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Yang JY, Ke D, Li Y, Shi J, Wan SM, Wang AJ, Zhao MN, Gao H. CNIH4 governs cervical cancer progression through reducing ferroptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110712. [PMID: 37716418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most leading causes of cancer death worldwide, and ferroptosis is implicated in the progression of cervical cancer. Cornichon family AMPA receptor auxiliary protein 4 (CNIH4) is involved in the progression of various human cancers; however, its function in cervical cancer remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of CNIH4 in cervical cancer using gain- and loss-of-function studies in vitro. SiHa and CaSki cells were infected with lentiviral vectors to manipulate the expression of CNIH4 in vitro, and cell viability, migration, invasion as well as ferroptosis were evaluated. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to further validate the mechanism through which CNIH4 regulated the progression of cervical cancer. The expression of CNIH4 was upregulated in human cervical cancer tissues and cells, and strongly correlated with the decreases in overall survival and disease free survival rates of cervical cancer patients. CNIH4 silence inhibited, while CNIH4 overexpression facilitated the survival of human cervical cancer cells. Mechanistically, CNIH4 elevated solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)-mediated cystine import, and subsequently increased intracellular glutathione synthesis and glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis of human cervical cancer cells. SLC7A11 silence significantly abolished CNIH4-mediated inhibition of ferroptosis in cervical cancer cells in vitro. Our study for the first time reveals that CNIH4 inhibits ferroptosis of human cervical cancer cells through upregulating SLC7A11, defining CNIH4 as an attractive therapeutic and prognostic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yuan Yang
- Department of Gynaecology II, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Dong Ke
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Gynaecology II, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Gynaecology II, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shi-Meng Wan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - An-Jin Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Meng-Na Zhao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Gynaecology II, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Boulter AC, Maurer BJ, Pogue M, Kang MH, Cho H, Knight A, Reynolds CP, Quick D, Awasthi S, Gerber DE. Phase I trial of intravenous fenretinide (4-HPR) plus safingol in advanced malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:97-105. [PMID: 37199745 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that induces cytotoxicity through dihydroceramide production. Safingol, a stereochemical-variant dihydroceramide precursor, exhibits synergistic effects when administered with fenretinide in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trial of this combination. METHODS Fenretinide was administered as a 600 mg/m2 24-h infusion on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle followed by 900 mg/m2/day on Days 2 and 3. Safingol was concurrently administered as a 48-h infusion on Day 1 and 2 using 3 + 3 dose escalation. Primary endpoints were safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics and efficacy. RESULTS A total of 16 patients were enrolled (mean age 63 years, 50% female, median three prior lines of therapy), including 15 patients with refractory solid tumors and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The median number of treatment cycles received was 2 (range 2-6). The most common adverse event (AE) was hypertriglyceridemia (88%; 38% ≥ Grade 3), attributed to the fenretinide intralipid infusion vehicle. Other treatment-related AEs occurring in ≥ 20% of patients included anemia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia. At safingol dose 420 mg/m2, one patient had a dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 troponinemia and grade 4 myocarditis. Due to limited safingol supply, enrollment was halted at this dose level. Fenretinide and safingol pharmacokinetic profiles resembled those observed in monotherapy trials. Best radiographic response was stable disease (n = 2). CONCLUSION Combination fenretinide plus safingol commonly causes hypertriglyceridemia and may be associated with cardiac events at higher safingol levels. Minimal activity in refractory solid tumors was observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01553071 (3.13.2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Boulter
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Barry J Maurer
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Meredith Pogue
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min H Kang
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hwangeui Cho
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- South Plains Oncology Consortium, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Doctors Hospital Cayman, George Town, Cayman Islands
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Brack E, Bender S, Wachtel M, Pruschy M, Schäfer BW. Fenretinide Acts as Potent Radiosensitizer for Treatment of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664462. [PMID: 34211841 PMCID: PMC8239363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) is a highly aggressive childhood malignancy which is mainly treated by conventional chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy. Since radiotherapy is associated with a high burden of late side effects in pediatric patients, addition of radiosensitizers would be beneficial. Here, we thought to assess the role of fenretinide, a potential agent for FP-RMS treatment, as radiosensitizer. Survival of human FP-RMS cells was assessed after combination therapy with fenretinide and ionizing radiation (IR) by cell viability and clonogenicity assays. Indeed, this was found to significantly reduce cell viability compared to single treatments. Mechanistically, this was accompanied by enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, initiation of cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, the combination treatment also triggered a new form of dynamin-dependent macropinocytosis, which was previously described in fenretinide-only treated cells. Our data suggest that fenretinide acts in combination with IR to induce cell death in FP-RMS cells and therefore might represent a novel radiosensitizer for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brack
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Bender
- Department of Radiology Biology, University Hospital Zurich, Radio-Oncology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Department of Radiology Biology, University Hospital Zurich, Radio-Oncology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen Y, Liang J, Liang X, Chen J, Wang Y, Cao J, Sun C, Ye J, Chen Q. Limonin induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by inhibiting NQO1 activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1860-1869. [PMID: 33841805 PMCID: PMC8020947 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonin is an important bioactive substance in citrus fruits, especially in seeds, which has great potential in cancer prevention and treatment. In order to explore the anticancer activity based on interaction between limonin and NQO1, Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) were studied in vitro. We found that limonin could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of HL-60 cells, and the effect was positively correlated with its dosage. Western blot results showed that limonin could activate the endogenous apoptosis pathway mediated by mitochondria via up-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cytochrome c, Caspase3, and Caspase9) and down-regulating anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2), thus inhibiting the proliferation of HL-60 cells and promoting apoptosis, which further proved the anticancer activity of limonin from the molecular mechanism. At the same time, limonin down-regulated the expression of NQO1, indicating that limonin may indirectly act on the apoptosis pathway by regulating the expression activity of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, thus exerting its inhibitory effect on tumor cells, which provides an idea for the molecular mechanism that natural products can indirectly exert their anticancer effect by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiebiao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Zanyu TechnologyQingshan Lake Science and Technology CityHangzhouChina
| | - Qingjun Chen
- Zanyu TechnologyQingshan Lake Science and Technology CityHangzhouChina
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5
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Ramu D, Shan TW, Hirpara JL, Pervaiz S. Cellular senescence: Silent operator and therapeutic target in cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:530-542. [PMID: 33675120 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of carcinogenesis and its progression involves an intricate interplay between a number of signaling networks, metabolic pathways and the microenvironment. These include an alteration in the cellular redox metabolism and deregulation of cell cycle checkpoints. Similar to the dichotomy of redox signaling in cancer cell fate and state determination, a diverging effect of an irreversible cell cycle arrest or senescence on carcinogenesis has been demonstrated. In this regard, while overwhelming oxidative stress has a damaging effect on tissue architecture and organ function and promotes death execution, a mild "pro-oxidant" environment is conducive for cell proliferation, growth and survival. Similarly, cellular senescence has been shown to elicit both a tumor suppressor and an oncogenic effect in a context-dependent manner. Notably, there appears to be a crosstalk between these two critical regulators of cell fate and state, particularly from the standpoint of the divergent effects on processes that promote or abate carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview of these overarching themes and attempts to highlight critical intersection nodes, which are emerging as potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Ramu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teoh Wei Shan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayshree L Hirpara
