1
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Bersani F, Picca F, Morena D, Righi L, Napoli F, Russo M, Oddo D, Rospo G, Negrino C, Castella B, Volante M, Listì A, Zambelli V, Benso F, Tabbò F, Bironzo P, Monteleone E, Poli V, Pietrantonio F, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A, Ponzetto C, Novello S, Scagliotti GV, Taulli R. Exploring circular MET RNA as a potential biomarker in tumors exhibiting high MET activity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:120. [PMID: 37170152 PMCID: PMC10176894 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MET-driven acquired resistance is emerging with unanticipated frequency in patients relapsing upon molecular therapy treatments. However, the determination of MET amplification remains challenging using both standard and next-generation sequencing-based methodologies. Liquid biopsy is an effective, non-invasive approach to define cancer genomic profiles, track tumor evolution over time, monitor treatment response and detect molecular resistance in advance. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a family of RNA molecules that originate from a process of back-splicing, are attracting growing interest as potential novel biomarkers for their stability in body fluids. METHODS We identified a circRNA encoded by the MET gene (circMET) and exploited blood-derived cell-free RNA (cfRNA) and matched tumor tissues to identify, stratify and monitor advanced cancer patients molecularly characterized by high MET activity, generally associated with genomic amplification. RESULTS Using publicly available bioinformatic tools, we discovered that the MET locus transcribes several circRNA molecules, but only one candidate, circMET, was particularly abundant. Deeper molecular analysis revealed that circMET levels positively correlated with MET expression and activity, especially in MET-amplified cells. We developed a circMET-detection strategy and, in parallel, we performed standard FISH and IHC analyses in the same specimens to assess whether circMET quantification could identify patients displaying high MET activity. Longitudinal monitoring of circMET levels in the plasma of selected patients revealed the early emergence of MET amplification as a mechanism of acquired resistance to molecular therapies. CONCLUSIONS We found that measurement of circMET levels allows identification and tracking of patients characterized by high MET activity. Circulating circMET (ccMET) detection and analysis could be a simple, cost-effective, non-invasive approach to better implement patient stratification based on MET expression, as well as to dynamically monitor over time both therapy response and clonal evolution during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bersani
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Picca
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Morena
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mariangela Russo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Daniele Oddo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rospo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carola Negrino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Barbara Castella
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue (LITS), Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare (CIRBM), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Angela Listì
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zambelli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Federica Benso
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tabbò
- Thoracic Unit and Medical Oncology Division, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Thoracic Unit and Medical Oncology Division, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Monteleone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- IFOM, Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carola Ponzetto
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Novello
- Thoracic Unit and Medical Oncology Division, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Thoracic Unit and Medical Oncology Division, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Ayoub NM, Ibrahim DR, Alkhalifa AE. Overcoming resistance to targeted therapy using MET inhibitors in solid cancers: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Med Oncol 2021; 38:143. [PMID: 34665336 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a hallmark of cancer treatment that has changed the landscape of cancer management and enabled a personalized treatment approach. Nevertheless, the development of cancer resistance is a major challenge that is currently threatening the effective utilization of targeted therapies. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor, MET, is a receptor tyrosine kinase known for its oncogenic activity and tumorigenic potential. MET is a well-known driver of cancer resistance. A growing body of evidence revealed a major role of MET in mediating acquired resistance to several classes of targeted therapies. Deregulations of MET commonly associated with the development of cancer resistance include gene amplification, overexpression, autocrine activation, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of MET are currently approved for the treatment of different solid cancers. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding MET-mediated cancer resistance toward targeted therapies. The molecular mechanisms associated with resistance are described along with findings from preclinical and clinical studies on using MET inhibitors to restore the anticancer activity of targeted therapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Dalia R Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Amer E Alkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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3
