Tinschert S, Otero M, Tsuchimochi K, Goldring MB, Luft FC, Bähring S. A cis-regulatory site downregulates PTHLH in translocation t(8;12)(q13;p11.2) and leads to Brachydactyly Type E. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:848-60. [PMID: 20015959 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) is an important chondrogenic regulator; however, the gene has not been directly linked to human disease. We studied a family with autosomal-dominant Brachydactyly Type E (BDE) and identified a t(8;12)(q13;p11.2) translocation with breakpoints (BPs) upstream of PTHLH on chromosome 12p11.2 and a disrupted KCNB2 on 8q13. We sequenced the BPs and identified a highly conserved Activator protein 1 (AP-1) motif on 12p11.2, together with a C-ets-1 motif translocated from 8q13. AP-1 and C-ets-1 bound in vitro and in vivo at the derivative chromosome 8 breakpoint [der(8) BP], but were differently enriched between the wild-type and BP allele. We differentiated fibroblasts from BDE patients into chondrogenic cells and found that PTHLH and its targets, ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 were downregulated along with impaired chondrogenic differentiation. We next used human and murine chondrocytes and observed that the AP-1 motif stimulated, whereas der(8) BP or C-ets-1 decreased, PTHLH promoter activity. These results are the first to identify a cis-directed PTHLH downregulation as primary cause of human chondrodysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp G Maass
- Department of Genetics, Nephrology, Hypertension, and Vascular Injury, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Gilmore JL, Gonterman RM, Menon K, Lorch G, Riese DJ, Robling A, Foley J. Reconstitution of amphiregulin-epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in lung squamous cell carcinomas activates PTHrP gene expression and contributes to cancer-mediated diseases of the bone. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1714-28. [PMID: 19825997 PMCID: PMC2784013 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is the causative factor of the paraneoplastic syndrome humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and it also contributes to osteolytic metastases, both of which are common complications of squamous carcinomas of the lung. Inhibition of autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been shown to reduce plasma calcium and PTHrP concentrations in two lung squamous cell carcinoma xenograft models of HHM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which EGFR is activated and stimulates PTHrP gene expression in lung squamous carcinoma cell lines. Amphiregulin (AREG) was the only EGFR ligand that could be consistently detected in conditioned media from the SCC lines, and reduction of its expression either by siRNA or by precipitating antibody reduced PTHrP mRNA expression as effectively as EGFR-targeted inhibition. Using siRNA knockdown or inhibitors to upstream regulators of AREG shedding including TACE, Src/Lck, and G(i/o), also reduced PTHrP mRNA expression. We determined that blockade of autocrine AREG-EGFR signaling does not affect PTHrP mRNA stability. Of the three PTHrP promoters (P1, P2, and P3), P1 mRNA could be reduced by nearly 100% with an EGFR inhibitor, and both epidermal growth factor and AREG stimulated P1 mRNA by approximately 5-fold. Finally, ectopic expression of EGFR in a receptor-low but AREG-expressing cell line increased PTHrP mRNA levels in vitro, and induced the capability to cause HHM and rapid osteolytic growth in vivo. Taken together, we provide evidence that AREG stimulation of EGFR results in high levels of PTHrP gene expression, contributing to cancer-associated bone pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Amphiregulin
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/physiopathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- EGF Family of Proteins
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/genetics
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA Stability/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gilmore
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Ryan M. Gonterman
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Keshav Menon
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - David J. Riese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Alex Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - John Foley
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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9
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Gauthier S, Pelletier I, Ouellet M, Vargas A, Tremblay MJ, Sato S, Barbeau B. Induction of galectin-1 expression by HTLV-I Tax and its impact on HTLV-I infectivity. Retrovirology 2008; 5:105. [PMID: 19032754 PMCID: PMC2613925 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-free Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) virions are poorly infectious and cell-to-cell contact is often required to achieve infection. Other factors might thus importantly contribute in increasing infection by HTLV-I. Galectin-1 is a galactoside-binding lectin which is secreted by activated T lymphocytes. Several functions have been attributed to this protein including its capacity to increase cell-to-cell adhesion. Based on previous studies, we postulated that this protein could also accentuate HTLV-I infection. Results Herein, we demonstrate that galectin-1 expression and release are higher in HTLV-I-infected T cells in comparison to uninfected T cells. Furthermore, galectin-1 expression was activated in various cell lines expressing the wild type viral Tax protein while this induction was minimal upon expression of NF-κB activation-defective TaxM22. Cotransfection of these Tax expression vectors with galectin-1 promoter-driven luciferase constructs confirmed that Tax upregulated galectin-1 promoter activity. However, a NF-κB-independent mechanism was strongly favoured in this induction of galectin-1 expression as no activation of the promoter was apparent in Jurkat cells treated with known NF-κB activators. Using HTLV-I envelope pseudotyped HIV-1 virions, galectin-1 was shown to increase infectivity. In addition, a co-culture assay with HTLV-I-infected cells also indicated an increase in cell fusion upon addition of galectin-1. This effect was not mediated by factors present in the supernatant of the HTLV-I-infected cells. Conclusion These data suggest that HTLV-I Tax increases galectin-1 expression and that this modulation could play an important role in HTLV-I infection by stabilizing both cell-to-cell and virus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gauthier
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, 2080 St-Urbain, Montréal, Québec, H2X 3X8, Canada.