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Medicine Healthy Longevity Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Integrative Science and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School (NUSGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Faculté de Medicine, University of Paris, Paris, France
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6
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Thomas JS, El-Khoueiry AB, Maurer BJ, Groshen S, Pinski JK, Cobos E, Gandara DR, Lenz HJ, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Newman EM. A phase I study of intravenous fenretinide (4-HPR) for patients with malignant solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 87:525-532. [PMID: 33423090 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid that can induce cytotoxicity by several mechanisms. Achieving effective systemic exposure with oral formulations has been challenging. An intravenous lipid emulsion fenretinide formulation was developed to overcome this barrier. We conducted a study to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), preliminary efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous lipid emulsion fenretinide in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Twenty-three patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard treatments received fenretinide as a continuous infusion for five consecutive days in 21-day cycles. Five different dose cohorts were evaluated between doses of 905 mg/m2 and 1414 mg/m2 per day using a 3 + 3 dose escalation design. A priming dose of 600 mg/m2 on day 1 was introduced in an attempt to address the asymptomatic serum triglyceride elevations related to the lipid emulsion. RESULTS The treatment-related adverse events occurring in ≥ 20% of patients were anemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatigue, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase, thrombocytopenia, bilirubin increase, and dry skin. Five evaluable patients had stable disease as best response, and no patients had objective responses. Plasma steady-state concentrations of the active metabolite were significantly higher than with previous capsule formulations. CONCLUSION Fenretinide emulsion intravenous infusion had a manageable safety profile and achieved higher plasma steady-state concentrations of the active metabolite compared to previous capsule formulations. Single-agent activity was minimal but combinatorial approaches are under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Thomas
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony B El-Khoueiry
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry J Maurer
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Susan Groshen
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacek K Pinski
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - David R Gandara
- Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Heinz J Lenz
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min H Kang
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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7
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Nguyen TH, Koneru B, Wei SJ, Chen WH, Makena MR, Urias E, Kang MH, Reynolds CP. Fenretinide via NOXA Induction, Enhanced Activity of the BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax in High BCL-2–Expressing Neuroblastoma Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2270-2282. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Sharma AK, Singh H, Chakrapani H. Photocontrolled endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5259-5262. [PMID: 30993280 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A cell-permeable small molecule for light-triggered generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Harshit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
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9
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Min K, Lawan A, Bennett AM. Loss of MKP-5 promotes myofiber survival by activating STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling during regenerative myogenesis. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:21. [PMID: 29047406 PMCID: PMC5648478 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been shown to be involved in regulating myofiber survival. In skeletal muscle, p38 MAPK and JNK are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatase-5 (MKP-5). During muscle regeneration, MKP-5 is downregulated, thereby promoting p38 MAPK/JNK signaling, and subsequent repair of damaged muscle. Mice lacking MKP-5 expression exhibit enhanced regenerative myogenesis. However, the effect of MKP-5 on myofiber survival during regeneration is unclear. METHODS To investigate whether MKP-5 is involved in myofiber survival, skeletal muscle injury was induced by cardiotoxin injection, and the effects on apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay in wild type and MKP-5-deficient mice. The contribution of MKP-5 to apoptotic signaling and its link to this pathway through mitochondrial function were determined in regenerating skeletal muscle of MKP-5-deficient mice. RESULTS We found that loss of MKP-5 in skeletal muscle resulted in improved myofiber survival. In response to skeletal muscle injury, loss of MKP-5 decreased activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involving the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic transcription factor Bcl-2. Skeletal muscle of MKP-5-deficient mice also exhibited an improved anti-oxidant capacity as a result of increased expression of catalase further contributing to myofiber survival by attenuating oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that MKP-5 coordinates skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. MKP-5 negatively regulates apoptotic signaling, and during regeneration, MKP-5 downregulation contributes to the restoration of myofiber survival. Finally, these results suggest that MKP-5 inhibition may serve as an important therapeutic target for the preservation of skeletal muscle survival in degenerative muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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CYT-Rx20 Inhibits Cervical Cancer Cell Growth and Migration Through Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage, Cell Apoptosis, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Inhibition. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 27:1306-1317. [PMID: 30814237 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The β-nitrostyrene family has been reported to possess anticancer properties. However, the anticancer activity of β-nitrostyrenes on cervical cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms involved remain unexplored. In this study, a β-nitrostyrene derivative CYT-Rx20 (3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene) was synthesized, and its anticancer activity on cervical cancer cells and the mechanisms involved were investigated. METHODS The effect of CYT-Rx20 on human cervical cancer cell growth was evaluated using cell viability assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and annexin V staining were detected by flow cytometry. The protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved poly (ADPribose) polymerase, γH2AX, β-catenin, Vimentin, and Twist were measured by Western blotting. DNA double-strand breaks were determined by γ-H2AX foci formation and neutral comet assay. Migration assay was used to determine cancer cell migration. Nude mice xenograft was used to investigate the antitumor effects of CYT-Rx20 in vivo. RESULTS CYT-Rx20 induced cytotoxicity in cervical cancer cells by promoting cell apoptosis via ROS generation and DNA damage. CYT-Rx20-induced cell apoptosis, ROS generation, and DNA damage were reversed by thiol antioxidants. In addition, CYT-Rx20 inhibited cervical cancer cell migration by regulating the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. In nude mice, CYT-Rx20 inhibited cervical tumor growth accompanied by increased expression of DNA damage marker γH2AX and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers β-catenin and Twist. CONCLUSIONS CYT-Rx20 inhibits cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to be further developed into an anti-cervical cancer drug clinically.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There are a number of redox-active anticancer agents currently in development based on the premise that altered redox homeostasis is necessary for cancer cell's survival. Recent Advances: This review focuses on the relatively few agents that target cellular redox homeostasis to have entered clinical trial as anticancer drugs. CRITICAL ISSUES The success rate of redox anticancer drugs has been disappointing compared to other classes of anticancer agents. This is due, in part, to our incomplete understanding of the functions of the redox targets in normal and cancer tissues, leading to off-target toxicities and low therapeutic indexes of the drugs. The field also lags behind in the use biomarkers and other means to select patients who are most likely to respond to redox-targeted therapy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS If we wish to derive clinical benefit from agents that attack redox targets, then the future will require a more sophisticated understanding of the role of redox targets in cancer and the increased application of personalized medicine principles for their use. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 262-273.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garth Powis
- 2 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute Cancer Center , La Jolla, California
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12