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Wang Q, Yu X, Li Q, Qin L, Tan S, Zeng X, Qiu X, Tang B, Jin J, Liao W, Qiu M, Tan L, He G, Li X, He S, Yu H. Association between miR-199a rs74723057 and MET rs1621 polymorphisms and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79365-79371. [PMID: 27813498 PMCID: PMC5346720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels, thereby influence cancer risk. The aim of the current study is to investigate association between miR-199a rs74723057 and MET rs1621 and HCC risk in 1032 HCC patients and 1060 cancer-free controls. These two SNPs were genotyped by using the Agena MassARRAY genotyping system. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated to assess the strength of the associations. We found that compared with the wild-type AA genotype of MET rs1621, the variant GG genotype was associated with a decreased risk for HCC (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.06–0.96, P = 0.043). No association between miR-199a rs74723057 and HCC risk was observed. In addition, an interaction effect on HCC risk between the selected two SNPs was found. Among those who carried the CG/GG genotypes of miR-199a rs74723057, those who carried the GG genotype of MET rs1621 had a reduced risk of HCC, when compared with those who carried the AG/AA genotypes of MET rs1621 (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.03~0.73, P for interaction = 0.018). Our results suggest that MET rs1621 polymorphism, alone and combined with miR-199a rs74723057, may influence susceptibility to HCC. Further large-scale association studies and functional studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiangyuan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Linyuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Junfei Jin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Weijia Liao
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Moqin Qiu
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Lijun Tan
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Gaofeng He
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Songqing He
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Hongping Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
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4
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Genshaft AS, Li S, Gallant CJ, Darmanis S, Prakadan SM, Ziegler CGK, Lundberg M, Fredriksson S, Hong J, Regev A, Livak KJ, Landegren U, Shalek AK. Multiplexed, targeted profiling of single-cell proteomes and transcriptomes in a single reaction. Genome Biol 2016; 17:188. [PMID: 27640647 PMCID: PMC5027636 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a scalable, integrated strategy for coupled protein and RNA detection from single cells. Our approach leverages the DNA polymerase activity of reverse transcriptase to simultaneously perform proximity extension assays and complementary DNA synthesis in the same reaction. Using the Fluidigm C1™ system, we profile the transcriptomic and proteomic response of a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line to a chemical perturbation, benchmarking against in situ hybridizations and immunofluorescence staining, as well as recombinant proteins, ERCC Spike-Ins, and population lysate dilutions. Through supervised and unsupervised analyses, we demonstrate synergies enabled by simultaneous measurement of single-cell protein and RNA abundances. Collectively, our generalizable approach highlights the potential for molecular metadata to inform highly-multiplexed single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Genshaft
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline J Gallant
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay M Prakadan
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joyce Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology and Koch Institute, MIT, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | | | - Ulf Landegren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Park M, Lee BS, Jeon SH, Nam HJ, Lee G, Kim CH, Cho H, Lee JH. A novel isoform of met receptor tyrosine kinase blocks hepatocyte growth factor/Met signaling and stimulates skeletal muscle cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1804-17. [PMID: 25471370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, regulate skeletal muscle differentiation. In the present study, we identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of Met lacking exon 13 (designated Δ13Met), which is expressed mainly in human skeletal muscle. Alternative splicing yielded a truncated Met having extracellular domain only, suggesting an inhibitory role. Indeed, Δ13Met expression led to a decrease in HGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Met