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10
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Mayer JA, Foley J, De La Cruz D, Chuong CM, Widelitz R. Conversion of the nipple to hair-bearing epithelia by lowering bone morphogenetic protein pathway activity at the dermal-epidermal interface. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1339-48. [PMID: 18832580 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial appendages, such as mammary glands and hair, arise as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important for hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling and are known to regulate a wide variety of developmental processes. For example, overexpression of BMPs inhibits hair follicle formation. We hypothesized that the down-regulation of the BMP signaling pathway in the basal epidermis expands regions that are competent to form hair follicles and could alter the fate of the epithelium in the mouse nipple to a hair-covered epidermal phenotype. To test our hypothesis, we used a transgenic mouse model in which keratin 14 (KRT14) promoter-mediated overexpression of Noggin, a BMP antagonist, modulates BMP activity. We observed the conversion of nipple epithelium into pilosebaceous units. During normal mammary gland organogenesis, BMPs are likely used by the nipple epithelium to suppress keratinocyte differentiation, thus preventing the formation of pilosebaceous units. In this report, we characterize the morphology and processes that influence the development of hairs within the nipple of the KRT14-Noggin mouse. We demonstrate that Noggin acts, in part, by reducing the BMP signal in the epithelium. Reduction of the BMP signal in turn leads to a reduction in the levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein. We propose that during evolution of the nipple, the BMP pathway was co-opted to suppress hair follicle formation and create a more functional milk delivery apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ann Mayer
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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11
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Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein during immortalization of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by HTLV-1: implications for transformation. Retrovirology 2008; 5:46. [PMID: 18541021 PMCID: PMC2435116 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is initiated by infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); however, additional host factors are also required for T-cell transformation and development of ATLL. The HTLV-1 Tax protein plays an important role in the transformation of T-cells although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) that occurs in the majority of ATLL patients. However, PTHrP is also up-regulated in HTLV-1-carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients without hypercalcemia, indicating that PTHrP is expressed before transformation of T-cells. The expression of PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP receptor during immortalization or transformation of lymphocytes by HTLV-1 has not been investigated. RESULTS We report that PTHrP was up-regulated during immortalization of lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by HTLV-1 infection in long-term co-culture assays. There was preferential utilization of the PTHrP-P2 promoter in the immortalized cells compared to the HTLV-1-transformed MT-2 cells. PTHrP expression did not correlate temporally with expression of HTLV-1 tax. HTLV-1 infection up-regulated the PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) in lymphocytes indicating a potential autocrine role for PTHrP. Furthermore, co-transfection of HTLV-1 expression plasmids and PTHrP P2/P3-promoter luciferase reporter plasmids demonstrated that HTLV-1 up-regulated PTHrP expression only mildly, indicating that other cellular factors and/or events are required for the very high PTHrP expression observed in ATLL cells. We also report that macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), a cellular gene known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HHM in ATLL patients, was highly expressed during early HTLV-1 infection indicating that, unlike PTHrP, its expression was enhanced due to activation of lymphocytes by HTLV-1 infection. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that PTHrP and its receptor are up-regulated specifically during immortalization of T-lymphocytes by HTLV-1 infection and may facilitate the transformation process.