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Harris G, Ghazallah RA, Nascene D, Wuertz B, Ondrey FG. PPAR Activation and Decreased Proliferation in Oral Carcinoma Cells With 4-HPR. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 133:695-701. [PMID: 16274795 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the mechanism of action of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR, fenretidine), a synthetic retinoid, involves the functional activation of the nuclear hormone receptor class known as PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors). Also, to examine whether anti-proliferative effects of this agent in head and neck cancer cells occur at biologically relevant concentrations. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: CA 9–22, NA, and UM SCC 11B cells were treated with 4-HPR during their log phase growth and functional activation of PPAR γ was evaluated by plate luminometry. Cellular proliferation was analyzed by standard MTT cell proliferation assays and cell counting. Student's t tests were performed for all experiments. RESULTS: Significant dose-dependent increases in PPAR γ activation occurred in response to 4-HPR treatment. Proliferation was significantly inhibited by 4-HPR in a dose-dependent manner as judged by MTT and cell counting assays. These effects occurred at equimolar concentrations in both types of experiments within a range of clinically achievable doses (1–4 μM) of 4-HPR. CONCLUSIONS: 4-HPR can functionally activate PPAR γ at clinically achievable doses. Decreased cancer cell proliferation secondary to PPAR γ activation has been observed in other malignancies as well as upper aerodigestive cancer. PPAR γ activation by 4-HPR represents another potential anti-cancer mechanism of action for this drug. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PPAR γ activation represents a novel target for anti-cancer therapy for head and neck cancer and the current level of clinical toxicity of 4-HPR would be judged acceptable to utilize this agent alone or in combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Hosseini MJ, Shaki F, Ghazi-Khansari M, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of copper on isolated liver mitochondria: impairment at complexes I, II, and IV leads to increased ROS production. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:367-81. [PMID: 24691927 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage has been implicated in disorders associated with abnormal copper metabolism and also Cu(2+) overloading states. Besides, mitochondria are one of the most important targets for Cu(2+), an essential redox transition metal, induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mitochondrial toxicity mechanisms on isolated rat liver mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria in both in vivo and in vitro experiments were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation and the isolated liver mitochondria were then incubated with different concentrations of Cu(2+). Our results showed that Cu(2+) induced a concentration and time-dependent rise in mitochondrial ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse before mitochondrial swelling ensued. Increased disturbance in oxidative phosphorylation was also shown by decreased ATP concentration and decreased ATP/ADP ratio in Cu(2+)-treated isolated mitochondria. In addition, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, and release of cytochrome c following of Cu(2+) treatment were well inhibited by pretreatment of mitochondria with CsA and BHT. Our results showed that Cu(2+) could interact with respiratory complexes (I, II, and IV). This suggests that Cu(2+)-induced liver toxicity is the result of metal's disruptive effect on liver hepatocyte mitochondrial respiratory chain that is the obvious cause of Cu(2+)-induced ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, and cytochrome c expulsion which start cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Postiglione I, Chiaviello A, Barra F, Roscetto E, Soriano AA, Catania MR, Palumbo G, Pierantoni GM. Mitochondrial Malfunctioning, Proteasome Arrest and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells by Focused Intracellular Generation of Oxygen Radicals. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20375-91. [PMID: 26343643 PMCID: PMC4613209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photofrin/photodynamic therapy (PDT) at sub-lethal doses induced a transient stall in proteasome activity in surviving A549 (p53+/+) and H1299 (p53−/−) cells as indicated by the time-dependent decline/recovery of chymotrypsin-like activity. Indeed, within 3 h of incubation, Photofrin invaded the cytoplasm and localized preferentially within the mitochondria. Its light activation determined a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and a reversible arrest in proteasomal activity. A similar result is obtained by treating cells with Antimycin and Rotenone, indicating, as a common denominator of this effect, the ATP decrease. Both inhibitors, however, were more toxic to cells as the recovery of proteasomal activity was incomplete. We evaluated whether combining PDT (which is a treatment for killing tumor cells, per se, and inducing proteasome arrest in the surviving ones) with Bortezomib doses capable of sustaining the stall would protract the arrest with sufficient time to induce apoptosis in remaining cells. The evaluation of the mitochondrial membrane depolarization, residual proteasome and mitochondrial enzymatic activities, colony-forming capabilities, and changes in protein expression profiles in A549 and H1299 cells under a combined therapeutic regimen gave results consistent with our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Postiglione
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Federica Barra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Roscetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Amata A Soriano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Catania
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy.
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15
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Ruan Y, Hu K, Chen H. Autophagy inhibition enhances isorhamnetin‑induced mitochondria‑dependent apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5796-806. [PMID: 26238746 PMCID: PMC4581743 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isorhamnetin (ISO) is a flavonoid from plants of the Polygonaceae family and is also an immediate metabolite of quercetin in mammals. To date, the anti-tumor effects of ISO and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated in lung cancer cells. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of ISO on the growth of human lung cancer A549 cells. Treatment of the lung cancer cells with ISO significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation. ISO treatment also resulted in a significant increase in apoptotic cell death of A549 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further investigation showed that the apoptosis proceeded via the mitochondria-dependent pathway as indicated by alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome C and caspase activation. Of note, treatment with ISO also induced the formation of autophagosomes and light chain 3-II protein in A549 cells. Furthermore, co-treatment with autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and hydroxychloroquine significantly inhibited the ISO-induced autophagy and enhanced the ISO-induced apoptotic cell death in vitro as well as in vivo. Thus, the results of the present study suggested that ISO is a potential anti-lung cancer agent. In addition, the results indicated that the inhibition of autophagy may be a useful strategy for enhancing the chemotherapeutic effect of ISO on lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Ruan
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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16
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Qin T, Yin Y, Yu Q, Yang Q. Bursopentin (BP5) protects dendritic cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress for immunosuppression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117477. [PMID: 25659113 PMCID: PMC4319828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in the regulation of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Thus, DCs have been regarded as a major target for the development of immunomodulators. However, oxidative stress could disturb inflammatory regulation in DCs. Here, we examined the effect of bursopentine (BP5), a novel pentapeptide isolated from chicken bursa of fabricius, on the protection of DCs against oxidative stress for immunosuppression. BP5 showed potent protective effects against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in DCs, including nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, BP5 elevated the level of cellular reductive status through increasing the reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Concomitant with these, the activities of several antioxidative redox enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were obviously enhanced. BP5 also suppressed submucosal DC maturation in the LPS-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells (ECs)/DCs coculture system. Finally, we found that heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) was remarkably upregulated by BP5 in the LPS-induced DCs, and played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress and DC maturation. These results suggested that BP5 could protect the LPS-activated DCs against oxidative stress and have potential applications in DC-related inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry of China’s Department of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry of China’s Department of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry of China’s Department of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry of China’s Department of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Saccà SC, Pulliero A, Izzotti A. The Dysfunction of the Trabecular Meshwork During Glaucoma Course. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:510-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies; St Martino Hospital; Ophthalmology Unit; Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
- Mutagenesis Unit; IST National Institute for Cancer Research; IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino Company; Genoa Italy
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18
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Rehman SU, Zubair H, Sarwar T, Husain MA, Ishqi HM, Nehar S, Tabish M. Redox cycling of Cu(II) by 6-mercaptopurine leads to ROS generation and DNA breakage: possible mechanism of anticancer activity. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1237-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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19
