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Sharma A, Wüllner U, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Maciaczyk J. Marginalizing the genomic architecture to identify crosstalk across cancer and neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1155177. [PMID: 36923654 PMCID: PMC10008880 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1155177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Cdk5-p25 as a key element linking amyloid and tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2022; 308:120986. [PMID: 36152679 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the small atypical serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is expressed in a number of tissues, its activity is restricted to the central nervous system due to the neuron-only localization of its activators p35 and p39. Although its importance for the proper development and function of the brain and its role as a switch between neuronal survival and death are unmistakable and unquestionable, Cdk5 is nevertheless increasingly emerging, as supported by a large number of publications on the subject, as a therapeutic target of choice in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Thus, its aberrant over activation via the calpain-dependent conversion of p35 into p25 is observed during the pathogenesis of the disease where it leads to the hyperphosphorylation of the β-amyloid precursor protein and tau. The present review highlights the pivotal roles of the hyperactive Cdk5-p25 complex activity in contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the linking function between Aβ and tau that this kinase fulfils and on the fact that Cdk5-p25 is part of a deleterious feed forward loop giving rise to a molecular machinery runaway leading to AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss the advances and challenges related to the possible strategies aimed at specifically inhibiting Cdk5-p25 activity and which could lead to promising anti-AD therapeutics.
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3
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Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
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4
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Serpa JJ, Popov KI, Petrotchenko EV, Dokholyan NV, Borchers CH. Structure of prion β-oligomers as determined by short-distance crosslinking constraint-guided discrete molecular dynamics simulations. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000298. [PMID: 34482645 PMCID: PMC9285417 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of the native monomeric cellular prion protein (PrPC ) into an aggregated pathological β-oligomeric form (PrPβ ) and an infectious form (PrPSc ) is the central element in the development of prion diseases. The structure of the aggregates and the molecular mechanisms of the conformational changes involved in the conversion are still unknown. We applied mass spectrometry combined with chemical crosslinking, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, limited proteolysis, and surface modification for the differential characterization of the native and the urea+acid-converted prion β-oligomer structures to obtain insights into the mechanisms of conversion and aggregation. For the determination of the structure of the monomer and the dimer unit of the β-oligomer, we applied a recently-developed approach for de novo protein structure determination which is based on the incorporation of zero-length and short-distance crosslinking data as intra- and inter-protein constraints in discrete molecular dynamics simulations (CL-DMD). Based on all of the structural-proteomics experimental data and the computationally predicted structures of the monomer units, we propose the potential mode of assembly of the β-oligomer. The proposed β-oligomer assembly provides a clue on the β-sheet nucleation site, and how template-based conversion of the native prion molecule occurs, growth of the prion aggregates, and maturation into fibrils may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Serpa
- University of Victoria -Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Konstantin I Popov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evgeniy V Petrotchenko
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Valkova P, Pohanka M. Novel Trends in Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:9984876. [PMID: 34512760 PMCID: PMC8429010 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9984876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the population over 65 years of age. It is becoming a global health and socioeconomic problem, and the current number of patients reaching 30-50 million people will be three times higher over the next thirty years. OBJECTIVE Late diagnosis caused by decades of the asymptomatic phase and invasive and cost-demanding diagnosis are problems that make the whole situation worse. Electrochemical biosensors could be the right tool for less invasive and inexpensive early diagnosis helping to reduce spend sources- both money and time. METHOD This review is a survey of the latest advances in the design of electrochemical biosensors for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Biosensors are divided according to target biomarkers. CONCLUSION Standard laboratory methodology could be improved by analyzing a combination of currently estimated markers along with neurotransmitters and genetic markers from blood samples, which make the test for AD diagnosis available to the wide public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Valkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50011 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50011 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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6
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Ferri E, Rossi PD, Geraci A, Ciccone S, Cesari M, Arosio B. The sTREM2 Concentrations in the Blood: A Marker of Neurodegeneration? Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:627931. [PMID: 33768114 PMCID: PMC7985346 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.627931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia performs a variety of functions during brain development designed to maintain brain homeostasis. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is expressed in microglial cells modulating phagocytosis, cytokine production, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Interestingly, the levels of soluble TREM2 (the secreted ectodomain of TREM2, sTREM2) were higher in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients than subjects without cognitive decline. It is noteworthy that, while CSF sTREM2 levels have been extensively studied, few studies have investigated sTREM2 in blood producing conflicting results. We aimed to investigate the levels of sTREM2 in CSF and blood from a cohort of well-characterized AD comparing the results to those obtained in patients suffering from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), a potentially reversible cognitive impairment. Our findings underlined a significantly lower plasma sTREM2 concentration in AD patients compared to iNPH subjects [39.1 ng/mL (standard deviation (SD), 15.0) and 47.2 ng/mL (SD, 19.5), respectively; p = 0.01], whereas no difference was revealed between the two groups in the CSF sTREM2 levels. The adjusted regression analyses evidenced in AD patients an association between plasma and CSF sTREM2 levels [B = 0.411; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.137-0.685, p = 0.004], as well as β-amyloid concentrations (B = 0.035; 95% CI, 0.007-0.063, p = 0.01) and an association between CSF sTREM2 and phospho-Tau concentrations (B = 0.248; 95% CI, 0.053-0.443; p = 0.01). No significant relation was found in iNPH patients. In conclusion, these differences in sTREM2 profiles between AD and iNPH reinforce the notion that this receptor has a role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dionigi Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Geraci
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Ciccone
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Maitra S, Sornjai W, Smith DR, Vincent B. Phenanthroline impairs βAPP processing and expression, increases p53 protein levels and induces cell cycle arrest in human neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:29-38. [PMID: 33556560 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mis-functional βAPP processing is deemed to be the major phenomenon resulting in increased neuronal cell death, impaired neurogenesis and the loss of synapses, which eventually manifest as the complex symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Despite of several milestones having been achieved in the field of drug development, the stigma of the disorder as an incurable disease still remains. Some ADAM proteases mediate the physiological non-amyloidogenic α-secretase processing of βAPP that generates neuroprotective sAPPα production. Earlier studies have also pointed out the role of p53 in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, although a direct link with metalloprotease activities remains to be established. In this study, we explored the consequences of α-secretase inhibition on p53 status in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by means of specific inhibitors of ADAM10 and ADAM17 and the metal chelator and general metalloprotease inhibitor phenanthroline. We establish that, beyond the ability of all inhibitors to affect sAPPα production to varying degrees, phenanthroline specifically and dose-dependently lessened βAPP expression, a phenomenon that correlated with a strong increase in p53 protein levels and a concomitant decrease of the p53-degrading calpain protease. Furthermore, treatment of cells at concentrations of phenanthroline similar to those inducing increased levels of p53 induced cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis. Altogether, our results identify new roles of phenanthroline in perturbing βAPP, p53 and calpain biology, and suggest that the use of this compound and its derivatives as antimicrobial and anti-cancer therapies might trigger Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamita Maitra
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, Paris, 75016, France.
