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Kuang Y, Kang J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao X, Li L, Jin X, Li Q. Multiple functions of p21 in cancer radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:987-1006. [PMID: 33547489 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater than half of cancer patients experience radiation therapy, for both radical and palliative objectives. It is well known that researches on radiation response mechanisms are conducive to improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy. p21 was initially identified as a widespread inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, transcriptionally modulated by p53 and a marker of cellular senescence. It was once considered that p21 acts as a tumour suppressor mainly to restrain cell cycle progression, thereby resulting in growth suppression. With the deepening researches on p21, p21 has been found to regulate radiation responses via participating in multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair, senescence and autophagy. Hence, a comprehensive summary of the p21's functions in radiation response will provide a new perspective for radiotherapy against cancer. METHODS We summarize the recent pertinent literature from various electronic databases, including PubMed and analyzed several datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database. This review discusses how p21 influences the effect of cancer radiotherapy via involving in multiple signaling pathways and expounds the feasibility, barrier and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION p21's complicated and important functions in cancer radiotherapy make it a promising therapeutic target. Besides, more thorough insights of p21 are needed to make it a safe therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Kuang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bingtao Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xueshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linying Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Iwata H, Shuto T, Kamei S, Omachi K, Moriuchi M, Omachi C, Toshito T, Hashimoto S, Nakajima K, Sugie C, Ogino H, Kai H, Shibamoto Y. Combined effects of cisplatin and photon or proton irradiation in cultured cells: radiosensitization, patterns of cell death and cell cycle distribution. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:832-841. [PMID: 32880637 PMCID: PMC7674701 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the biological effects of protons and photons in combination with cisplatin in cultured cells and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for their combined effects. To evaluate the sensitizing effects of cisplatin against X-rays and proton beams in HSG, EMT6 and V79 cells, the combination index, a simple measure for quantifying synergism, was estimated from cell survival curves using software capable of performing the Monte Carlo calculation. Cell death and apoptosis were assessed using live cell fluorescence imaging. HeLa and HSG cells expressing the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator system (Fucci) were irradiated with X-rays and protons with cisplatin. Red and green fluorescence in the G1 and S/G2/M phases, respectively, were evaluated and changes in the cell cycle were assessed. The sensitizing effects of ≥1.5 μM cisplatin were observed for both X-ray and proton irradiation (P < 0.05). In the three cell lines, the average combination index was 0.82-1.00 for X-rays and 0.73-0.89 for protons, indicating stronger effects for protons. In time-lapse imaging, apoptosis markedly increased in the groups receiving ≥1.5 μM cisplatin + protons. The percentage of green S/G2/M phase cells at that time was higher when cisplatin was combined with proton beams than with X-rays (P < 0.05), suggesting more significant G2 arrest. Proton therapy plus ≥1.5 μM cisplatin is considered to be very effective. When combined with cisplatin, proton therapy appeared to induce greater apoptotic cell death and G2 arrest, which may partly account for the difference observed in the combined effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan. Tel.: (+81) 52-991-8577; Fax: (+81) 52-991-8599;
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kohei Omachi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masataka Moriuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Chikao Sugie
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Swift LH, Golsteyn RM. Cytotoxic amounts of cisplatin induce either checkpoint adaptation or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in cancer cells. Biol Cell 2016; 108:127-48. [PMID: 26871414 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Checkpoint adaptation (entry into mitosis with damaged DNA) is a process that links arrest at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and cell death in cancer cells. It is not known, however, whether cells treated with the genotoxic agent, cisplatin, undergo checkpoint adaptation or if checkpoint adaptation is a major pathway leading to cell death or not. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between treatment with cisplatin and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. RESULTS Treatment of HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells with cisplatin can induce cell death by one of two different mechanisms. Cells treated with a cytotoxic 30 μM amount of cisplatin died after undergoing checkpoint adaptation. Before dying, however, almost all treated cells were positive for histone γH2AX staining and contained high levels of cyclin B1. Rounded cells appeared that were positive for phospho-Ser10 histone H3, with low levels of phospho-Tyr15 cyclin-dependent kinase 1, high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity, and checkpoint kinase 1 that was not phosphorylated on Ser345. These cells were in mitosis with damaged DNA. Strikingly, with 30 μM cisplatin, 81% of cells had entered mitosis before dying. By contrast, after treatment with 100 μM cisplatin, nearly all cells died but only 7% of cells had entered mitosis. Instead, these cells died by apoptosis; they were positive for annexin-V staining, contained cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved PARP and did not contain Mcl-1. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that cancer cells treated with cisplatin can undergo one of two modes of cell death depending upon concentration used. These findings suggest that checkpoint adaptation is likely a primary pathway in genotoxic cell death at pharmacological concentrations of cisplatin. SIGNIFICANCE Checkpoint adaptation might be a common biochemical pathway taken by human cancer cells in response to pharmacologically relevant, cytotoxic amounts of damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Swift
- Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Dr, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Roy M Golsteyn
- Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Dr, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Samuels SE, Eisbruch A, Beitler JJ, Corry J, Bradford CR, Saba NF, van den Brekel MWM, Smee R, Strojan P, Suárez C, Mendenhall WM, Takes RP, Rodrigo JP, Haigentz M, Rapidis AD, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Management of locally advanced HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: where are we? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:2877-94. [PMID: 26463714 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HPV-related (HPV+) oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has a better prognosis compared to HPV unrelated (HPV-) OPC. This review summarizes and discusses several of the controversies regarding the management of HPV+ OPC, including the mechanism of its treatment sensitivity, modern surgical techniques, chemotherapy regimens, and treatment de-intensification protocols. We also discuss and reconsider potential adverse prognostic factors such as tumor EGFR expression, tumor hypoxia, and patient smoking history, as well as the significance of retropharyngeal adenopathy. Finally, we discuss elective nodal treatment of uninvolved lymph node stations. While this review does not exhaust all controversies related to the management of HPV+ OPC, it aims to highlight some of the most clinically relevant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart E Samuels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Avraham Eisbruch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan J Beitler
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Otolaryngology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - June Corry
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michiel W M van den Brekel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Smee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Prince of Wales Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlos Suárez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander D Rapidis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greek Anticancer Institute, Saint Savvas Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy.
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Price JG, Idoyaga J, Salmon H, Hogstad B, Bigarella CL, Ghaffari S, Leboeuf M, Merad M. CDKN1A regulates Langerhans cell survival and promotes Treg cell generation upon exposure to ionizing irradiation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1060-8. [PMID: 26343536 PMCID: PMC4620552 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with ionizing radiation (IR) can lead to the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and subsequent resistance of tumors to radiotherapy. Here we focused on the contribution of the epidermal mononuclear phagocytes Langerhans cells (LCs) to this phenomenon because of their ability to resist depletion by high-dose IR. We found that LCs resisted apoptosis and rapidly repaired DNA damage after exposure to IR. In particular, we found that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A (p21) was overexpressed in LCs and that Cdkn1a(-/-) LCs underwent apoptosis and accumulated DNA damage following IR treatment. Wild-type LCs upregulated major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, migrated to the draining lymph nodes and induced an increase in Treg cell numbers upon exposure to IR, but Cdkn1a(-/-) LCs did not. Our findings suggest a means for manipulating the resistance of LCs to IR to enhance the response of cutaneous tumors to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Price
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hélène Salmon
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brandon Hogstad
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carolina L Bigarella
- Department of Developmental &Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Developmental &Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marylene Leboeuf
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Brown JM, Wouters BG, Kirsch DG. Cell Death Identification in Anticancer Therapy-Letter. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3681. [PMID: 26286478 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Martin Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Bol V, Grégoire V. Biological basis for increased sensitivity to radiation therapy in HPV-positive head and neck cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:696028. [PMID: 24804233 PMCID: PMC3996288 DOI: 10.1155/2014/696028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is commonly linked to the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and a subgroup of head and neck cancers has been established. These HPV-positive tumors represent a distinct biological entity with overexpression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. It has been shown in several clinical studies that HPV-positive HNSCCs have a more favorable outcome and greater response to radiotherapy. The reason for improved prognosis of HPV-related HNSCC remains speculative, but it could be owned to multiple factors. One hypothesis is that HPV-positive cells are intrinsically more sensitive to standard therapies and thus respond better to treatment. Another possibility is that HPV-positive tumors uniquely express viral proteins that induce an immune response during therapy that helps clear tumors and prevents recurrence. Here, we will review current evidence for the biological basis of increased radiosensitivity in HPV-positive HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Bol
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B1.5407 Avenue Hippocrate, No. 54-55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - V. Grégoire
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B1.5407 Avenue Hippocrate, No. 54-55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The term apoptosis first appeared in the biomedical literature in 1972, to delineate a structurally distinctive mode of cell death responsible for cell loss within living tissues. The cardinal morphological features are cell shrinkage, accompanied by transient but violent bubbling and blebbing from the surface, and culminating in separation of the cell into a cluster of membrane-bounded bodies. Changes in several cell surface molecules also ensure that, in tissues, apoptotic cells are immediately recognised and phagocytosed by their neighbours. However, it is important to note that apoptosis is only one form of cell death and the particular death pathway that is the most important determinant for cancer therapy is not necessarily that which has the fastest kinetics, as is the bias in many laboratories, but rather that which displays the most sensitive dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Tiwari