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Hilchie AL, Vale R, Zemlak TS, Hoskin DW. Generation of a hematologic malignancy-selective membranolytic peptide from the antimicrobial core (RRWQWR) of bovine lactoferricin. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:192-8. [PMID: 23892223 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides such as bovine lactoferricin (LfcinB) constitute an important innate defense mechanism against many microbial pathogens. LfcinB also binds to and selectively kills human cancer cells via a mechanism that involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and caspase activation. The antimicrobial core of LfcinB consists of only six amino acids (RRWQWR), referred to in this study as LfcinB6. Although free LfcinB6 is devoid of cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, we show here that adding a cell-penetrating hepta-arginine sequence via a glycine-glycine linker to LfcinB6 generates a peptide (MPLfcinB6) that is selectively cytotoxic for human T-leukemia and B-lymphoma cells. Flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran uptake by MPLfcinB6-treated cancer cells revealed extensive damage to the cell membrane, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. MPLfcinB6-induced cytotoxicity was also associated with sequential ROS production and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization; however, neither ROS nor caspase activation caused by the loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity was essential for peptide-mediated cell death. We conclude that MPLfcinB6 selectively kills human T-leukemia and B-lymphoma cells by causing extensive and irreparable damage to the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Hilchie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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20
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Hernández-Esquivel L, Rivero-Segura NA, Marín-Hernández A, Neuzil J, Ralph SJ, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Reactive oxygen species are generated by the respiratory complex II--evidence for lack of contribution of the reverse electron flow in complex I. FEBS J 2013. [PMID: 23206332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Succinate-driven oxidation via complex II (CII) may have a significant contribution towards the high rates of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria. Here, we show that the CII Q site inhibitor thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) blocks succinate + rotenone-driven ROS production, whereas the complex III (CIII) Qo inhibitor stigmatellin has no effect, indicating that CII, not CIII, is the ROS-producing site. The complex I (CI) inhibitor rotenone partially reduces the ROS production driven by high succinate levels (5 mm), which is commonly interpreted as being due to inhibition of a reverse electron flow from CII to CI. However, experimental evidence presented here contradicts the model of reverse electron flow. First, ROS levels produced using succinate + rotenone were significantly higher than those produced using glutamate + malate + rotenone. Second, in tumor mitochondria, succinate-driven ROS production was significantly increased (not decreased) by rotenone. Third, in liver mitochondria, rotenone had no effects on succinate-driven ROS production. Fourth, using isolated heart or hepatoma (AS-30D) mitochondria, the CII Qp anti-cancer drug mitochondrially targeted vitamin E succinate (MitoVES) induced elevated ROS production in the presence of low levels of succinate(0.5 mm), but rotenone had no effect. Using sub-mitochondrial particles, the Cu-based anti-cancer drug Casiopeina II-gly enhanced succinate-driven ROS production. Thus, the present results are inconsistent with and question the interpretation of reverse electron flow from CII to CI and the rotenone effect on ROS production supported by succinate oxidation. Instead, a thermodynamically more favorable explanation is that, in the absence of CIII or complex IV (CIV) inhibitors (which, when added, facilitate reverse electron flow by inducing accumulation of ubiquinol, the CI product), the CII redox centers are the major source of succinate-driven ROS production.
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21
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Shaki F, Hosseini MJ, Ghazi-Khansari M, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1940-50. [PMID: 22940002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney is known as the most sensitive target organ for depleted uranium (DU) toxicity in comparison to other organs. Although the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage induced by DU has been well investigated, the precise mechanism of DU-induced nephrotoxicity has not been thoroughly recognized yet. METHODS Kidney mitochondria were obtained using differential centrifugation from Wistar rats and mitochondrial toxicity endpoints were then determined in both in vivo and in vitro uranyl acetate (UA) exposure cases. RESULTS Single injection of UA (0, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Isolated mitochondria from the UA-treated rat kidney showed a marked elevation in oxidative stress accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse as compared to control group. Incubation of isolated kidney mitochondria with UA (50, 100 and 200μM) manifested that UA can disrupt the electron transfer chain at complex II and III that leads to induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione oxidation. Disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation were also demonstrated through decreased ATP concentration and ATP/ADP ratio in UA-treated mitochondria. In addition, UA induced a significant damage in mitochondrial outer membrane. Moreover, MMP collapse, mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release were observed following the UA treatment in isolated mitochondria. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Both our in vivo and in vitro results showed that UA-induced nephrotoxicity is linked to the impairment of electron transfer chain especially at complex II and III which leads to subsequent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shaki
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Mitochondria: redox metabolism and dysfunction. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:896751. [PMID: 22593827 PMCID: PMC3347708 DOI: 10.1155/2012/896751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main intracellular location for fuel generation; however, they are not just power plants but involved in a range of other intracellular functions including regulation of redox homeostasis and cell fate. Dysfunction of mitochondria will result in oxidative stress which is one of the underlying causal factors for a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In this paper, generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the mitochondria, redox regulatory roles of certain mitochondrial proteins, and the impact on cell fate will be discussed. The current state of our understanding in mitochondrial dysfunction in pathological states and how we could target them for therapeutic purpose will also be briefly reviewed.
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23
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Apraiz A, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Nieto-Rementería N, Boyano MD, Hannun YA, Asumendi A. Dihydroceramide accumulation and reactive oxygen species are distinct and nonessential events in 4-HPR-mediated leukemia cell death. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:209-23. [PMID: 22428532 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid with a strong apoptotic effect towards different cancer cell lines in vitro, and it is currently tested in clinical trials. Increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulation of endogenous sphingolipid levels are well-described events observed upon 4-HPR treatment, but there is still a lack of understanding of their relationship and their contribution to cell death. LC-MS analysis of sphingolipids revealed that in human leukemia CCRF-CEM and Jurkat cells, 4-HPR induced dihydroceramide but not ceramide accumulation even at sublethal concentrations. Myriocin prevented the 4-HPR-induced dihydroceramide accumulation, but it did not prevent the loss of viability and increase of intracellular ROS production. On the other hand, ascorbic acid, Trolox, and vitamin E reversed 4-HPR effects on cell death but not dihydroceramide accumulation. NDGA, described as a lipoxygenase inhibitor, exerted a significantly higher antioxidant activity than vitamin E and abrogated 4-HPR-mediated ROS. It did not however rescue cellular viability. Taken together, this study demonstrates that early changes observed upon 4-HPR treatment, i.e., sphingolipid modulation and ROS production, are mechanistically independent events. Furthermore, the results indicate that 4-HPR-driven cell death may occur even in the absence of dihydroceramide or ROS accumulation. These observations should be taken into account for an improved design of drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain.
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24
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TMEM14A inhibits N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced apoptosis through the stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Inhibition of mitochondrial function reduces DNA repair in human mononuclear cells. Leuk Res 2010; 35:219-25. [PMID: 20619454 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria provide ATP and Ca(2+) needed for DNA repair, but also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may damage DNA. AIM To investigate the effect of mitochondrial function inhibition on DNA repair. METHOD Five mitochondrial inhibitors acting at various sites of electron transport were studied. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spontaneous and H(2)O(2)-induced DNA repair, as well as %-double-stranded-DNA, were measured. RESULTS All mitochondrial inhibitors suppressed spontaneous and H(2)O(2)-induced DNA repair. However, their effect on %-double-stranded-DNA differed, which is partly related to ROS suppression. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial inhibition may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity of radiation and cytotoxic drugs therapy.