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8
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Talebi M, Talebi M, Kakouri E, Farkhondeh T, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Tarantilis PA, Samarghandian S. Tantalizing role of p53 molecular pathways and its coherent medications in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:93-103. [PMID: 33440210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are incongruous, commonly age-related disorders characterized by progressive neuronal loss, comprising the most prevalent being Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Perilous health states are anticipated following the neurodegeneration. Their etiology remains largely ambiguous, while various mechanisms are ascribed to their pathogenesis. A recommended conception is regarding the role of p53, as a transcription factor regulating numerous cellular pathways comprising apoptosis. Neuronal fates are a feasible occurrence that contributes to all neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we review the research investigated the potential role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these diseases. We put special emphasis on intricate We not only describe aberrant changes in p53 level/activity observed in CNS regions affected by particular diseases but, most importantly, put special attention to the complicated reciprocal tuning connections prevailing between p53 and molecules considered in pathological hallmarks of these disorders. Natural and synthetic medications regulating p53 expression are regarded as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Talebi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Talebi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Eleni Kakouri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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9
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Abate G, Vezzoli M, Polito L, Guaita A, Albani D, Marizzoni M, Garrafa E, Marengoni A, Forloni G, Frisoni GB, Cummings JL, Memo M, Uberti D. A Conformation Variant of p53 Combined with Machine Learning Identifies Alzheimer Disease in Preclinical and Prodromal Stages. J Pers Med 2020; 11:14. [PMID: 33375220 PMCID: PMC7823360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a crucial starting point in disease management. Blood-based biomarkers could represent a considerable advantage in providing AD-risk information in primary care settings. Here, we report new data for a relatively unknown blood-based biomarker that holds promise for AD diagnosis. We evaluate a p53-misfolding conformation recognized by the antibody 2D3A8, also named Unfolded p53 (U-p532D3A8+), in 375 plasma samples derived from InveCe.Ab and PharmaCog/E-ADNI longitudinal studies. A machine learning approach is used to combine U-p532D3A8+ plasma levels with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOEε4) and is able to predict AD likelihood risk in InveCe.Ab with an overall 86.67% agreement with clinical diagnosis. These algorithms also accurately classify (AUC = 0.92) Aβ+-amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients who will develop AD in PharmaCog/E-ADNI, where subjects were stratified according to Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD markers (Aβ42 and p-Tau). Results support U-p532D3A8+ plasma level as a promising additional candidate blood-based biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- GolgiCenci Foundation, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy; (L.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Guaita
- GolgiCenci Foundation, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy; (L.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Emirena Garrafa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandra Marengoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Lombardy, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) and Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA;
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.V.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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10
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Abate G, Frisoni GB, Bourdon JC, Piccirella S, Memo M, Uberti D. The pleiotropic role of p53 in functional/dysfunctional neurons: focus on pathogenesis and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:160. [PMID: 33272326 PMCID: PMC7712978 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the earliest pathophysiological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may aid in the search for timely diagnostic biomarkers and effective disease-modifying therapies. The p53 protein is mostly known for its role in tumor suppression. However, emerging evidence supports that dysregulated p53 activity may contribute to various peripheral and brain alterations during the earliest stages of AD. This review describes the mechanisms through which p53 dysregulation may exacerbate AD pathology and how this could be used as a potential peripheral biomarker for early detection of the disease. MAIN BODY: p53, known as the guardian of the genome, may underlie various compensation or defense mechanisms that prevent neurons from degeneration. These mechanisms include maintenance of redox homeostasis, regulation of inflammation, control of synaptic function, reduction of amyloid β peptides, and inhibition of neuronal cell cycle re-entry. Thereby, dysregulation of p53-dependent compensation mechanisms may contribute to neuronal dysfunction, thus leading to neurodegeneration. Interestingly, a conformational misfolded variant of p53, described in the literature as unfolded p53, which has lost its canonical structure and function, was observed in peripheral cells from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. In AD pathology, this peculiar conformational variant was caused by post-translational modifications rather than mutations as commonly observed in cancer. Although the presence of the conformational variant of p53 in the brain has yet to be formally demonstrated, the plethora of p53-dependent compensation mechanisms underscores that the guardian of the genome may not only be lost in the periphery during AD pathology. CONCLUSION These findings revisit the role of p53 in the early development and exacerbation of AD pathology, both in the brain and periphery. The conformational variant of p53 represents a potential peripheral biomarker that could detect AD at its earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, BS, Italy.