and ERK phosphorylation, as well as cell proliferation and migration via sequestration of HGF. Interestingly, in human primary myoblasts undergoing differentiation, Δ13Met mRNA and protein levels were rapidly increased, concomitantly with a decrease in wild type Met mRNA and protein. Inhibition of Δ13Met with siRNA led to a decreased differentiation, whereas its overexpression potentiated differentiation of human primary myoblasts. Furthermore, in notexin-induced mouse injury model, exogenous Δ13Met expression enhanced regeneration of skeletal muscle, further confirming a stimulatory role of the isoform in muscle cell differentiation. In summary, we identified a novel alternatively spliced inhibitory isoform of Met that stimulates muscle cell differentiation, which confers a new means to control muscle differentiation and/or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Soung-Hoo Jeon
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Hyun-Ja Nam
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Gwang Lee
- Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | | | - Hyeseong Cho
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
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6
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Castano R, Bossé Y, Endam LM, Filali-Mouhim A, Desrosiers M. c-MET pathway involvement in chronic rhinosinusitis: a genetic association analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 142:665-71.e1-2. [PMID: 20416453 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The c-MET receptor and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to be overexpressed in tissue from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with nasal polyps compared with that from controls. We assessed the genetic association of polymorphisms in the met proto-oncogene (MET) gene with CRS. STUDY DESIGN Case-control genetic association study. SETTING Tertiary-care university hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 206 unrelated Canadian patients with CRS and 196 control subjects were enrolled. Subjects were genotyped for 33 polymorphisms in the MET gene. RESULTS The allelic association analysis showed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MET gene (rs38850, rs38855, rs38857, rs2237717, rs2402118, rs193688, rs1621, rs42336) with a statistically significant association with CRS. The rs38850 T allele showed the strongest association and the highest risk for CRS (P = 0.004; odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.18-2.32); the association did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for genomic control (P = 0.06). The haplotype TGG constructed of markers rs38850, rs38855, and rs38857 represented a risk haplotype, resulting in a P value of 0.003 that remained significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION These data suggest that polymorphisms in the MET gene may play a role in the susceptibility to develop CRS. Study findings apply to patients with severe CRS unresponsive to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Castano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Sousa I, Clark TG, Toma C, Kobayashi K, Choma M, Holt R, Sykes NH, Lamb JA, Bailey AJ, Battaglia A, Maestrini E, Monaco AP. MET and autism susceptibility: family and case-control studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:749-58. [PMID: 19002214 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a common, severe and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. The International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC) genome screen for linkage in affected sib-pair families identified a chromosome 7q susceptibility locus (AUTS1), that has subsequently shown evidence of increased sharing in several independent multiplex samples and in two meta-analyses. Taking into account the location of the MET gene under this linkage peak, and the fact that it has recently been reported to be associated with autism, the gene was further analyzed as a promising autism candidate. The gene encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). MET is best known as an oncogene, but its signalling also participates in immune function, peripheral organ development and repair, and the development of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum (all of which have been observed earlier as being disregulated in individuals with autism). Here we present a family-based association analysis covering the entire MET locus. Significant results were obtained in both single locus and haplotype approaches with a single nucleotide polymorphism in intron 1 (rs38845, P<0.004) and with one intronic haplotype (AAGTG, P<0.009) in 325 multiplex IMGSAC families and 10 IMGSAC trios. Although these results failed to replicate in an independent sample of 82 Italian trios, the association itself was confirmed by a case-control analysis performed using the Italian cohort (P<0.02). The previously reported positive association of rs1858830 failed to replicate in this study. Overall, our findings provide further evidence that MET may play a role in autism susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Tiran Z, Oren A, Hermesh C, Rotman G, Levine Z, Amitai H, Handelsman T, Beiman M, Chen A, Landesman-Milo D, Dassa L, Peres Y, Koifman C, Glezer S, Vidal-Finkelstein R, Bahat K, Pergam T, Israel C, Horev J, Tsarfaty I, Ayalon-Soffer M. A Novel Recombinant Soluble Splice Variant of Met Is a Potent Antagonist of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor-Met Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4612-21. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