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26
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Hail N, Chen P, Kepa JJ, Bushman LR, Shearn C. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is required for N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:109-16. [PMID: 20399851 PMCID: PMC2875309 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) exhibits anticancer activity in vivo and triggers apoptosis in transformed cells in vitro. Thus, apoptosis induction is acknowledged as a mechanistic underpinning for 4HPR's cancer preventive and therapeutic effects. Apoptosis induction by 4HPR is routinely preceded by and dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transformed cells. Very little evidence exists, outside the possible involvement of the mitochondrial electron transport chain or the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase complex, that would pinpoint the predominant site of 4HPR-induced ROS production in transformed cells. Here, we investigated the role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH; an enzyme associated with the mitochondrial electron transport chain and required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis) in 4HPR-induced ROS production and attendant apoptosis in transformed skin and prostate epithelial cells. In premalignant prostate epithelial cells and malignant cutaneous keratinocytes the suppression of DHODH activity by the chemical inhibitor teriflunomide or the reduction in DHODH protein expression by RNA interference markedly reduced 4HPR-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Conversely, colon carcinoma cells that lacked DHODH expression were markedly resistant to the pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of 4HPR. Together, these results strongly implicate DHODH in 4HPR-induced ROS production and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numsen Hail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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27
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Sogno I, Venè R, Ferrari N, De Censi A, Imperatori A, Noonan DM, Tosetti F, Albini A. Angioprevention with fenretinide: Targeting angiogenesis in prevention and therapeutic strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 75:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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28
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Cuperus R, Leen R, Tytgat GAM, Caron HN, van Kuilenburg ABP. Fenretinide induces mitochondrial ROS and inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in neuroblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:807-16. [PMID: 19941060 PMCID: PMC2824117 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fenretinide induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we investigated the role of mitochondria in fenretinide-induced cytotoxicity and ROS production in six neuroblastoma cell lines. ROS induction by fenretinide was of mitochondrial origin, demonstrated by detection of superoxide with MitoSOX, the scavenging effect of the mitochondrial antioxidant MitoQ and reduced ROS production in cells without a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain (Rho zero cells). In digitonin-permeabilized cells, a fenretinide concentration-dependent decrease in ATP synthesis and substrate oxidation was observed, reflecting inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was not required for ROS production. Co-incubation of fenretinide with inhibitors of different complexes of the respiratory chain suggested that fenretinide-induced ROS production occurred via complex II. The cytotoxicity of fenretinide was exerted through the generation of mitochondrial ROS and, at higher concentrations, also through inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Cuperus
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Leen
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godelieve A. M. Tytgat
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib N. Caron
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André B. P. van Kuilenburg
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Peled N, Keith RL, Hirsch FR. Lung Cancer Prevention. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Selective apoptosis induction by the cancer chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide is achieved by modulating mitochondrial bioenergetics in premalignant and malignant human prostate epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2009; 14:849-63. [PMID: 19421858 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate tumorigenesis is coupled with an early metabolic switch in transformed prostate epithelial cells that effectively increases their mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) inhibits prostate cancer development in vivo, and triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent prostate cancer cell apoptosis in vitro. The possibility that 4HPR-induced ROS production is associated with mitochondrial bioenergetics and required for apoptosis induction in transformed prostate epithelial cells in vitro would advocate a prospective mechanistic basis for 4HPR-mediated prostate cancer chemoprevention in vivo. We investigated this tenet by comparing and contrasting 4HPR's effects on premalignant PWR-1E and malignant DU-145 human prostate epithelial cells. 4HPR promoted a dose- and/or time-dependent apoptosis induction in PWR-1E and DU-145 cells, which was preceded by and dependent on an increase in mitochondrial ROS production. In this regard, the PWR-1E cells were more sensitive than the DU-145 cells, and they consumed roughly twice as much oxygen as the DU-145 cells suggesting oxidative phosphorylation was higher in the premalignant cells. Interestingly, increasing the [Ca(2+)] in the culture medium of the PWR-1E cells attenuated their proliferation as well as their mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity and 4HPR's cytotoxic effects. Correspondingly, the respiration-deficient derivatives (i.e., rho(0) cells lacking mitochondrial DNA) of DU-145 cells were markedly resistant to 4HPR-induced ROS production and apoptosis. Together, these observations implied that the reduction of mitochondrial bioenergetics protected PWR-1E and DU-145 cells against the cytotoxic effects of 4HPR, and support the concept that oxidative phosphorylation is an essential determinant in 4HPR's apoptogenic signaling in transformed human prostate epithelial cells.
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Cheung E, Pinski J, Dorff T, Groshen S, Quinn DI, Reynolds CP, Maurer BJ, Lara PN, Tsao-Wei DD, Twardowski P, Chatta G, McNamara M, Gandara DR. Oral fenretinide in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a California cancer consortium phase II trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2009; 7:43-50. [PMID: 19213668 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2009.n.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid that is cytotoxic to a variety of cancers. We conducted a phase II trial of oral fenretinide in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had histologically confirmed prostate cancer and a confirmed rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >or= 2 ng/mL following either radical prostatectomy and/or pelvic radiation therapy, without clinical or radiographic evidence of metastasis. The primary endpoint was PSA response, which was defined as a confirmed decrease by >or=50%, and >or=5 ng/mL, from the pretreatment value. Treatment comprised oral fenretinide 900 mg/m2 twice daily for 1 week, every 3 weeks, for 1 year. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 17.7 months, out of 23 patients, 7 (30%) patients had PSA stable disease (SD), 11 (48%) patients had PSA progression within 3 months, 4 patients had minimal increases over 3 months that did not qualify as SD or progression (17%), and one patient (4%) was not evaluable. Median time to PSA progression was 4.6 months (95% CI, 3.2-8.2 months). Observed grade 3 toxicities included fatigue, pain, hypermagnesemia, a rise in lipase, and nyctalopia. CONCLUSION Although well-tolerated, oral fenretinide did not meet prespecified PSA criteria for response in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer; however, 30% of patients had SD, which suggests modest single-agent clinical activity. The role of different formulations of fenretinide, which might allow for higher serum concentrations of the drug, is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cheung
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Appierto V, Tiberio P, Villani MG, Cavadini E, Formelli F. PLAB induction in fenretinide-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells occurs via a ROS-dependent mechanism involving ER stress and JNK activation. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:824-31. [PMID: 19325135 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4HPR)] is a synthetic retinoid with antitumor activity that induces apoptosis in various types of cancer cell. We showed previously that 4HPR upregulates the proapoptotic gene placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB), which is a mediator of 4HPR-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Here, we investigated the signaling cascade involving PLAB that mediates the apoptotic effect. In 4HPR-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, 4HPR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in PLAB upregulation and apoptosis, both events abrogated by the antioxidants vitamin C and butylated hydroxyanisole. We analyzed the expression and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated molecules and show that 4HPR-induced ER stress is a consequence of ROS generation. Salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor, abrogated 4HPR-induced PLAB upregulation and protected the cells from apoptosis. Downstream of ROS generation and ER stress, 4HPR activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which was inhibited by vitamin C and salubrinal. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduced 4HPR-induced PLAB upregulation, by decreasing PLAB mRNA half-life, and protected the cells from apoptosis. These data indicate that 4HPR-induced PLAB upregulation occurs downstream of a signaling cascade involving ROS generation, ER stress induction and JNK activation and that these steps are mediators of 4HPR-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Appierto