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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11
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Advani D, Gupta R, Tripathi R, Sharma S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Protective role of anticancer drugs in neurodegenerative disorders: A drug repurposing approach. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104841. [PMID: 32853752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disease heterogeneity and little therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative diseases justify the need for novel and effective drug discovery approaches. Drug repurposing is an emerging approach that reinvigorates the classical drug discovery method by divulging new therapeutic uses of existing drugs. The common biological background and inverse tuning between cancer and neurodegeneration give weight to the conceptualization of repurposing of anticancer drugs as novel therapeutics. Many studies are available in the literature, which highlights the success story of anticancer drugs as repurposed therapeutics. Among them, kinase inhibitors, developed for various oncology indications evinced notable neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we shed light on the salient role of multiple protein kinases in neurodegenerative disorders. We also proposed a feasible explanation of the action of kinase inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders with more attention towards neurodegenerative disorders. The problem of neurotoxicity associated with some anticancer drugs is also highlighted. Our review encourages further research to better encode the hidden potential of anticancer drugs with the aim of developing prospective repurposed drugs with no toxicity for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rahul Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sudhanshu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Room# FW4TF3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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12
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Toyos-Rodríguez C, García-Alonso FJ, de la Escosura-Muñiz A. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4748. [PMID: 32842632 PMCID: PMC7506792 DOI: 10.3390/s20174748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative disease that initially manifests as difficulty to remember recent events and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. The incidence of AD is growing yearly as life expectancy increases, thus early detection is essential to ensure a better quality of life for diagnosed patients. To reach that purpose, electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Of special relevance is the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensors, as they contribute to enhance electron transfer while promoting the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Moreover, nanomaterials have also been employed as labels, due to their unique electroactive and electrocatalytic properties. The aim of this review is to add value in the advances achieved in the detection of AD biomarkers, the strategies followed for the incorporation of nanomaterials and its effect in biosensors performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Toyos-Rodríguez
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier García-Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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KLF4 Exerts Sedative Effects in Pentobarbital-Treated Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:596-606. [PMID: 32789565 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
KLF4 is a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays an essential role in many biological processes, including neuroinflammation, neuron regeneration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Through effects on these processes, KLF4 has likely roles in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. However, little is known about the role of KLF4 in more immediate behavioral processes that similarly depend upon broad changes in brain excitability, such as the sleep process. Here, behavioral approaches, western blot, and immunohistochemical experiments were used to explore the role of KLF4 on sedation and the potential mechanisms of those effects. The results showed that overexpression of KLF4 prolonged loss of righting reflex (LORR) duration in pentobarbital-treated mice and increased c-Fos expression in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), while it decreased c-Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Moreover, overexpression of KLF4 reduced the expression of p53 in the hypothalamus and increased the expression of STAT3 in the hypothalamus. Therefore, these results suggest that KLF4 exerts sedative effects through the regulation of p53 and STAT3 expression, and it indicates a role of KLF4 ligands in the treatment of sleep disorders.
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14
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Farmer KM, Ghag G, Puangmalai N, Montalbano M, Bhatt N, Kayed R. P53 aggregation, interactions with tau, and impaired DNA damage response in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:132. [PMID: 32778161 PMCID: PMC7418370 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, p53, is critical for many important cellular functions involved in genome integrity, including cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and apoptosis. Disruption of p53 results in a wide range of disorders including cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregates that contribute to disease pathology. Although p53 is known to aggregate, its propensity to aggregate in AD has never been assessed. Moreover, AD neuropathology includes lethal cell cycle re-entry, excessive DNA damage, and abnormal cell death which are all controlled by p53. Here, we show p53 forms oligomers and fibrils in human AD brain, but not control brain. p53 oligomers can also be detected in htau and P301L mouse models. Additionally, we demonstrate that p53 interacts with tau, specifically tau oligomers, in AD brain and can be recapitulated by in vitro exogenous tau oligomer treatment in C57BL/6 primary neurons. p53 oligomers also colocalize, potentially seeding, endogenous p53 in primary neurons. Lastly, we demonstrate that in the presence of DNA damage, phosphorylated p53 is mislocalized outside the nucleus and p53-mediated DNA damage responders are significantly decreased in AD brain. Control brain shows a healthy DNA damage response, indicating a loss of nuclear p53 function in AD may be due to p53 aggregation and/or interactions with tau oligomers. Given the critical role of p53 in cellular physiology, the disruption of this crucial transcription factor may set an irreversible course towards neurodegeneration in AD and potentially other tauopathies, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Farmer
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Gaurav Ghag
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
- Protein Sciences, Merck & Co Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nicha Puangmalai
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Mauro Montalbano
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Nemil Bhatt
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Medical Research Building, Room 10.138C, Galveston, TX 77555-1045 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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15
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Seo J, Park M. Molecular crosstalk between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2659-2680. [PMID: 31884567 PMCID: PMC7326806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The progression of cancers and neurodegenerative disorders is largely defined by a set of molecular determinants that are either complementarily deregulated, or share remarkably overlapping functional pathways. A large number of such molecules have been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of both diseases. In this review, we particularly discuss our current knowledge on p53, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin F, Pin1 and protein phosphatase 2A, and their implications in the shared or distinct pathways that lead to cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we focus on the inter-dependent regulation of brain cancers and neurodegeneration, mediated by intercellular communication between tumor and neuronal cells in the brain through the extracellular microenvironment. Finally, we shed light on the therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of both cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Seo
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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16
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Tonello S, Stradolini F, Abate G, Uberti D, Serpelloni M, Carrara S, Sardini E. Electrochemical detection of different p53 conformations by using nanostructured surfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17347. [PMID: 31758050 PMCID: PMC6874615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein electrochemistry represents a powerful technique for investigating the function and structure of proteins. Currently available biochemical assays provide limited information related to the conformational state of proteins and high costs. This work provides novel insights into the electrochemical investigation of the metalloprotein p53 and its redox products using label-free direct electrochemistry and label-based antibody-specific approaches. First, the redox activities of different p53 redox products were qualitatively investigated on carbon-based electrodes. Then, focusing on the open p53 isoform (denatured p53), a quantitative analysis was performed, comparing the performances of different bulk and nanostructured materials (carbon and platinum). Overall, four different p53 products could be successfully discriminated, from wild type to denatured. Label-free analysis suggested a single electron exchange with electron transfer rate constants on the order of 1 s-1. Label-based analysis showed decreasing affinity of pAb240 towards denatured, oxidized and nitrated p53. Furthermore, platinum nanostructured electrodes showed the highest enhancement of the limit of detection in the quantitative analysis (100 ng/ml). Overall, the obtained results represent a first step towards the implementation of highly requested complex integrated devices for clinical practices, with the aim to go beyond simple protein quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tonello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | | | - Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Serpelloni
