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Le Guen YT, Le Gall T, Midoux P, Guégan P, Braun S, Montier T. Gene transfer to skeletal muscle using hydrodynamic limb vein injection: current applications, hurdles and possible optimizations. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3150. [PMID: 31785130 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamic limb vein injection is an in vivo locoregional gene delivery method. It consists of administrating a large volume of solution containing nucleic acid constructs in a limb with both blood inflow and outflow temporarily blocked using a tourniquet. The fast, high pressure delivery allows the musculature of the whole limb to be reached. The skeletal muscle is a tissue of choice for a variety of gene transfer applications, including gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy or other myopathies, as well as for the production of antibodies or other proteins with broad therapeutic effects. Hydrodynamic limb vein delivery has been evaluated with success in a large range of animal models. It has also proven to be safe and well-tolerated in muscular dystrophy patients, thus supporting its translation to the clinic. However, some possible limitations may occur at different steps of the delivery process. Here, we have highlighted the interests, bottlenecks and potential improvements that could further optimize non-viral gene transfer following hydrodynamic limb vein injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Patrick Midoux
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8232, UPMC Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Serge Braun
- AFM Telethon, 1 rue de l'Internationale, BP59, 91002 Evry, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de référence des maladies rares 'Maladies neuromusculaires', CHRU de Brest, F-29200, Brest, France
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Gill KS, Fernandes P, O'Donovan TR, McKenna SL, Doddakula KK, Power DG, Soden DM, Forde PF. Glycolysis inhibition as a cancer treatment and its role in an anti-tumour immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:87-105. [PMID: 27373814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is the main source of energy supply in cancer cells that use this metabolic pathway for ATP generation. Altered energy metabolism is a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the "hallmarks of cancer". The immune system can prevent tumour growth by eliminating cancer cells but this editing process ultimately results in poorly immunogenic cells remaining allowing for unchallenged tumour growth. In this review we look at the glycolysis pathway as a target for cancer treatments. We also examine the interplay between the glycolysis modulation and the immune response as an anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheshwant S Gill
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philana Fernandes
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tracey R O'Donovan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L McKenna
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Derek G Power
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medical Oncology, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Abstract
The key impediment to the successful application of gene therapy in clinics is not the paucity of therapeutic genes. It is rather the lack of nontoxic and efficient strategies to transfer therapeutic genes into target cells. Over the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in gene transfer technologies, and thus far, three different delivery systems have been developed with merits and demerits characterizing each system. Viral and chemical methods of gene transfer utilize specialized carrier to overcome membrane barrier and facilitate gene transfer into cells. Physical methods, on the other hand, utilize various forms of mechanical forces to enforce gene entry into cells. Starting in 1980s, physical methods have been introduced as alternatives to viral and chemical methods to overcome various extra- and intracellular barriers that limit the amount of DNA reaching the intended cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that it is quite feasible to directly translocate genes into cytoplasm or even nuclei of target cells by means of mechanical force, bypassing endocytosis, a common pathway for viral and nonviral vectors. Indeed, several methods have been developed, and the majority of them share the same underlying mechanism of gene transfer, i.e., physically created transient pores in cell membrane through which genes get into cells. Here, we provide an overview of the current status and future research directions in the field of physical methods of gene transfer.
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Yin Y, Takahashi Y, Ebisuura N, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Removal of transgene-expressing cells by a specific immune response induced by sustained transgene expression. J Gene Med 2014; 16:97-106. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Yin
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Norifumi Ebisuura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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Tumor-associated antigen/IL-21-transduced dendritic cell vaccines enhance immunity and inhibit immunosuppressive cells in metastatic melanoma. Gene Ther 2014; 21:457-67. [PMID: 24572790 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine approaches are being actively evaluated for developing immunotherapeutic agents against cancers. In this study, we investigated the use of engineered DCs expressing transgenic tumor-associated antigen hgp100 and the regulatory cytokine interleukin-21, namely DC-hgp100/mIL-21, as a therapeutic vaccine against melanoma. Tumor-bearing mice were injected intratumorally with transgenic DCs followed by three booster injections. Transgenic DC-hgp100/mIL-21 showed significant reduction in primary tumor growth and metastasis compared with DC-hgp100 alone and DC-mIL-21 alone. In vivo depletion of specific immune cell types (CD8(+) T, CD4(+) T and Natural killer (NK)-1.1(+) cells) effectively blocked the protective effect of this combinational vaccine. In adoptive transfer experiments, a survival rate of nearly 90% was observed at 60 days post-tumor inoculation for the combinational vaccine group. In contrast, all mice in the DC-hgp100 and DC-mIL-21-only groups died within 43-46 days after tumor challenge. Considerably increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were detected with the combination vaccine group compared with other individual treatment groups. In comparison with the DC-hgp100 or mIL-21 groups, the combinational DC-hgp100/mIL-21 vaccine also drastically suppressed the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T-regulatory (Treg) cell populations. Our findings suggest that a combinational DC- and gene-based hgp100 and mIL-21 vaccine therapy strategy warrants further evaluation as a clinically relevant cancer vaccine approach for human melanoma patients.
