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Gregoriou GC, Patel SD, Pyne S, Winters BL, Bagley EE. Opioid Withdrawal Abruptly Disrupts Amygdala Circuit Function by Reducing Peptide Actions. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1668-1681. [PMID: 36781220 PMCID: PMC10010477 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1317-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While the physical signs of opioid withdrawal are most readily observable, withdrawal insidiously drives relapse and contributes to compulsive drug use, by disrupting emotional learning circuits. How these circuits become disrupted during withdrawal is poorly understood. Because amygdala neurons mediate relapse, and are highly opioid sensitive, we hypothesized that opioid withdrawal would induce adaptations in these neurons, opening a window of disrupted emotional learning circuit function. Under normal physiological conditions, synaptic transmission between the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the neighboring main island (Im) of GABAergic intercalated cells (ITCs) is strongly inhibited by endogenous opioids. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in brain slices prepared from male rats, we reveal that opioid withdrawal abruptly reduces the ability of these peptides to inhibit neurotransmission, a direct consequence of a protein kinase A (PKA)-driven increase in the synaptic activity of peptidases. Reduced peptide control of neurotransmission in the amygdala shifts the excitatory/inhibitory balance of inputs onto accumbens-projecting amygdala cells involved in relapse. These findings provide novel insights into how peptidases control synaptic activity within the amygdala and presents restoration of endogenous peptide activity during withdrawal as a viable option to mitigate withdrawal-induced disruptions in emotional learning circuits and rescue the relapse behaviors exhibited during opioid withdrawal and beyond into abstinence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We find that opioid withdrawal dials down inhibitory neuropeptide activity in the amygdala. This disrupts both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission through amygdala circuits, including reward-related outputs to the nucleus accumbens. This likely disrupts peptide-dependent emotional learning processes in the amygdala during withdrawal and may direct behavior toward compulsive drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Gregoriou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2111
| | - Sahil D Patel
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2111
| | - Sebastian Pyne
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2111
| | - Bryony L Winters
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2111
| | - Elena E Bagley
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2111
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Modeling the Influence of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Cortisol Circadian Rhythms, with Implications for Metabolic Disorders. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080483. [PMID: 34436424 PMCID: PMC8400645 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep deficiency is prevalent in modern society and is associated with increased risk of metabolic and other diseases. While the mechanisms by which chronic sleep deficiency induces pathophysiological changes are yet to be elucidated, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis may be an important mediator of these effects. Cortisol, the primary hormone of the HPA axis, exhibits robust circadian rhythmicity and is moderately influenced by sleep and wake states and other physiology. Several studies have explored the effects of acute or chronic sleep deficiency (i.e., usually from self-selected chronic sleep restriction, CSR) on the HPA axis. Quantifying long-term changes in the circadian rhythm of cortisol under CSR in controlled conditions is inadequately studied due to practical limitations. We use a semi-mechanistic mathematical model of the HPA axis and the sleep/wake cycle to explore the influence of CSR on cortisol circadian rhythmicity. In qualitative agreement with experimental findings, model simulations predict that CSR results in physiologically relevant disruptions in the phase and amplitude of the cortisol rhythm. The mathematical model presented in this work provides a mechanistic framework to further explore how CSR might lead to HPA axis disruption and subsequent development of chronic metabolic complications.
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Rao R, Androulakis IP. Allostatic adaptation and personalized physiological trade-offs in the circadian regulation of the HPA axis: A mathematical modeling approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11212. [PMID: 31371802 PMCID: PMC6671996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the physiological response to unpredictable acute stressors. Moreover, the HPA axis exhibits prominent circadian activity and synchronizes peripheral circadian clocks to daily environmental cycles, thereby promoting homeostasis. Persistent disruption of homeostatic glucocorticoid circadian rhythmicity due to chronic stress exposure is correlated with the incidence of various pathological conditions including depression, diabetes and cancer. Allostatic habituation of the HPA axis, such that glucocorticoid levels retain homeostatic levels upon chronic exposure to stress, can therefore confer fitness advantages by preventing the sustained dysregulation of glucocorticoid-responsive signaling pathways. However, such allostatic adaptation results in a physiological cost (allostatic load) that might impair the homeostatic stress-responsive and synchronizing functions of the HPA axis. We use mathematical modeling to characterize specific chronic stress-induced allostatic adaptations in the HPA network. We predict the existence of multiple individualized regulatory strategies enabling the maintenance of homeostatic glucocorticoid rhythms, while allowing for flexible HPA response characteristics. We show that this regulatory variability produces a trade-off between the stress-responsive and time-keeping properties of the HPA axis. Finally, allostatic regulatory adaptations are predicted to cause a time-of-day dependent sensitization of the acute stress response and impair the entrainability of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Bazanova OM, Kondratenko AV, Kuzminova OI, Muravlyova KB, Petrova SE. EEG alpha indices depending on the menstrual cycle phase and salivary progesterone level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119714020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rupert AE, Ou Y, Sandberg M, Weber SG. Electroosmotic push-pull perfusion: description and application to qualitative analysis of the hydrolysis of exogenous galanin in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:838-48. [PMID: 23614879 DOI: 10.1021/cn400082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here a method that perfuses a small region of an organotypic hippocampal culture with a solution containing an enzyme substrate, a neuropeptide. Perfusate containing hydrolysis products is continually collected and subsequently analyzed for the products of the enzymatic degradation of the peptide substrate. The driving force for perfusion is an electric field. The fused silica capillaries used as "push" and "pull" or "source" and "collection" capillaries have a ζ-potential that is negative and greater in magnitude than the tissue's ζ-potential. Thus, depending on the magnitudes of particular dimensions, the electroosmotic flow in the capillaries augments the fluid velocity in the tissue. The flow rate is not directly measured; however, we determine it using a finite-element approach. We have determined the collection