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Carrara
- Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Sardini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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17
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Amor-Gutiérrez O, Costa-Rama E, Arce-Varas N, Martínez-Rodríguez C, Novelli A, Fernández-Sánchez MT, Costa-García A. Competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of unfolded p53 protein in blood as biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1093:28-34. [PMID: 31735212 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common causes of dementia nowadays, and its prevalence increases over time. Because of this and the difficulty of its diagnosis, accurate methods for the analysis of specific biomarkers for an early diagnosis of this disease are much needed. Recently, the levels of unfolded isoform of the multifunctional protein p53 in plasma have been proved to increase selectively in Alzheimer's Disease patients in comparison with healthy subjects, thus entering the list of biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis of this illness. We present here the development of an electrochemical immunosensor based on nanostructured screen-printed carbon electrodes for the quantification of unfolded p53 in plasma samples. The sensor shows a suitable linear range (from 2 to 50 nM) for its application in real blood samples and a very low limit of detection (0.05 nM). The concentration of unfolded p53 has been accurately detected in plasma of elderly people in healthy conditions, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) subjects, obtaining results with no significant differences to those provided by an ELISA assay. These results support the possibility of measuring unfolded p53 levels with a cheap, simple and miniaturized device with a promising future for point-of-care applications in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Amor-Gutiérrez
- Nanobioanalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Costa-Rama
- Nanobioanalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Porto, Instituto Politécnico Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Antonello Novelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute for Sanitary Research of the Princedom of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustín Costa-García
- Nanobioanalysis Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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18
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Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Slade N, Hof PR, Šimić G. The interactions of p53 with tau and Aß as potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:104-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Szybińska A, Leśniak W. P53 Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases - The Cause or Effect of Pathological Changes? Aging Dis 2017; 8:506-518. [PMID: 28840063 PMCID: PMC5524811 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous, mostly age-associated group of disorders characterized by progressive neuronal loss, the most prevalent being Alzheimer disease. It is anticipated that, with continuously increasing life expectancy, these diseases will pose a serious social and health problem in the near feature. Meanwhile, however, their etiology remains largely obscure even though all possible novel clues are being thoroughly examined. In this regard, a concept has been proposed that p53, as a transcription factor controlling many vital cellular pathways including apoptosis, may contribute to neuronal death common to all neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, we review the research devoted to the possible role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these diseases. We not only describe aberrant changes in p53 level/activity observed in CNS regions affected by particular diseases but, most importantly, put special attention to the complicated reciprocal regulatory ties existing between p53 and proteins commonly regarded as pathological hallmarks of these diseases, with the ultimate goal to identify the primary element of their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szybińska
- 1Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.,2Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Center Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St. 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiesława Leśniak
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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20
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Aberrant protein phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease brain disturbs pro-survival and cell death pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1871-82. [PMID: 27425034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications fundamental in mediating diverse cellular functions in living cells. Aberrant protein phosphorylation is currently recognized as a critical step in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation of different brain regions are suggested to promote AD transition from a presymptomatic to a symptomatic state in response to accumulating amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Several experimental approaches have been utilized to profile alteration of protein phosphorylation in the brain, including proteomics. Among central pathways regulated by kinases/phosphatases those involved in the activation/inhibition of both pro survival and cell death pathways play a central role in AD pathology. We discuss in detail how aberrant phosphorylation could contribute to dysregulate p53 activity and insulin-mediated signaling. Taken together these results highlight that targeted therapeutic intervention, which can restore phosphorylation homeostasis, either acting on kinases and phosphatases, conceivably may prove to be beneficial to prevent or slow the development and progression of AD.
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21
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Groblewska M, Muszyński P, Wojtulewska-Supron A, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. The Role of Visinin-Like Protein-1 in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:17-32. [PMID: 26402751 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions are crucial in the process of information transmission and integration in the central nervous system (CNS). These ions participate not only in intracellular mechanisms but also in intercellular processes. The changes in the concentration of Ca2 + ions modulate synaptic transmission, whereas neuronal activity induces calcium ion waves. Disturbed calcium homeostasis is thought to be one of the main features in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD pathogenesis is closely connected to Ca2 + signaling pathways. The effects of changes in neuronal Ca2 + are mediated by neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins. It has been revealed that NCS proteins, with special attention to visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1), might have a connection to the etiology of AD. In the CNS, VILIP-1 influences the intracellular neuronal signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, such as cyclic nucleotide cascades and nicotinergic signaling. This particular protein is implicated in calcium-mediated neuronal injury as well. VILIP-1 also participates in the pathological mechanisms of altered Ca2 + homeostasis, leading to neuronal loss. These findings confirm the utility of VILIP-1 as a useful biomarker of neuronal injury. Moreover, VILIP-1 plays a vital role in linking calcium-mediated neurotoxicity and AD-type pathological changes. The disruption of Ca2 + homeostasis caused by AD-type neurodegeneration may result in the damage of VILIP-1-containing neurons in the brain, leading to increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of VILIP-1. Thus, the aim of this overview is to describe the relationships of the NCS protein VILIP-1 with the pathogenetic factors of AD and neurodegenerative processes, as well as its potential clinical usefulness as a biomarker of AD. Moreover, we describe the current and probable therapeutic strategies for AD, targeting calcium-signaling pathways and VILIP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, Poland.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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22
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Mitochondrial Alterations in Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells from Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5923938. [PMID: 26881032 PMCID: PMC4736772 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5923938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to neurodegeneration occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, evidences of mitochondrial defects in AD peripheral cells are still inconclusive. Here, some mitochondrial-encoded and nuclear-encoded proteins, involved in maintaining the correct mitochondria machine, were investigated in terms of protein expression and enzymatic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients and healthy subjects. In addition mitochondrial DNA copy number was measured by real time PCR. We found some differences and some similarities between AD and MCI patients when compared with healthy subjects. For example, cytochrome C and cytochrome B were decreased in AD, while MCI showed only a statistical reduction of cytochrome C. On the other hand, both AD and MCI blood cells exhibited highly nitrated MnSOD, index of a prooxidant environment inside the mitochondria. TFAM, a regulator of mitochondrial genome replication and transcription, was decreased in both AD and MCI patients' blood cells. Moreover also the mitochondrial DNA amount was reduced in PBMCs from both patient groups. In conclusion these data confirmed peripheral mitochondria impairment in AD and demonstrated that TFAM and mtDNA amount reduction could be two features of early events occurring in AD pathogenesis.