InlA and InlB mediate L. monocytogenes entry into eukaryotic cells. InlA is required for the crossing of the intestinal and placental barriers. InlA uses E-cadherin as receptor in a species-specific manner. The human E-cadherin but not the mouse E-cadherin is a receptor for InlA. In human cells, InlB uses Met and gC1qR as receptors. By studying the role of InlB in vivo, we found that activation of Met by InlB is species-specific. In mice, InlB is important for liver and spleen colonization, but not for the crossing of the intestinal epithelium. Strikingly, the virulence of a DeltainlB deletion mutant is not attenuated in guinea pigs and rabbits. Guinea pig and rabbit cell lines do not respond to InlB, although expressing Met and gC1qR, but support InlB-mediated responses upon human Met gene transfection, indicating that InlB does not recognize or stimulate guinea pig and rabbit Met. In guinea pig cells, the effect of human Met gene transfection on InlB-dependent entry is increased upon cotransfection with human gc1qr gene, showing the additive roles of gC1qR and Met. These results unravel a second L. monocytogenes species specificity critical for understanding human listeriosis and emphasize the need for developing new animal models for studying InlA and InlB functions in the same animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Khelef
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75015 France
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10
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Abstract
Selection of the translational initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNAs appears to occur via a scanning mechanism which predicts that proximity to the 5' end plays a dominant role in identifying the start codon. This "position effect" is seen in cases where a mutation creates an AUG codon upstream from the normal start site and translation shifts to the upstream site. The position effect is evident also in cases where a silent internal AUG codon is activated upon being relocated closer to the 5' end. Two mechanisms for escaping the first-AUG rule--reinitiation and context-dependent leaky scanning--enable downstream AUG codons to be accessed in some mRNAs. Although these mechanisms are not new, many new examples of their use have emerged. Via these escape pathways, the scanning mechanism operates even in extreme cases, such as a plant virus mRNA in which translation initiates from three start sites over a distance of 900 nt. This depends on careful structural arrangements, however, which are rarely present in cellular mRNAs. Understanding the rules for initiation of translation enables understanding of human diseases in which the expression of a critical gene is reduced by mutations that add upstream AUG codons or change the context around the AUG(START) codon. The opposite problem occurs in the case of hereditary thrombocythemia: translational efficiency is increased by mutations that remove or restructure a small upstream open reading frame in thrombopoietin mRNA, and the resulting overproduction of the cytokine causes the disease. This and other examples support the idea that 5' leader sequences are sometimes structured deliberately in a way that constrains scanning in order to prevent harmful overproduction of potent regulatory proteins. The accumulated evidence reveals how the scanning mechanism dictates the pattern of transcription--forcing production of monocistronic mRNAs--and the pattern of translation of eukaryotic cellular and viral genes.
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Key Words
- translational control
- aug context
- 5′ untranslated region
- reinitiation
- leaky scanning
- dicistronic mrna
- internal ribosome entry site
- adometdc, s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
- a2ar, a2a adenosine receptor
- c/ebp, ccaat/enhancer binding protein
- ctl, cytotoxic t-lymphocyte
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- eif, eukaryotic initiation factor
- hiv-1, human immunodeficiency virus 1
- ires, internal ribosome entry site
- lef1, lymphoid enhancer factor-1
- ogp, osteogenic growth peptide
- orf, open reading frame
- r, purine
- tpo, thrombopoietin
- uporf, upstream open reading frame
- utr, untranslated region
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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11