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Hail N, Lotan R. Cancer chemoprevention and mitochondria: Targeting apoptosis in transformed cellsviathe disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics/redox state. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:49-67. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Susnow N, Zeng L, Margineantu D, Hockenbery DM. Bcl-2 family proteins as regulators of oxidative stress. Semin Cancer Biol 2008. [PMID: 19138742 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins includes pro- and anti-apoptotic factors acting at mitochondrial and microsomal membranes. An impressive body of published studies, using genetic and physical reconstitution experiments in model organisms and cell lines, supports a view of Bcl-2 proteins as the critical arbiters of apoptotic cell death decisions in most circumstances (excepting CD95 death receptor signaling in Type I cells). Evasion of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer [Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70], relevant to tumorigenesis as well as resistance to cytotoxic drugs, and deregulation of Bcl-2 proteins is observed in many cancers [Manion MK, Hockenbery DM. Targeting BCL-2-related proteins in cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther. 2003;2:S105-14; Olejniczak ET, Van Sant C, Anderson MG, Wang G, Tahir SK, Sauter G, et al. Integrative genomic analysis of small-cell lung carcinoma reveals correlates of sensitivity to bcl-2 antagonists and uncovers novel chromosomal gains. Mol Cancer Res. 2007;5:331-9]. The rekindled interest in aerobic glycolysis as a cancer trait raises interesting questions as to how metabolic changes in cancer cells are integrated with other essential alterations in cancer, e.g. promotion of angiogenesis and unbridled growth signals. Apoptosis induced by multiple different signals involves loss of mitochondrial homeostasis, in particular, outer mitochondrial membrane integrity, releasing cytochrome c and other proteins from the intermembrane space. This integrative process, controlled by Bcl-2 family proteins, is also influenced by the metabolic state of the cell. In this review, we consider the role of reactive oxygen species, a metabolic by-product, in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and the relationships between Bcl-2 functions and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Susnow
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-6424, United States
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Bcl-2 family proteins as regulators of oxidative stress. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:42-9. [PMID: 19138742 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins includes pro- and anti-apoptotic factors acting at mitochondrial and microsomal membranes. An impressive body of published studies, using genetic and physical reconstitution experiments in model organisms and cell lines, supports a view of Bcl-2 proteins as the critical arbiters of apoptotic cell death decisions in most circumstances (excepting CD95 death receptor signaling in Type I cells). Evasion of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer [Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70], relevant to tumorigenesis as well as resistance to cytotoxic drugs, and deregulation of Bcl-2 proteins is observed in many cancers [Manion MK, Hockenbery DM. Targeting BCL-2-related proteins in cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther. 2003;2:S105-14; Olejniczak ET, Van Sant C, Anderson MG, Wang G, Tahir SK, Sauter G, et al. Integrative genomic analysis of small-cell lung carcinoma reveals correlates of sensitivity to bcl-2 antagonists and uncovers novel chromosomal gains. Mol Cancer Res. 2007;5:331-9]. The rekindled interest in aerobic glycolysis as a cancer trait raises interesting questions as to how metabolic changes in cancer cells are integrated with other essential alterations in cancer, e.g. promotion of angiogenesis and unbridled growth signals. Apoptosis induced by multiple different signals involves loss of mitochondrial homeostasis, in particular, outer mitochondrial membrane integrity, releasing cytochrome c and other proteins from the intermembrane space. This integrative process, controlled by Bcl-2 family proteins, is also influenced by the metabolic state of the cell. In this review, we consider the role of reactive oxygen species, a metabolic by-product, in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and the relationships between Bcl-2 functions and oxidative stress.
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Kadara H, Tahara E, Kim HJ, Lotan D, Myers J, Lotan R. Involvement of Rac in fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4416-23. [PMID: 18519704 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) has shown potential as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent. The ability of 4HPR to enhance production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to apoptosis has been suggested as a possible mechanism underlying these effects. We explored the possibility that ROS induction by 4HPR involves the small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac), a regulatory subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. Rac was activated in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells as early as 5 minutes following 4HPR exposure. Moreover, inhibition of Rac activity or silencing of its expression by RNA interference decreased ROS generation in human head and neck, lung, and cervical cancer cells and murine melanoma cells. In HNSCC UMSCC-22B cells, this decrease correlated with reduction in apoptosis induction by 4HPR. Expression of a constitutive active mutant Rac increased basal and 4HPR-induced ROS generation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, the metastatic DM14 cells exhibited higher Rac activation following 4HPR treatment compared with the primary Tu167-C2 cells. Furthermore, the metastatic cancer cells tested exhibited higher ROS generation and growth inhibition due to 4HPR exposure compared with their primary cancer cell counterparts. These findings show a preferential susceptibility of metastatic cells to the proapoptotic retinoid 4HPR through Rac activation and support the use of ROS-inducing agents such as 4HPR against metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humam Kadara
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Chiu HJ, Fischman DA, Hammerling U. Vitamin A depletion causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and PARP-1-dependent energy deprivation. FASEB J 2008; 22:3878-87. [PMID: 18676402 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant unresolved question is how vitamin A deprivation causes, and why retinoic acid fails to reverse, immunodeficiency. When depleted of vitamin A, T cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD), which is enhanced by the natural competitor of retinol, anhydroretinol. PCD does not happen by apoptosis, despite the occurrence of shared early events, including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, permeability transition pore opening, and cytochrome c release. It also lacks caspase-3 activation, chromatin condensation, and endonuclease-mediated DNA degradation, hallmarks of apoptosis. PCD following vitamin A deprivation exhibits increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), drastic reductions in ATP and NAD(+) levels, and activation of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1. These latter steps are causative because neutralizing ROS, imposing hypoxic conditions, or inhibiting PARP-1 by genetic or pharmacologic approaches prevents energy depletion and PCD. The data highlight a novel regulatory role of vitamin A in mitochondrial energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Jyh Chiu
- Ulrich Hammerling, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
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Hail N, Cortes M, Drake EN, Spallholz JE. Cancer chemoprevention: a radical perspective. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:97-110. [PMID: 18454943 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemopreventive agents block the transformation of normal cells and/or suppress the promotion of premalignant cells to malignant cells. Certain agents may achieve these objectives by modulating xenobiotic biotransformation, protecting cellular elements from oxidative damage, or promoting a more differentiated phenotype in target cells. Conversely, various cancer chemopreventive agents can encourage apoptosis in premalignant and malignant cells in vivo and/or in vitro, which is conceivably another anticancer mechanism. Furthermore, it is evident that many of these apoptogenic agents function as prooxidants in vitro. The constitutive intracellular redox environment dictates a cell's response to an agent that alters this environment. Thus, it is highly probable that normal cells, through adaption, could acquire resistance to transformation via exposure to a chemopreventive agent that promotes oxidative stress or disrupts the normal redox tone of these cells. In contrast, transformed cells, which typically endure an oxidizing intracellular environment, would ultimately succumb to apoptosis due to an uncontrollable production of reactive oxygen species caused by the same agent. Here, we provide evidence to support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species and cellular redox tone are exploitable targets in cancer chemoprevention via the stimulation of cytoprotection in normal cells and/or the induction of apoptosis in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numsen Hail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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Kiningham KK, Cardozo ZA, Cook C, Cole MP, Stewart JC, Tassone M, Coleman MC, Spitz DR. All-trans-retinoic acid induces manganese superoxide dismutase in human neuroblastoma through NF-kappaB. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1610-6. [PMID: 18280257 PMCID: PMC2399892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are signaling molecules that are involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during development. Retinoids exert their effects, in part, by binding to nuclear receptors, thereby altering gene expression. Clinical use of retinoids in the treatment of neuroblastoma is of interest due to their success in management of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Using the SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cell line we investigated the effects of the differentiation agent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), an enzyme previously shown to enhance differentiation in vitro. Manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA, protein, and activity levels increased in a time-dependent manner upon treatment with ATRA. Nuclear levels of the NF-kappaB proteins p50 and p65 increased within 24 h of ATRA administration. This increase paralleled the degradation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor IkappaB-beta. Furthermore an increase in DNA binding to a NF-kappaB element occurred within a 342-bp enhancer (I2E) of the SOD2 gene with 10 microM ATRA treatment. Reporter analysis showed that ATRA-mediated I2E-dependent luciferase expression was attenuated upon mutation of the NF-kappaB element, suggesting a contribution of this transcription factor to retinoid-mediated upregulation of MnSOD. This study identifies SOD2 as a retinoid-responsive gene and demonstrates activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in response to ATRA treatment of SK-N-SH cells. These results suggest that signaling events involving NF-kappaB and SOD2 may contribute to the effects of retinoids used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley K Kiningham