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Simoni E, Serafini MM, Bartolini M, Caporaso R, Pinto A, Necchi D, Fiori J, Andrisano V, Minarini A, Lanni C, Rosini M. Nature-Inspired Multifunctional Ligands: Focusing on Amyloid-Based Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:1309-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Simoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Melania M. Serafini
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section); University of Pavia; V.le Taramelli 14 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Roberta Caporaso
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section); University of Pavia; V.le Taramelli 14 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Daniela Necchi
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section); University of Pavia; V.le Taramelli 14 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Corso d'Augusto 237 47921 Rimini Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section); University of Pavia; V.le Taramelli 14 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
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Singh AK, Pati U. CHIP stabilizes amyloid precursor protein via proteasomal degradation and p53-mediated trans-repression of β-secretase. Aging Cell 2015; 14:595-604. [PMID: 25773675 PMCID: PMC4531073 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In patient with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), deposition of amyloid-beta Aβ, a proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase/BACE1, forms senile plaque in the brain. BACE1 activation is caused due to oxidative stresses and dysfunction of ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), which is linked to p53 inactivation. As partial suppression of BACE1 attenuates Aβ generation and AD-related pathology, it might be an ideal target for AD treatment. We have shown that both in neurons and in HEK-APP cells, BACE1 is a new substrate of E3-ligase CHIP and an inverse relation exists between CHIP and BACE1 level. CHIP inhibits ectopic BACE1 level by promoting its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus reducing APP processing; it stabilizes APP in neurons, thus reducing Aβ. CHIPUbox domain physically interacts with BACE1; however, both U-box and TPR domain are essential for ubiquitination and degradation of BACE1. Further, BACE1 is a downstream target of p53 and overexpression of p53 decreases BACE1 level. In HEK-APP cells, CHIP is shown to negatively regulate BACE1 promoter through stabilization of p53’s DNA-binding conformation and its binding upon 5′ UTR element (+127 to +150). We have thus discovered that CHIP regulates p53-mediated trans-repression of BACE1 at both transcriptional and post-translational level. We propose that a CHIP–BACE1–p53 feedback loop might control APP stabilization, which could further be utilized for new therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kumar Singh
- School of Biotechnology Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Uttam Pati
- School of Biotechnology Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
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25
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Wojsiat J, Prandelli C, Laskowska-Kaszub K, Martín-Requero A, Wojda U. Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Cell Cycle in Alzheimer’s Disease Lymphocytes: Diagnostic Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:329-50. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-141977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojsiat
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Prandelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Laskowska-Kaszub
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Studies of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Mantovani F, Zannini A, Rustighi A, Del Sal G. Interaction of p53 with prolyl isomerases: Healthy and unhealthy relationships. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2048-60. [PMID: 25641576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p53 protein family, comprising p53, p63 and p73, is primarily involved in preserving genome integrity and preventing tumor onset, and also affects a range of physiological processes. Signal-dependent modifications of its members and of other pathway components provide cells with a sophisticated code to transduce a variety of stress signaling into appropriate responses. TP53 mutations are highly frequent in cancer and lead to the expression of mutant p53 proteins that are endowed with oncogenic activities and sensitive to stress signaling. SCOPE OF REVIEW p53 family proteins have unique structural and functional plasticity, and here we discuss the relevance of prolyl-isomerization to actively shape these features. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The anti-proliferative functions of the p53 family are carefully activated upon severe stress and this involves the interaction with prolyl-isomerases. In particular, stress-induced stabilization of p53, activation of its transcriptional control over arrest- and cell death-related target genes and of its mitochondrial apoptotic function, as well as certain p63 and p73 functions, all require phosphorylation of specific S/T-P motifs and their subsequent isomerization by the prolyl-isomerase Pin1. While these functions of p53 counteract tumorigenesis, under some circumstances their activation by prolyl-isomerases may have negative repercussions (e.g. tissue damage induced by anticancer therapies and ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration). Moreover, elevated Pin1 levels in tumor cells may transduce deregulated phosphorylation signaling into activation of mutant p53 oncogenic functions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The complex repertoire of biological outcomes induced by p53 finds mechanistic explanations, at least in part, in the association between prolyl-isomerases and the p53 pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed foldases: Cell signaling catalysts and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Mantovani
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zannini
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rustighi
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Lanni C, Necchi D, Pinto A, Buoso E, Buizza L, Memo M, Uberti D, Govoni S, Racchi M. Zyxin is a novel target for β-amyloid peptide: characterization of its role in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2013; 125:790-9. [PMID: 23330981 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zyxin is an adaptor protein recently identified as a novel regulator of the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2)-p53 signaling in response to DNA damage. We recently reported an altered conformational state of p53 in tissues from patients with Alzheimer 's disease (AD), because of a deregulation of HIPK2 activity, leading to an impaired and dysfunctional response to stressors. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the deregulation of HIPK2 activity in two cellular models, HEK-293 cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated with retinoic acid over-expressing the amyloid precursor protein, focusing on the evidence that zyxin expression is important to maintain HIPK2 protein stability. We demonstrated that both beta-amyloid (Aβ) 1-40 and 1-42 induce zyxin deregulation, thus affecting the transcriptional repressor activity of HIPK2 onto its target promoter, metallothionein 2A, which is in turn responsible for the induction of an altered conformational state of p53. We demonstrate for the first time that zyxin is a novel target of Aβ activities in AD. These results may help the studies on the pathogenesis of AD, through the fine dissection of events related to beta-amyloid activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Conformational altered p53 affects neuronal function: relevance for the response to toxic insult and growth-associated protein 43 expression. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e484. [PMID: 23392172 PMCID: PMC3734841 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of p53 in neurodegenerative diseases is essentially associated with neuronal death. Recently an alternative point of view is emerging, as altered p53 conformation and impaired protein function have been found in fibroblasts and blood cells derived from Alzheimer's disease patients. Here, using stable transfected SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing APP751wt (SY5Y-APP) we demonstrated that the expression of an unfolded p53 conformation compromised neuronal functionality. In particular, these cells showed (i) augmented expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites, including the C-terminal fragments C99 and C83 and β-amyloid peptide (ii) high levels of oxidative markers, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal Michael-adducts and 3-nitro-tyrosine and (iii) altered p53 conformation, mainly due to nitration of its tyrosine residues. The consequences of high-unfolded p53 expression resulted in loss of p53 pro-apoptotic activity, and reduction of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) mRNA and protein levels. The role of unfolded p53 in cell death resistance and lack of GAP-43 transcription was demonstrated by ZnCl2 treatment. Zinc supplementation reverted p53 wild-type tertiary structure, increased cells sensitivity to acute cytotoxic injury and GAP-43 levels in SY5Y-APP clone.
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Guzmán-Martínez L, Farías GA, Maccioni RB. Emerging noninvasive biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:663-6. [PMID: 23142260 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis still depends on the triad of clinical, imaging and neuropsychological testing. The development of accurate, easy to use and inexpensive biological markers for AD is a long-standing aspiration for researchers and the medical community. Here we describe some of the recent advances in the field of biomarkers, both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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G1/S checkpoint proteins in peripheral blood lymphocytes are potentially diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lanni C, Racchi M, Memo M, Govoni S, Uberti D. p53 at the crossroads between cancer and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1727-33. [PMID: 22387179 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging, dementia, and cancer share a critical set of altered cellular functions in response to DNA damage, genotoxic stress, and other insults. Recent data suggest that the molecular machinery involved in maintaining neural function in neurodegenerative disease may be shared with oncogenic pathways. Cancer and neurodegenerative diseases may be influenced by common signaling pathways regulating the balance of cell survival versus death, a decision often governed by checkpoint proteins. This paper focuses on one such protein, p53, which represents one of the most extensively studied proteins because of its role in cancer prevention and which, furthermore, has been recently shown to be involved in aging and Alzheimer disease (AD). The contribution of a conformational change in p53 to aging and neurodegenerative processes has yet to be elucidated. In this review we discuss the multiple functions of p53 and how these correlate between cancer and neurodegeneration, focusing on various factors that may have a role in regulating p53 activity. The observation that aging and AD interfere with proteins controlling duplication and cell cycle may lead to the speculation that, in senescent neurons, aberrations in proteins generally dealing with cell cycle control and apoptosis could affect neuronal plasticity and functioning rather than cell duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Wang S, Song J, Tan M, Albers KM, Jia J. Mitochondrial fission proteins in peripheral blood lymphocytes are potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:1015-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Buizza L, Cenini G, Lanni C, Ferrari-Toninelli G, Prandelli C, Govoni S, Buoso E, Racchi M, Barcikowska M, Styczynska M, Szybinska A, Butterfield DA, Memo M, Uberti D. Conformational altered p53 as an early marker of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29789. [PMID: 22242180 PMCID: PMC3252333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study oxidative stress in peripheral cells of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, immortalized lymphocytes derived from two peculiar cohorts of patients, referring to early onset AD (EOSAD) and subjects harboured AD related mutation (ADmut), were used. Oxidative stress was evaluated measuring i) the typical oxidative markers, such as HNE Michel adducts, 3 Nitro-Tyrosine residues and protein carbonyl on protein extracts, ii) and the antioxidant capacity, following the enzymatic kinetic of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRD). We found that the signs of oxidative stress, measured as oxidative marker levels, were evident only in ADmut but not in EOSAD patients. However, oxidative imbalance in EOSAD as well as ADmut lymphocytes was underlined by a reduced SOD activity and GRD activity in both pathological groups in comparison with cells derived from healthy subjects. Furthermore, a redox modulated p53 protein was found conformational altered in both EOSAD and ADmut B lymphocytes in comparison with control cells. This conformational altered p53 isoform, named “unfolded p53”, was recognized by the use of two specific conformational anti-p53 antibodies. Immunoprecipitation experiments, performed with the monoclonal antibodies PAb1620 (that recognizes p53wt) and PAb240 (that is direct towards unfolded p53), and followed by the immunoblotting with anti-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and anti- 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) antibodies, showed a preferential increase of nitrated tyrosine residues in unfolded p53 isoform comparing to p53 wt protein, in both ADmut and EOSAD. In addition, a correlation between unfolded p53 and SOD activity was further found. Thus this study suggests that ROS/RNS contributed to change of p53 tertiary structure and that unfolded p53 can be considered as an early marker of oxidative imbalance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Sanders-Brown Centre on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Prandelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Styczynska
- Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szybinska
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - David Allan Butterfield
- Sanders-Brown Centre on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals and is associated with progressive neurodegeneration of the human neocortex. Thiamine levels and the activity of thiamine-dependent enzymes are reduced in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with AD. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine what proteins link thiamine to AD pathology (ie, transketolase, apolipoprotein E, α-1-antitrypsin, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, p53, glycogen synthetase kinase-3β, c-Fos gene, the Sp1 promoter gene, and the poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1 gene). We reviewed the association between histopathogenesis and neurotransmitters to understand the relationship between thiamine and AD pathology. Oral thiamine trials have been shown to improve the cognitive function of patients with AD; however, absorption of thiamine is poor in elderly individuals. In the early stage of thiamine-deficient encephalopathy (Wernicke's encephalopathy), however, parental thiamine has been used successfully. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the benefits of using parental thiamine as a treatment for AD.