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Shashidharamurthy R, Machiah D, Bozeman EN, Srivatsan S, Patel J, Cho A, Jacob J, Selvaraj P. Hydrodynamic delivery of plasmid DNA encoding human FcγR-Ig dimers blocks immune-complex mediated inflammation in mice. Gene Ther 2011; 19:877-85. [PMID: 22113315 PMCID: PMC3296821 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic use and function of recombinant molecules can be studied by the expression of foreign genes in mice. In this study, we have expressed human Fcgamma receptor –Ig fusion molecules (FcγR-Igs) in mice by administering FcγR-Ig plasmid DNAs hydrodynamically and compared their effectiveness to purified molecules in blocking immune-complex (IC) mediated inflammation in mice. The concentration of hydrodynamically expressed FcγR-Igs (CD16AF-Ig, CD32AR-Ig and CD32AH-Ig) reached a maximum of 130 μg/ml of blood within 24 h after plasmid DNA administration. The in vivo half-life of FcγR-Igs was found to be 9-16 days and Western blot analysis showed that the FcγR-Igs were expressed as a homodimer. The hydrodynamically expressed FcγR-Igs blocked 50-80% of IC-mediated inflammation up to 3 days in a reverse passive Arthus reaction model. Comparative analysis with purified molecules showed that hydrodynamically expressed FcγR-Igs are more efficient than purified molecules in blocking IC-mediated inflammation and had a higher half-life. In summary, these results suggest that the administration of a plasmid vector with a FcγR-Ig gene can be used to study the consequences of blocking IC-binding to FcγRs during the development of inflammatory diseases. This approach may have potential therapeutic value in treating IC-mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as lupus, arthritis and autoimmune vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shashidharamurthy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Un K, Kawakami S, Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Suppression of Melanoma Growth and Metastasis by DNA Vaccination Using an Ultrasound-Responsive and Mannose-Modified Gene Carrier. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:543-54. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100369n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Un
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suwarashi, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suwarashi, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5195, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
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Hydrodynamic gene delivery and its applications in pharmaceutical research. Pharm Res 2010; 28:694-701. [PMID: 21191634 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic delivery has emerged as the simplest and most effective method for intracellular delivery of membrane-impermeable substances in rodents. The system employs a physical force generated by a rapid injection of large volume of solution into a blood vessel to enhance the permeability of endothelium and the plasma membrane of the parenchyma cells to allow delivery of substance into cells. The procedure was initially established for gene delivery in mice, and its applications have been extended to the delivery of proteins, oligo nucleotides, genomic DNA and RNA sequences, and small molecules. The focus of this review is on applications of hydrodynamic delivery in pharmaceutical research. Examples are provided to highlight the use of hydrodynamic delivery for study of transcriptional regulation of CYP enzymes, for establishment of animal model for viral infections, and for gene drug discovery and gene function analysis.
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Kaneda Y. Update on non-viral delivery methods for cancer therapy: possibilities of a drug delivery system with anticancer activities beyond delivery as a new therapeutic tool. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:1079-93. [PMID: 20716020 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.510511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cancer is the most formidable human disease. Owing to the heterogeneity of cancer, a single-treatment modality is insufficient for the complete elimination of cancer cells. Therapeutic strategies from various aspects are needed for cancer therapy. These therapeutic agents should be carefully selected to enhance multiple therapeutic pathways. Non-viral delivery methods have been utilized to enhance the tumor-selective delivery of therapeutic molecules, including proteins, synthetic oligonucleotides, small compounds and genes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW As non-viral delivery methods, liposomes and polymer-based delivery materials to target tumors mainly by systemic delivery, physical methods including electroporation, sonoporation, and so on, to locally inject therapeutic molecules, and virosomes to use the viral infectious machinery for the delivery of therapeutic molecules are summarized. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This article aims to provide an overview of the characteristic properties of each non-viral vector. It will be beneficial to utilize appropriately the vector for cancer treatment. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Efficient and minimally invasive vectors are generally considered to be the ideal drug delivery system (DDS). However, against cancer, DDS equipped with antitumor activities may be a therapeutic choice. By combining therapeutic molecules with DDS having antitumor activities, enhancement of the multiple therapeutic pathways may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Kaneda
- Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Gene Therapy Science, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Yang HS, Zhang DM, Deng HX, Peng F, Wei YQ. Antitumor and anti-angiogenesis immunity induced by CR-SEREX-identified Xenopus RHAMM. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:862-8. [PMID: 20704574 PMCID: PMC11159049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with xenogeneic antigens is an attractive approach to induce cross-reactive humoral and cellular immunity to inhibit tumor growth or angiogenesis. To identify novel xenogenic targets for immunotherapy, we have developed a modified serological expression cloning (SEREX) strategy, termed Cross-reactive SEREX (CR-SEREX). Among 78 positive clones identified by CR-SEREX, Xenopus receptor for hyaluronic-acid-mediated motility (xRHAMM) was most frequently identified (18 times), indicating the strongest immunogenic potential for xenogenic immunotherapy. A DNA vaccine based on xRHAMM effectively induced a protective antitumor immunity against local tumor and lung metastasis in B16 melanoma mouse models. Angiogenesis was inhibited and cell apoptosis was increased within tumors. Antitumor activity of xRHAMM worked through stimulation of an antigen-specific cellular response as well as through a specific humoral response against RHAMM, as confirmed by the depletion of immune cell subsets in vivo. Thus, a xenogenic vaccine based on xRHAMM induced an effective immunity against B16 melanoma cells and endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Characterization of a novel rat gene RTAP2a, screened by cross-reactive SEREX, restrictedly expressed in testis. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:589-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wilson KD, de Jong SD, Kazem M, Lall R, Hope MJ, Cullis PR, Tam YK. The combination of stabilized plasmid lipid particles and lipid nanoparticle encapsulated CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotides as a systemic genetic vaccine. J Gene Med 2009; 11:14-25. [PMID: 19003796 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines offer unique potential for generating protective and therapeutic immunity against infectious and malignant diseases. Unfortunately, rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake has significantly limited the efficacy of 'naked' plasmid DNA vaccines. We have previously described stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) as effective nonviral gene delivery vehicles for the transfection of tumours at distal sites following intravenous administration. Based on their low toxicity and favourable transfection profile following systemic administration, we investigate SPLP as gene delivery vehicles for the generation of a systemically administered genetic vaccine. METHODS The uptake of SPLP and their ability to transfect splenic antigen presenting cells (APC) following systemic administration is assessed through fluorescently-labelled SPLP in combination with phenotype markers and a very sensitive flow cytometry-based assay for the detection of the transgene, beta-galactosidase. The priming of antigen-specific adaptive and humoural immune responses following vaccination with SPLP alone or in combination with liposomal nanoparticle encapsulated CpG-ODN containing oligodeoxynucleotides (LN CpG-ODN) is characterized through the use of antigen-specific cytotoxicity assays, interferon-gamma secretion assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS We demonstrate that SPLP are taken up by and transfect APC in the spleen following intravenous administration and that, in the presence of a strong immunostimulatory signal provided by LN CpG-ODN, are able to prime transgene-specific humoural and cellular immune responses. CONCLUSIONS SPLP represent an effective candidate for the nonviral delivery of a systemic genetic vaccine when combined with additional immune stimulation provided by LN CpG-ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley D Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Ye J, Liu AL. Chapter 6 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles with Lipid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1554-4516(08)00206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Abstract
Efficient and safe methods for delivering genetic materials into cells must be developed before the clinical potential of gene therapy can be fully realized. Recently, hydrodynamic gene delivery using a rapid injection of a relatively large volume of DNA solution has opened up a new avenue for gene therapy studies in vivo. This method is superior to the existing delivery systems because of its simplicity, efficiency, and versatility. Wide success in applying hydrodynamic principles to delivery of DNA, RNA, proteins, and synthetic compounds, into the cells in various tissues of small animals, has inspired the recent attempts at establishing a hydrodynamic procedure for clinical use. In this review, we provide an overview of the theory and practice of hydrodynamic gene delivery so as to aid researchers for the use of this method in their pre-clinical and translational gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suda
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Neal ZC, Sondel PM, Bates MK, Gillies SD, Herweijer H. Flt3-L gene therapy enhances immunocytokine-mediated antitumor effects and induces long-term memory. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1765-74. [PMID: 17426968 PMCID: PMC11030117 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic treatment with hu14.18-IL-2 immunocytokine (IC) or Flt3-L (FL) protein is initially effective at resolving established intradermal NXS2 neuroblastoma tumors in mice. However, many treated animals develop recurrent disease. We previously found that tumors recurring following natural killer (NK) mediated IC treatment show augmented MHC class I expression, while the tumors that recurred following T cell dependent Flt3-L treatment exhibited decreased MHC class I expression. We hypothesized that this divergent MHC modulation on recurrent tumors was due to therapy-specific immunoediting. We further postulated that combining IC and Flt3-L treatments might decrease the likelihood of recurrent disease by preventing MHC modulation as a mechanism for immune escape. We now report that combinatorial treatment of FL plus hu14.18-IL-2 IC provides greater antitumor benefit than treatment with either alone, suppressing development of recurrent disease. We administered FL by gene therapy using a clinically relevant approach: hydrodynamic limb vein (HLV) delivery of DNA for transgene expression by myofibers. Delivery of FL DNA by HLV injection in mice resulted in systemic expression of >10 ng/ml of FL in blood at day 3, and promoted up to a fourfold and tenfold increase in splenic NK and dendritic cells (DCs), respectively. Furthermore, the combination of FL gene therapy plus suboptimal IC treatment induced a greater expansion in the absolute number of splenic NK and DCs than achieved by individual component treatments. Mice that received combined FL gene therapy plus IC exhibited complete and durable resolution of established NXS2 tumors, and demonstrated protection from subsequent rechallenge with NXS2 tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane C. Neal
- Mirus Bio Corporation, 505 S. Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719 USA
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Mary Kay Bates
- Mirus Bio Corporation, 505 S. Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719 USA
| | | | - Hans Herweijer
- Mirus Bio Corporation, 505 S. Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719 USA
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