efficiency of the system using an all d-amino acid internal standard. The flow rates are low, in the nL/min range, and adjustable by controlling the current or voltage in the system. The collection efficiency of the d-amino acid peptide internal standard is variable, increasing with increased current and thus electroosmotic flow rate. The collection efficiency can be rationalized in the context of a Peclet number. Electroosmotic push-pull perfusion of the neuropeptide galanin (gal1-29) through the extracellular space of an organotypic hippocampal culture results in its hydrolysis by ectopeptidase reactions occurring in the extracellular space. The products of hydrolysis were identified by MALDI-MS. Experiments at two levels of current (8-12 μA and 19-40 μA) show that the probability of seeing hydrolysis products (apparently from aminopeptidases) is greater in the Cornu Ammonis area 3 (CA3) than in the Cornu Ammonis area 1 (CA1) in the higher current experiments. In the lower current experiments, shorter peptide products of aminopeptidases (gal13-29 to gal20-19) are seen with greater frequency in CA3 than in CA1 but there is no statistically significant difference for longer peptides (gal3-29 to gal12-29).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Rupert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - Y. Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
| | - M. Sandberg
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, S 405 30 Sweden
| | - S. G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15260, United States
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Visniauskas B, Perry JC, Oliveira V, Dalio FM, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Chagas JR. Cocaine administration increases angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and activity in the rat striatum and frontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:84-8. [PMID: 22056483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some central effects of cocaine administration seem to be related to angiotensin II (Ang II) or its metabolites. Nonetheless, it is still an open question whether or not the levels of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), the main Ang II generating enzyme, are modified by cocaine administration. To evaluate the effect of acute and subchronic cocaine administration on ACE activity and mRNA expression, male rats were randomly assigned to saline or cocaine group. Acute and subchronic cocaine administration induced a significant increase in ACE activity and mRNA expression in the frontal cortex and striatum but not in the hippocampus. These results suggest that some of the Ang II related effects of cocaine upon the central nervous system can be mediated by changes on the expression and activity of ACE in the striatum and frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Visniauskas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cruz R, Vargas MA, Uribe RM, Pascual I, Lazcano I, Yiotakis A, Matziari M, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Anterior pituitary pyroglutamyl peptidase II activity controls TRH-induced prolactin release. Peptides 2008; 29:1953-64. [PMID: 18703099 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-peptidases modulate the action of peptides in the extracellular space. The relationship between peptide receptor and ecto-peptidase localization, and the physiological role of peptidases is poorly understood. Current evidence suggests that pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII) inactivates neuronally released thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The impact of PPII localization in the anterior pituitary on the endocrine activities of TRH is unknown. We have studied whether PPII influences TRH signaling in anterior pituitary cells in primary culture. In situ hybridization (ISH) experiments showed that PPII mRNA was expressed only in 5-6% of cells. ISH for PPII mRNA combined with immunocytochemistry for prolactin, beta-thyrotropin, or growth hormone, showed that 66% of PPII mRNA expressing cells are lactotrophs, 34% somatotrophs while none are thyrotrophs. PPII activity was reduced using a specific phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide or inhibitors. Compared with mock or scrambled oligodeoxynucleotide-treated controls, knock-down of PPII expression by antisense targeting increased TRH-induced release of prolactin, but not of thyrotropin. Similar data were obtained with either a transition-state or a tight binding inhibitor. These results demonstrate that PPII expression in lactotrophs coincides with its ability to control prolactin release. It may play a specialized role in TRH signaling in the anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary ecto-peptidases may fulfill unique functions associated with their restricted cell-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Cruz
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62271, Mexico
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König S, Luger TA, Scholzen TE. Monitoring neuropeptide-specific proteases: processing of the proopiomelanocortin peptides adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the skin. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:751-61. [PMID: 16984256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and its derived neuropeptides are involved in a number of important regulatory processes in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral tissues. Despite its important role in controlling the local activation of melanocortin (MC) receptors, the extracellular proteolytic processing of POMC peptides has received little attention. The mechanisms relevant for controlling the bioavailability of adrenocorticotropin and melanocyte-stimulating hormones for the corresponding MC receptors in the skin by specific peptidases such as neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase; NEP) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have been addressed in a number of recent investigations. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge concerning the qualitative and quantitative POMC peptide processing with respect to the action and specificity of NEP and ACE and discusses relevant recent analytical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone König
- Integrated Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Ungless MA, Singh V, Crowder TL, Yaka R, Ron D, Bonci A. Corticotropin-releasing factor requires CRF binding protein to potentiate NMDA receptors via CRF receptor 2 in dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003; 39:401-7. [PMID: 12895416 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress increases addictive behaviors and is a common cause of relapse. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a key role in the modulation of drug taking by stress. However, the mechanism by which CRF modulates neuronal activity in circuits involved in drug addiction is poorly understood. Here we show that CRF induces a potentiation of NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor)-mediated synaptic transmission in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This effect involves CRF receptor 2 (CRF-R2) and activation of the phospholipase C (PLC)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. We also find that this potentiation requires CRF binding protein (CRF-BP). Accordingly, CRF-like peptides, which do not bind the CRF-BP with high affinity, do not potentiate NMDARs. These results provide evidence of the first specific roles for CRF-R2 and CRF-BP in the modulation of neuronal activity and suggest that NMDARs in the VTA may be a target for both drugs of abuse and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ungless
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
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