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Yin X, Rozakis-Adcock M. Genomic organization and expression of the human tumorous imaginal disc (TID1) gene. Gene 2001; 278:201-10. [PMID: 11707338 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human Tid-1, the human homologue of the Drosophila tumor suppressor lethal (2) tumorous imaginal discs, l(2) tid gene product, is a member of the DNAJ family of proteins which serve as co-chaperones to Hsp70 proteins. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the genomic structure of the human TID1 gene (hTID1), which is located on chromosome 16p13.3. hTID1 is approximately 34 kb and is composed of 12 exons. Exon sizes vary from 64 to 232 nucleotides, with the exception of exon 12 corresponding to the 3' untranslated region of hTID1, which extends over 1.1 kb. S1 nuclease protection assays and primer extension experiments indicate a putative transcriptional start site 21 nucleotides upstream of the initiating methionine. The presumptive promoter is characterized by the lack of TATA and CAAT motifs, and a high G+C content. The 5' flanking region contains several consensus binding sites for transcription factors that regulate gene expression during tissue and organ development, such as myeloid zinc finger (MZF1), Ikaros 2 and homeodomain proteins, as well as factors implicated in cell growth and survival responses, including AP-1, PEA3, E2F and NF-kB. Three alternatively spliced variants of hTID1 are expressed in a tissue and cell-type specific manner in many of the human tissues examined. The existence of these forms needs to be considered in efforts aimed at identifying mutations in the hTID1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yin
- Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8V 5C2
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12
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Heideman DA, Snijders PJ, Bloemena E, Meijer CJ, Offerhaus GJ, Meuwissen SG, Gerritsen WR, Craanen ME. Absence of tpr-met and expression of c-met in human gastric mucosa and carcinoma. J Pathol 2001; 194:428-35. [PMID: 11523050 DOI: 10.1002/path.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The c-met proto-oncogene, encoding the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, can be activated by various mechanisms. These include, among others, gene amplification with concomitant overexpression and the tpr-met oncogenic rearrangement. In the case of gastric cancer, contradictory results on the presence of the tpr-met oncogenic rearrangement have been published. The current study aimed therefore to assess the prevalence of tpr-met expression in Caucasian gastric adenocarcinomas, to evaluate the importance of this oncogene in their carcinogenesis. In addition, the level of c-met expression was determined, to evaluate the role of this alternative mode of activation of the proto-oncogene. A series of Caucasian gastric adenocarcinomas (n=43) and normal gastric mucosal samples (n=14) was analysed for tpr-met and c-met expression. Expression of tpr-met mRNA in the samples was performed by two reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, with excellent correlation. The specificity of both methods was confirmed by direct sequencing of the PCR products of the MNNG-HOS cell line, which is known to contain the rearrangement. The level of c-met expression was assessed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the normal gastric mucosal or gastric adenocarcinoma samples expressed tpr-met mRNA, as determined by both RT-PCR assays. Seventy per cent of the adenocarcinomas showed overexpression of c-met, according to elevated c-met mRNA levels, compared with the expression level of normal gastric mucosa. A significant correlation was found between the level of c-met mRNA and protein expression. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that tpr-met activation does not play a role in Caucasian gastric carcinogenesis, while overexpression of the c-met gene occurs in the majority of Caucasian gastric adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Heideman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Kozak M. Do the 5'untranslated domains of human cDNAs challenge the rules for initiation of translation (or is it vice versa)? Genomics 2000; 70:396-406. [PMID: 11161792 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The validity of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation has been questioned based on a compilation of human cDNA sequences that showed a high frequency of upstream ATG codons. However, closer scrutiny of those cDNAs upholds the opposite view: the 5'UTRs on most cDNAs are compatible with standard rules for initiation of translation, and those rules can be used to flag anomalous cDNAs that, upon checking, turn out to have been misinterpreted. Some of the problematic 5'UTR sequences that persist, after obvious errors in the cDNA library have been corrected, might derive from transcripts that are not intended to be translated. Examples are given of genes that, for regulatory reasons, produce transcripts that are truncated, or retain an intron, or are otherwise configured in a way that precludes translation. The existence of a cDNA proves that a gene is transcribed, but only that; not every cDNA derives from a functional mRNA. Along with providing practical guidelines for interpreting cDNA sequences, the scanning model provides a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of certain mutations in the 5'UTR that alter the translatability of mRNAs, thereby contributing to cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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14