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Takahashi N, Watanabe Y, Maitani Y, Yamauchi T, Higashiyama K, Ohba T. p-Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, fenretinide: antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo against human prostate cancer and mechanism of action. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:689-98. [PMID: 17955489 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) is an aminophenol-containing synthetic retinoid derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid, which is a potent chemopreventive and antiproliferative agent against various cancers. Clinical studies of 4-HPR have shown side effects consisting of night blindness and ocular toxicity. To maintain potent anticancer activity without side effects, p-dodecylaminophenol (p-DDAP) was designed based on structure-activity relationships of 4-HPR. In our study, we investigate whether p-DDAP shows anticancer activity against human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 when compared with 4-HPR. p-DDAP inhibited PC-3 cell growth progressively from low to high concentration in a dose-dependent manner. p-DDAP was the most potent antiproliferative agent in vitro among 6 p-alkylaminophenols and 3 4-hydroxyphenyl analogs examined including 4-HPR. Cells treated with p-DDAP were shown to undergo apoptosis, based on condensation nuclei, cytofluorimetric analysis, propidium iodide staining and the expression of bcl-2 and caspase 3. p-DDAP arrested the S phase of the cell cycle, while 4-HPR arrested the G(0)/G(1) phase. In addition, both the i.v. and i.p. administration of p-DDAP suppressed tumor growth in PC-3-implanted mice in vivo. p-DDAP showed no effects on blood retinol concentrations, in contrast to reductions after 4-HPR administration. These results indicate that p-DDAP exhibits excellent anticancer efficacy against hormonal independent prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo, and it may have great potential for clinical use in the treatment of prostate cancer with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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Bu P, Wan YJY. Fenretinide-induced apoptosis of Huh-7 hepatocellular carcinoma is retinoic acid receptor beta dependent. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:236. [PMID: 18166136 PMCID: PMC2249606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids are used to treat several types of cancer; however, their effects on liver cancer have not been fully characterized. To investigate the therapeutic potential of retinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the present study evaluates the apoptotic effect of a panel of natural and synthetic retinoids in three human HCC cell lines as well as explores the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 cleavage using western blot, DNA double-strand breaks using TUNEL assay, and phosphatidylserine translocation using flow cytometry analysis. Gene expression of nuclear receptors was assessed by real-time PCR. Transactivation assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were conducted to evaluate the activation of RXRalpha/RARbeta pathway by fenretinide. Knockdown of RARbeta mRNA expression was achieved by siRNA transfection. RESULTS Our data revealed that fenretinide effectively induces apoptosis in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells. Gene expression analysis of nuclear receptors revealed that the basal and inducibility of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) expression positively correlate with the susceptibility of HCC cells to fenretinide treatment. Furthermore, fenretinide transactivates the RXRalpha/RARbeta-mediated pathway and directly increases the transcriptional activity of RARbeta. Knockdown of RARbeta mRNA expression significantly impairs fenretinide-induced apoptosis in Huh-7 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that endogenous expression of retinoids receptor RARbeta gene determines the susceptibility of HCC cells to fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Our results also demonstrate fenretinide directly activates RARbeta and induces apoptosis in Huh-7 cells in a RARbeta-dependent manner. These findings suggest a novel role of RARbeta as a tumor suppressor by mediating the signals of certain chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Schroeder CP, Kadara H, Lotan D, Woo JK, Lee HY, Hong WK, Lotan R. Involvement of mitochondrial and Akt signaling pathways in augmented apoptosis induced by a combination of low doses of celecoxib and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide in premalignant human bronchial epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9762-70. [PMID: 17018636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib is being evaluated as a chemopreventive agent. However, its mechanism of action is not clear because high doses were used for in vitro studies to obtain antitumor effects. We found that celecoxib inhibited the growth of premalignant and malignant human bronchial epithelial cells with IC(50) values between 8.9 and 32.7 micromol/L, irrespective of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were less sensitive to celecoxib. Because these concentrations were higher than those attainable in vivo (<or=5.6 micromol/L), we surmised that combining celecoxib with the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) might improve its efficacy. Treatment of premalignant lung cell lines with combinations of clinically relevant concentrations of celecoxib (<or=5 micromol/L) and 4HPR (<or=0.25 micromol/L) resulted in greater growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and suppression of colony formation than did either agent alone. This combination also decreased the levels of Bcl-2, induced the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase at concentrations at which each agent alone showed no or minimal effects. Furthermore, combinations of celecoxib and 4HPR suppressed the phosphorylation levels of serine/threonine kinase Akt and its substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3beta more effectively than the single agents did. Accordingly, overexpression of constitutively active Akt protected bronchial epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis after incubation with both celecoxib and 4HPR. These findings indicate that activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and suppression of the Akt survival pathway mediate the augmented apoptosis and suggest that this combination may be useful for lung cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Schroeder
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Boudreau RTM, Conrad DM, Hoskin DW. Differential involvement of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis caused by the inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM human T-leukemia cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:347-56. [PMID: 17936751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of dysregulated signaling pathways in cancer cells may suggest novel strategies to prevent tumor development and/or progression. Here we show that Jurkat and CCRF-CEM human T-leukemia cell lines were more sensitive than normal human T cells to the cytotoxic effect of inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid (OA) caused T-leukemia cells to die by apoptosis, as indicated by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and changes in nuclear morphology that were consistent with apoptosis. PP2A might therefore be a useful intracellular target for the treatment of T cell-derived leukemias. We also observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in response to PP2A inhibition in T-leukemia cells. However, loss of DeltaPsi(m) that resulted from PP2A inhibition was not prevented by exogenous antioxidants (glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine), indicating that OA-induced changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability were not a consequence of ROS production. Moreover, exogenous antioxidants protected CCRF-CEM T-leukemia cells from apoptosis caused by PP2A inhibition but failed to prevent OA-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-leukemia cells, indicating a differential role for ROS in apoptosis caused by PP2A inhibition in two different human T-leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T M Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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Mizumachi T, Suzuki S, Naito A, Carcel-Trullols J, Evans TT, Spring PM, Oridate N, Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Higuchi M. Increased mitochondrial DNA induces acquired docetaxel resistance in head and neck cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 27:831-8. [PMID: 17637738 PMCID: PMC2268644 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents against cancer; nevertheless, some patients develop resistance. Unfortunately, their causes and mechanisms remain unknown. We created docetaxel-resistant DRHEp2 from human laryngeal cancer HEp2 and investigated the roles of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on docetaxel resistance. DRHEp2 had greatly increased mtDNA content. Reduction of mtDNA content in DRHEp2 by ethidium bromide treatment reduced the resistance. These results indicate the possible roles of mtDNA-coded enzymes in mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) in resistant mechanisms. Oligomycin A, an Fo-ATPase inhibitor, eliminated docetaxel resistance in DRHEp2; in contrast, inhibitors of other MRC did not. RNA interference targeted to Fo-ATPase d-subunit restored docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity to DRHEp2. These results indicate the roles of Fo-ATPase for resistant mechanisms. Docetaxel induced ROS generation in HEp2 but not in DRHEp2 and antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate eliminated docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting roles of ROS in docetaxel-induced cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of Fo-ATPase by Oligomycin A induced docetaxel-mediated ROS generation in DRHEp2. Taken together, DRHEp2 acquired docetaxel resistance through increasing Fo-ATPase, which led to diminish docetaxel-induced ROS generation and subsequently inhibited cell death. In conclusion, mtDNA plays an important role in developing docetaxel resistance through the reduction of ROS generation by regulating Fo-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizumachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A Naito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - J Carcel-Trullols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - TT Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - PM Spring