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Chang JR, Ghafouri M, Mukerjee R, Bagashev A, Chabrashvili T, Sawaya BE. Role of p53 in neurodegenerative diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 9:68-80. [PMID: 22042001 DOI: 10.1159/000329999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 plays an important role in many areas of cellular physiology and biology, ranging from cellular development and differentiation to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Many of its functions are attributed to its role in assuring proper cellular division. However, since the establishment of its role in cell cycle arrest, damage repair, and apoptosis (thus also establishing its importance in cancer development), numerous reports have demonstrated additional functions of p53 in various cells. In particular, p53 appears to have important functions as it relates to neurodegeneration and synaptic plasticity. OBJECTIVE In this review, we will address p53 functions as it relates to various neurodegenerative diseases, mainly its implications in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. CONCLUSION p53 plays a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases through its interaction with cellular factors, viral factors, and/or small RNAs that have the ability to promote the development of these diseases. Hence, inhibition of p53 may present an ideal target to restore neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert Chang
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Huang Y, Sun X, Hu G. An integrated genetics approach for identifying protein signal pathways of Alzheimer's disease. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2011; 14:371-8. [PMID: 21442495 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2010.482525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered one of the most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, affecting millions of senior people worldwide. Combination of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and gene expression studies provides a better insight into AD. A computational approach was developed in our work to identify protein signal pathways between amyloid precursor proteins and tau proteins, which are well known as important proteins for AD. First, a modified LA-SEN method, called the network-constrained regularisation analysis, was applied to microarray data from a transgenic mouse model and AD patients. Then protein pathways were constructed based on an integer linear programming model to integrate microarray data and the PPI database. Important pathways of AD, including some cancer-related pathways, were identified finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Mossello E, Ballini E, Mello AM, Tarantini F, Simoni D, Baldasseroni S, Marchionni N. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: from central nervous system to periphery? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:342980. [PMID: 21197431 PMCID: PMC3010633 DOI: 10.4061/2011/342980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia and represents one of the main causes of disability among older subjects. Up to now, the diagnosis of AD has been made according to clinical criteria. However, the use of such criteria does not allow an early diagnosis, as pathological alterations may be apparent many years before the clear-cut clinical picture. An early diagnosis is even more valuable to develop new treatments, potentially interfering with the pathogenetic process. During the last decade, several neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters have been introduced to allow an early and accurate detection of AD patients, and, recently, they have been included among research criteria for AD diagnosis. However, their use in clinical practice suffers from limitations both in accuracy and availability. The increasing amount of knowledge about peripheral biomarkers will possibly allow the future identification of reliable and easily available diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mossello
- Unit of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medcine and Surgery, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Lanni C, Nardinocchi L, Puca R, Stanga S, Uberti D, Memo M, Govoni S, D'Orazi G, Racchi M. Homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2: a target for Alzheimer's beta amyloid leading to misfolded p53 and inappropriate cell survival. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10171. [PMID: 20418953 PMCID: PMC2854690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase whose activity is fundamental in maintaining wild-type p53 function, thereby controlling the destiny of cells when exposed to DNA damaging agents. We recently reported an altered conformational state of p53 in tissues from patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) that led to an impaired and dysfunctional response to stressors. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of p53 activity in two cellular models, HEK-293 cells overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein and fibroblasts from AD patients, starting from recent findings showing that p53 conformation may be regulated by HIPK2. We demonstrated that beta-amyloid 1–40 induces HIPK2 degradation and alters HIPK2 binding activity to DNA, in turn regulating the p53 conformational state and vulnerability to a noxious stimulus. Expression of HIPK2 was analysed by western blot experiments, whereas HIPK2 DNA binding was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. In particular, we evaluated the recruitment of HIPK2 onto some target promoters, including hypoxia inducible factor-1α and metallothionein 2A. Conclusions/Significance These results support the existence of a novel amyloid-based pathogenetic mechanism in AD potentially leading to the survival of injured dysfunctional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lanni
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Salvioli S, Capri M, Bucci L, Lanni C, Racchi M, Uberti D, Memo M, Mari D, Govoni S, Franceschi C. Why do centenarians escape or postpone cancer? The role of IGF-1, inflammation and p53. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1909-17. [PMID: 19139887 PMCID: PMC11030834 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centenarians are exceptionally long living individuals who escaped the most common age-related diseases. In particular they appear to be effectively protected from cancers. The mechanisms that underlie this protection are quite complex and still largely unclear. AIM To critically analyse the literature in order to propose a unifying hypothesis that can account for this cancer protection in centenarians. METHODS Review of the scientific literature regarding three main players in tumourigenesis such as IGF-1, inflammation and p53, and centenarians. RESULTS Centenarians appear to be characterised by low IGF-1-mediated responses and high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta, a condition that results in protection from cancer. Both inflammation and IGF-1 pathway converge on the tumour suppressor p53. Accordingly, some studies indicate that genetic variants of p53 are associated with human longevity by providing protection from cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS The available data let us to hypothesise that among other possible mechanisms, well-preserved p53-mediated responses are likely a key factor contributing to protection from cancer in centenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Morel M, Couturier J, Pontcharraud R, Gil R, Fauconneau B, Paccalin M, Page G. Evidence of molecular links between PKR and mTOR signalling pathways in Abeta neurotoxicity: role of p53, Redd1 and TSC2. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:151-61. [PMID: 19631745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of translation is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study analysed the crosslink between the up regulation of double-stranded RNA-dependent-protein kinase (PKR) and the down regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathways via p53, the protein Regulated in the Development and DNA damage response 1 (Redd1) and the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC2) factors in two beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) neurotoxicity models. In SH-SY5Y cells, Abeta42 induced an increase of P(T451)-PKR and of the ratio p66/(p66+p53) in nuclei and a physical interaction between these proteins. Redd1 gene levels increased and P(T1462)-TSC2 decreased. These disturbances were earlier in rat primary neurons with nuclear co-localization of Redd1 and PKR. The PKR gene silencing in SH-SY5Y cells prevented these alterations. p53, Redd1 and TSC2 could represent the molecular links between PKR and mTOR in Abeta neurotoxicity. PKR could be a critical target in a therapeutic program of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Morel