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12
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Shu ST, Nadella MVP, Dirksen WP, Fernandez SA, Thudi NK, Werbeck JL, Lairmore MD, Rosol TJ. A novel bioluminescent mouse model and effective therapy for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11859-66. [PMID: 18089816 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell /lymphomaleukemia (ATLL) is caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Approximately 80% of ATLL patients develop humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), a life-threatening complication leading to a poor prognosis. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) are important factors in the pathogenesis of HHM in ATLL and the expression of PTHrP can be activated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in ATLL cells and is essential for leukemogenesis including transformation of lymphocytes infected by HTLV-1. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of NF-kappaB disruption by a proteasomal inhibitor (PS-341) and osteoclastic inhibition by zoledronic acid (Zol) on the development of ATLL and HHM using a novel bioluminescent mouse model. We found that PS-341 decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and down-regulated PTHrP expression in ATLL cells in vitro. To investigate the in vivo efficacy, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice were xenografted with ATLL cells and treated with vehicle control, PS-341, Zol, or a combination of PS-341 and Zol. Bioluminescent imaging and tumor cell count showed a significant reduction in tumor burden in mice from all treatment groups. All treatments also significantly reduced the plasma calcium concentrations. Zol treatment increased trabecular bone volume and decreased osteoclast parameters. PS-341 reduced PTHrP and MIP-1 alpha expression in tumor cells in vivo. Our results indicate that both PS-341 and Zol are effective treatments for ATLL and HHM, which are refractory to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry T Shu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, USA
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13
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Nadella MVP, Dirksen WP, Nadella KS, Shu S, Cheng AS, Morgenstern JA, Richard V, Fernandez SA, Huang TH, Guttridge D, Rosol TJ. Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P2 by NF-kappaB in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leukemia 2007; 21:1752-62. [PMID: 17554373 PMCID: PMC2676796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a primary role in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) that occurs in the majority of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) due to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. We previously showed that ATLL cells constitutively express high levels of PTHrP via activation of promoters P2 and P3, resulting in HHM. In this study, we characterized a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site in the P2 promoter of human PTHrP. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we detected a specific complex in Tax-expressing human T cells composed of p50/c-Rel, and two distinct complexes in ATLL cells consisting of p50/p50 homodimers and a second unidentified protein(s). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed in vivo binding of p50 and c-Rel on the PTHrP P2 promoter. Using transient co-transfection with NF-kappaB expression plasmids and PTHrP P2 luciferase reporter-plasmid, we showed that NF-kappaB p50/p50 alone and p50/c-Rel or p50/Bcl-3 cooperatively upregulated the PTHrP P2 promoter. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by Bay 11-7082 reduced PTHrP P2 promoter-initiated transcripts in HTLV-1-infected T cells. In summary, the data demonstrated that transcriptional regulation of PTHrP in ATLL cells can be controlled by NF-kappaB activation and also suggest a Tax-independent mechanism of activation of PTHrP in ATLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HTLV-I Infections/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/genetics
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- MVP Nadella
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - WP Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - KS Nadella
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Shu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - AS Cheng
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - JA Morgenstern
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - V Richard
- Pfizer, Sandwich Laboratories, Kent, UK
| | - SA Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - TH Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Guttridge
- Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - TJ Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Hamzaoui H, Rizk-Rabin M, Gordon J, Offutt C, Bertherat J, Bouizar Z. PTHrP P3 promoter activity in breast cancer cell lines: role of Ets1 and CBP (CREB binding protein). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 268:75-84. [PMID: 17321669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is produced by many tumors including breast cancer. We have reported that Ets1 factor activates P3 PTHrP promoter in our model of tumorigenic breast cancer cell and not in pre- or non-tumorigenic cell lines, thus contributing to an increased PTHrP production. In this study, gel retardation assays revealed that Etsl and its promoter binding site (EBS) specifically formed complexes whose abundance correlates with Ets1 levels in the three cell lines. Coexpression of Etsl and CBP induced a synergistic activation of the P3 promoter only in the tumorigenic cell line. This synergism required the integrity of the EBS and was abrogated by E1A. All breast cancer cell lines showed high basal concentrations of phosphorylated CREB. Moreover a CRE-like sequence was also required for Ets1/CBP synergy and, finally, CREB expression was found to enhance the PTHrP P3 promoter activity. Thus a multipartite complex of transcription factors and coactivators seems to regulate PTHrP transcription and contribute to the alterations that promote tumorigenic behavior in breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinda Hamzaoui
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, (UMR 8104), France
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