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - N Oridate
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Furuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Higuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Kirkpatrick ND, Zou C, Brewer MA, Brands WR, Drezek RA, Utzinger U. Endogenous Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Cell Suspensions for Chemopreventive Drug Monitoring¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Venè R, Arena G, Poggi A, D'Arrigo C, Mormino M, Noonan DM, Albini A, Tosetti F. Novel cell death pathways induced by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide: therapeutic implications. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:286-98. [PMID: 17237288 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) inhibits retinoblastoma tumor growth in a murine model in vivo and kills Y79 retinoblastoma cells in vitro. In this work, we assayed different cell death-related parameters, including mitochondrial damage and caspase activation, in Y79 cells exposed to 4HPR. 4HPR induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase-3 activation, and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. However, pharmacologic inactivation of caspases by the pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-D-fmk, or specific caspase-3 inhibition by Z-DEVD-fmk, was not sufficient to prevent cell death, as assessed by loss of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction, lactate dehydrogenase release, disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltapsi(m)), and ATP depletion. We found that 4HPR causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cytosolic relocation of cathepsin D. Pepstatin A partially rescued cell viability and reduced DNA fragmentation and cytosolic cytochrome c. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuated cathepsin D relocation into the cytosol, suggesting that lysosomal destabilization is dependent on elevation of reactive oxygen species and precedes mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of AKT, which regulates energy level in the cell, by the retinal survival facto]r insulin-like growth factor I was impaired and insulin-like growth factor I was ineffective against ATP and Deltapsi(m) loss in the presence of 4HPR. Lysosomal destabilization, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, was induced by 4HPR also in other cancer cell lines, including PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma and the vascular tumor Kaposi sarcoma KS-Imm cells. The novel finding of a lysosome-mediated cell death pathway activated by 4HPR could have implications at clinical level for the development of combination chemoprevention and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Settore Ricerca Oncologica, Via Fantoli 15/16, Milan, Italy
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Dutta S, Bendre R, Padhye S, Ahmed F, Sarkar F. Synthesis, Antioxidant Properties and Antiproliferative Activities of Tetrameric Copper and Copper‐Zinc Metal Complexes of Catecholamine Schiff Base Ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/sim-200047494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Dutta
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Pune , Pune, India
| | | | - Subhash Padhye
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Pune , Pune, India
| | - Fakhara Ahmed
- b Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul Sarkar
- b Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent based on numerous in vitro and animal studies, as well as chemoprevention clinical trials. In vitro observations suggest that the anticancer activity of fenretinide may arise from its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Diverse signaling molecules including reactive oxygen species, ceramide, and ganglioside GD3 can mediate apoptosis induction by fenretinide in transformed, premalignant, and malignant cells. In many cell types, these signaling intermediates appear to be induced by mechanisms that are independent of retinoic acid receptor activation, and ultimately initiate the intrinsic or mitochondrial-mediated pathway of cell elimination. Numerous investigations conducted during the past 10 years have discovered a great deal about the apoptogenic activity of fenretinide. In this review we explore the mechanisms associated with fenretinide-induced apoptosis and highlight certain mechanistic underpinnings of fenretinide-induced cell death that remain poorly understood and thus warrant further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Box C238, 80262, USA.
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Darwiche N, Abou-Lteif G, Bazarbachi A. Reactive oxygen species mediate N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced cell death in malignant T cells and are inhibited by the HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax. Leukemia 2006; 21:261-9. [PMID: 17122865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that inhibits growth of many human tumor cells, including those resistant to natural retinoids. HPR is an effective chemopreventive agent for prostate, cervix, breast, bladder, skin and lung cancers, and has shown promise for the treatment of neuroblastomas. We have previously shown that HPR inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells, whereas no effect is observed on normal lymphocytes. In this report, we identified HPR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as the key mediator of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant T cells. HPR treatment of HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells was associated with a rapid and progressive ROS accumulation. Pre-treatment with the antioxidants vitamin C and dithiothreitol inhibited ROS generation, prevented HPR-induced ceramide accumulation, cell cycle arrest, cytochrome c release, caspase-activation and apoptosis. Therefore, anti-oxidants protected malignant T cells from HPR-induced growth inhibition. The expression of the HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax abrogated HPR-induced ROS accumulation in HTLV-I-infected cells, which explains their lower sensitivity to HPR. Defining the mechanism of free radical induction by HPR may support a potential therapeutic role for this synthetic retinoid in ATL and HTLV-I-negative T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Darwiche
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Palomares T, Castro B, del Olmo M, Iglesias A, Bilbao P, Alonso-Varona A. Influence of the level of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity on the response of poorly and moderately differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines to all-trans-retinoic acid. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:1127-39. [PMID: 17075312 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000236308.27962.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy with retinoic acid has been considered a potential approach for treating rhabdomyosarcoma. Analysis of retinoids as differentiating agents for rhabdomyosarcoma is, however, rendered incomplete by the fact that some rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines are retinoic acid resistant. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on two rat tumour cell lines, derived from the same rhabdomyosarcoma tumour model (i.e. the moderately differentiated low metastatic F21 cell line and the poorly differentiated high metastatic S4MH cell line), to discover how degree of differentiation and glutathione metabolism influence response to this retinoic acid derivative. We observed that whereas in the S4MH cell line all-trans-retinoic acid induced a significant inhibition of tumorigenic potential, in F21 cells all-trans-retinoic acid enhanced tumour growth and only at a higher dose was there a slight antiproliferative effect. These effects were in consonance with the activity level of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, which was significantly increased in F21 cells, but not in S4MH cells, in response to the all-trans-retinoic acid-induced increase in reactive oxygen species. The pro-tumour effect observed in F21 cells was reversed by adding buthionine sulphoximide, a specific cellular glutathione-depleting agent, to the all-trans-retinoic acid treatment. This combination produced a decrease in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, and an increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that the response to all-trans-retinoic-acid of the tumour cell lines studied is influenced by the strong relationship between intracellular glutathione content, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and degree of differentiation of the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and that this relationship should be taken into account when identifying 'retinoid-sensitive' tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Palomares
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
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