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van der Voort R, Taher TE, Derksen PW, Spaargaren M, van der Neut R, Pals ST. The hepatocyte growth factor/Met pathway in development, tumorigenesis, and B-cell differentiation. Adv Cancer Res 2000; 79:39-90. [PMID: 10818677 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(00)79002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the structure, signal transduction and physiologic functions of the HGF/Met pathway, as well as its role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, it highlights recent studies indicating a role for the HGF/Met pathway in antigen-specific B-cell development and B-cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van der Voort
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Park WS, Oh RR, Kim YS, Park JY, Shin MS, Lee HK, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY. Absence of mutations in the kinase domain of the Met gene and frequent expression of Met and HGF/SF protein in primary gastric carcinomas. APMIS 2000; 108:195-200. [PMID: 10752688 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-44.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, Met, are known to play important roles in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. We analyzed the expression of these genes and the mutations in the kinase domain of the Met gene in 43 gastric carcinomas. Of the 43 cases, the Met and HGF/SF protein were expressed in 29 (67%) and 22 (51%), respectively. All of the cases with HGF/SF immunopositivity also expressed Met. Of 22 cases with HGF/SF immunopositivity, 13 (59%) expressed HGF/SF in tumor cells as well as fibroblasts. We detected no aberrant single-strand conformational polymorphism patterns, suggesting that there are no genetic alterations in the kinase domain of the Met gene. These results indicate that HGF/SF-mediated autocrine and/or paracrine stimulation and overexpression rather than structural alteration of its receptor may contribute to the development and progression of gastric carcinoma, and that expression of Met and HGF/SF may confer a growth advantage to neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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16
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Glukhova L, Lavialle C, Fauvet D, Chudoba I, Danglot G, Angevin E, Bernheim A, Goguel AF. Mapping of the 7q31 subregion common to the small chromosome 7 derivatives from two sporadic papillary renal cell carcinomas: increased copy number and overexpression of the MET proto-oncogene. Oncogene 2000; 19:754-61. [PMID: 10698493 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of several sporadic papillary renal cell carcinomas and of their xenografts in immunodeficient mice had previously allowed us to delimit a minimal overrepresented region of chromosome 7 shared by all of them to band 7q31. We have refined the location of the overlapping region to the junction of the subbands 7q31.2 and 7q31.3 by reverse painting with two differently labelled probes prepared from the small chromosome 7 derivatives microdissected from the cells of two distinct tumours. This small region was shown to contain the MET proto-oncogene, present at three to four copies per cell as determined by Southern blot analysis. The increased copy number of the MET gene was found to be associated with its overexpression at the mRNA level. However, no change in MET copy number or expression level was observed in the cells from two xenografted tumours serially transplanted into immunodeficient mice, as compared to those from the corresponding initial tumours. Our results indicate that expression of the MET proto-oncogene above a critical threshold is required for the maintenance of the tumorigenic phenotype of at least some papillary renal cell carcinomas, but does not further increase during tumour progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogenes
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- L Glukhova
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Génétique Oncologiques, UMR 1599, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of Met, the receptor for scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor, is associated with mitogenesis, motogenesis, and decreased cell adhesion. Elevated expression of Met has been shown in advanced cases of carcinoma of the prostate, stomach, pancreas, and thyroid. The authors previously demonstrated that Met expression is an independent prognostic marker associated with decreased survival in patients with breast carcinoma. METHODS Expression of Met in 113 archival breast carcinoma specimens from patients with axillary lymph node negative invasive ductal carcinoma was evaluated using a standard immunoperoxidase technique. Cases were scored by two pathologists using an H-score algorithm and then analyzed for correlation with known prognostic factors and survival. RESULTS Expression of Met showed a bimodal distribution with 25% of cases showing high levels of expression. In contrast to previous studies, the results of the current study showed a significant association between Met expression and nuclear and histologic grade. The 5-year survival rate for Met negative patients with tumors with low Met expression was 95% in this cohort, compared with 80% for patients with tumors showing high Met expression. Patients whose tumors had a high level of Met expression were found to have a 5-year relative risk (RR) of dying of metastatic disease of 5.05 (P = 0.03) independent of patient age and tumor size. Combined analysis of Met and nuclear grade resulted in a marked increase in independent predictive value (RR = 33.4; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study found that high levels of Met expression were associated with death due to metastatic disease in patients with axillary lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Expression of Met may be a useful prognostic indicator of more aggressive disease in patients whose prognosis is not easily stratified by current histopathologic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Camp