- Research Group on Brain Aging, GReViC EA 3808, University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie BP 199, 86034 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Morel M, Couturier J, Lafay-Chebassier C, Paccalin M, Page G. PKR, the double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase as a critical target in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:1476-88. [PMID: 19602051 PMCID: PMC3828860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles are key hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ stimulates many signal transducers involved in the neuronal death. However, many mechanisms remain to be elucidated because no definitive therapy of AD exists. Some studies have focused on the control of translation which involves eIF2 and eIF4E, main eukaryotic factors of initiation. The availability of these factors depends on the activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), respectively. mTOR positively regulates the translation while PKR results in a protein synthesis shutdown. Many studies demonstrated that the PKR signalling pathway is up-regulated in cellular and animal models of AD and in the brain of AD patients. Interestingly, our results showed that phosphorylated PKR and eIF2α levels were significantly increased in lymphocytes of AD patients. These modifications were significantly correlated with cognitive and memory test scores performed in AD patients. On the contrary, the mTOR signalling pathway is down-regulated in cellular and animal models of AD. Recently, we showed that p53, regulated protein in development and DNA damage response 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex 2 could represent molecular links between PKR and mTOR signalling pathways. PKR could be an early biomarker of the neuronal death and a critical target for a therapeutic programme in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Morel
- Research Group on Brain Aging (EA 3808) University of Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
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Mendonsa G, Dobrowolska J, Lin A, Vijairania P, Jong YJI, Baenziger NL. Molecular profiling reveals diversity of stress signal transduction cascades in highly penetrant Alzheimer's disease human skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4655. [PMID: 19247475 PMCID: PMC2644820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serious and growing impact of the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) as an individual and societal burden raises a number of key questions: Can a blanket test for Alzheimer's disease be devised forecasting long-term risk for acquiring this disorder? Can a unified therapy be devised to forestall the development of AD as well as improve the lot of present sufferers? Inflammatory and oxidative stresses are associated with enhanced risk for AD. Can an AD molecular signature be identified in signaling pathways for communication within and among cells during inflammatory and oxidative stress, suggesting possible biomarkers and therapeutic avenues? We postulated a unique molecular signature of dysfunctional activity profiles in AD-relevant signaling pathways in peripheral tissues, based on a gain of function in G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) inflammatory stress signaling in skin fibroblasts from AD patients that results in tau protein Ser hyperphosphorylation. Such a signaling profile, routed through both phosphorylation and proteolytic cascades activated by inflammatory and oxidative stresses in highly penetrant familial monogenic forms of AD, could be informative for pathogenesis of the complex multigenic sporadic form of AD. Comparing stimulus-specific cascades of signal transduction revealed a striking diversity of molecular signaling profiles in AD human skin fibroblasts that express endogenous levels of mutant presenilins PS-1 or PS-2 or the Trisomy 21 proteome. AD fibroblasts bearing the PS-1 M146L mutation associated with highly aggressive AD displayed persistent BKB2R signaling plus decreased ERK activation by BK, correctible by gamma-secretase inhibitor Compound E. Lack of these effects in the homologous PS-2 mutant cells indicates specificity of presenilin gamma-secretase catalytic components in BK signaling biology directed toward MAPK activation. Oxidative stress revealed a JNK-dependent survival pathway in normal fibroblasts lost in PS-1 M146L fibroblasts. Complex molecular profiles of signaling dysfunction in the most putatively straightforward human cellular models of AD suggest that risk ascertainment and therapeutic interventions in AD as a whole will likely demand complex solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Mendonsa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justyna Dobrowolska
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Angela Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pooja Vijairania
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Y.-J. I. Jong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Baenziger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Racchi M, Uberti D, Govoni S, Memo M, Lanni C, Vasto S, Candore G, Caruso C, Romeo L, Scapagnini G. Alzheimer's disease: new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2008; 5:7. [PMID: 18700965 PMCID: PMC2531076 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On March 19, 2008 a Symposium on Pathophysiology of Ageing and Age-Related diseases was held in Palermo, Italy. Here, the lectures of M. Racchi on History and future perspectives of Alzheimer Biomarkers and of G. Scapagnini on Cellular Stress Response and Brain Ageing are summarized. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous and progressive neurodegenerative disease, which in Western society mainly accounts for clinica dementia. AD prevention is an important goal of ongoing research. Two objectives must be accomplished to make prevention feasible: i) individuals at high risk of AD need to be identified before the earliest symptoms become evident, by which time extensive neurodegeneration has already occurred and intervention to prevent the disease is likely to be less successful and ii) safe and effective interventions need to be developed that lead to a decrease in expression of this pathology. On the whole, data here reviewed strongly suggest that the measurement of conformationally altered p53 in blood cells has a high ability to discriminate AD cases from normal ageing, Parkinson's disease and other dementias. On the other hand, available data on the involvement of curcumin in restoring cellular homeostasis and rebalancing redox equilibrium, suggest that curcumin might be a useful adjunct in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses characterized by inflammation, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Racchi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Italy.
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