- Department of Pathology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Halford MM, Oates AC, Hibbs ML, Wilks AF, Stacker SA. Genomic structure and expression of the mouse growth factor receptor related to tyrosine kinases (Ryk). J Biol Chem 1999; 274:7379-90. [PMID: 10066802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genomic organization of the mouse orphan receptor related to tyrosine kinases (Ryk), a structurally unclassified member of the growth factor receptor family. The mouse RYK protein is encoded by 15 exons distributed over a minimum of 81 kilobases. Genomic DNA sequences encoding a variant protein tyrosine kinase ATP-binding motif characteristic of RYK are unexpectedly found in two separate exons. A feature of the gene is an unmethylated CpG island spanning exon 1 and flanking sequences, including a TATA box-containing putative promoter and single transcription start site. Immunohistochemical examination of RYK protein distribution revealed widespread but developmentally regulated expression, which was spatially restricted within particular adult organs. Quantitative reduction of Southern blotting stringency for the detection of Ryk-related sequences provided evidence for a retroprocessed mouse pseudogene and a more distantly related gene paralogue. Extensive cross-species reactivity of a mouse Ryk kinase subdomain probe and the cloning of a Ryk orthologue from Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate that Ryk and its relatives encode widely conserved members of a novel receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Halford
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, P. O. Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Cottage A, Clark M, Hawker K, Umrania Y, Wheller D, Bishop M, Elgar G. Three receptor genes for plasminogen related growth factors in the genome of the puffer fish Fugu rubripes. FEBS Lett 1999; 443:370-4. [PMID: 10025966 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen related growth factors (PRGFs) and their receptors play major roles in embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and neoplasia. In order to investigate the complexity and evolution of the PRGF receptor family we have cloned and sequenced three receptors for PRGFs in the teleost fish Fugu rubripes, a model vertebrate with a compact genome. One of the receptor genes isolated encodes the orthologue of mammalian MET, whilst the other two may represent Fugu rubripes orthologues of RON and SEA. This is the first time three PRGF receptors have been identified in a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cottage
- MRC HGMP Resource Centre, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Tsao MS, Liu N, Chen JR, Pappas J, Ho J, To C, Viallet J, Park M, Zhu H. Differential expression of Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 1998; 20:1-16. [PMID: 9699182 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(98)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor (SF) is a multifunctional factor that stimulates epithelial cell motility, invasion and morphogenesis. Its receptor is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase encoded by the Met proto-oncogene. Several studies have suggested a possible role for HGF/Met in tumor development and progression. To investigate the potential roles of Met in human lung cancer biology, we have studied the mRNA and protein expression of Met in normal lung tissue, primary non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and NSCLC cell lines. The results indicated a differential pattern of Met expression among various subtypes of NSCLC. The majority of squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), either in vivo or in vitro, expressed Met mRNA and its protein product at levels much lower than or similar to normal lung tissue or bronchial epithelium. Moreover, SQCC characteristically over-expressed a variant Met mRNA which corresponds to a 5' partially deleted transcript produced by alternative splicing. In contrast, the expression of Met mRNA and its protein product in adenocarcinoma (ADC) and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma were more heterogeneous. Overexpression was demonstrated in approximately 35% and 20% of these subtypes of NSCLC, respectively. Among ADC, intermediate to high levels of Met immunoreactivity correlated with greater degree of tumor differentiation. Furthermore, an accentuation of Met immunoreactivity was often noted in cancer cells at the advancing edge of tumors. These findings support a role for Met in lung cancer cell invasion and differentiation in vivo, but its expression and functions may be modified by the differentiation phenotype of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada.
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