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chargari C, Leteur C, Angevin E, Bashir T, Schoentjes B, Arts J, Janicot M, Bourhis J, Deutsch E. Preclinical assessment of JNJ-26854165 (Serdemetan), a novel tryptamine compound with radiosensitizing activity in vitro and in tumor xenografts. Cancer Lett 2011; 312:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A low-dose hypersensitive keratinocyte loss in response to fractionated radiotherapy is associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. Radiother Oncol 2010; 94:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis, as a mode of cell death in irradiated cell populations, has been the subject of literarily hundreds if not thousands of published reports over the past few years. However, in spite of the large body of knowledge related to this subject, the role of apoptosis in determining tumor response to radiotherapy has been and remains poorly understood and controversial. Indeed, some previous reviews have suggested that apoptosis may not be important in this context. The purpose of the present review is to provide some examples of recently reported laboratory investigations that indicate that there is a reasonable expectation that the radiation-induced apoptosis observed has contributed to the tumor response. CONCLUSIONS We review reports in four areas of research: Molecularly targeted agents, in vivo imaging, Bcl-2 and cancer stem cells. Examples are provided in each of these areas that we believe justify a reassessment of the role that apoptosis plays in radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Meyn
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Baumann M, Krause M. Tumor Biology’s Impact on Clinical Cure Rates. THE IMPACT OF TUMOR BIOLOGY ON CANCER TREATMENT AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74386-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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McCarthy HO, Coulter JA, Robson T, Hirst DG. Gene therapy via inducible nitric oxide synthase: a tool for the treatment of a diverse range of pathological conditions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:999-1017. [PMID: 18644193 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO(.)) is a reactive nitrogen radical produced by the NO synthase (NOS) enzymes; it affects a plethora of downstream physiological and pathological processes. The past two decades have seen an explosion in the understanding of the role of NO(.) biology, highlighting various protective and damaging modes of action. Much of the controversy surrounding the role of NO(.) relates to the differing concentrations generated by the three isoforms of NOS. Both calcium-dependent isoforms of the enzyme (endothelial and neuronal NOS) generate low-nanomolar/picomolar concentrations of NO(.). By contrast, the calcium-independent isoform (inducible NOS (iNOS)) generates high concentrations of NO(.), 2-3 orders of magnitude greater. This review summarizes the current literature in relation to iNOS gene therapy for the therapeutic benefit of various pathological conditions, including various states of vascular disease, wound healing, erectile dysfunction, renal dysfunction and oncology. The available data provide convincing evidence that manipulation of endogenous NO(.) using iNOS gene therapy can provide the basis for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Benzina S, Debomy F, Bergerat JP, Denis JM, Gueulette J, Dufour P, Bischoff P. The cytotoxicity of high-linear energy transfer radiation is reinforced by oxaliplatin in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:54-62. [PMID: 17383816 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation with chemotherapeutic agents may offer new perspectives in cancer treatment. We therefore assessed the consequences of a treatment in which U-87 human glioblastoma cells were irradiated with p(65)+Be neutrons in the presence of oxaliplatin, a third generation platinum anticancer drug having higher apoptosis-inducing activity than cisplatin. Cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle progression as well as p21 and p53 protein expressions were analyzed. Results show that an enhanced cytotoxic effect was obtained when the two treatments were combined and that, unlike what we previously observed with cisplatin, this was not due to a reinforcement of apoptosis. Altogether, our results also indicate the potential of oxaliplatin for use in association with high-LET radiation against tumors refractory to conventional photon radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Benzina
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale et de Radiobiologie, EA-3430, IRCAD, Hôpitaux Universitaires, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Lin LC, Lee HH, Hwang WS, Li CF, Huang CT, Que J, Lin KL, Lin FC, Lu CL. p53 and p27 as predictors of clinical outcome for rectal-cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Surg Oncol 2007; 15:211-6. [PMID: 17360176 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to examine whether certain molecular markers, specifically p53, p21, p27, and Bcl-2, could be used to predict the tumor response of rectal cancer to neoadjuvant therapy and determine the overall and disease-free survival rates of patients following neoadjuvant therapy. Seventy-seven patients with rectal cancers were used in this study. All of them received neoadjuvant therapy and 53 of them were given radical surgery. Immunohistochemical tests were performed for the four markers mentioned above using biopsy specimens obtained from 70 of the patients prior to radiation. The identical tests were performed for the same markers using excised specimens from the patients after radical surgery. For the pre-radiation specimens, the positive rate for having p27 and Bcl-2 markers was 32.7% and 16.6%, respectively. This rate increased to 73.5% and 41.6% (p=0.001 and 0.012, respectively) in the specimens obtained after the surgery. With respect to "fair response (FR)" of patients, the pre-radiation biopsy specimens showed significant difference for the p53 (-) and p27 (+) markers (p=0.006). Patients with a 3-year overall survival rate were found to have, from their surgical specimens, 92% of the p27 (+) and 75% of p27 (-) markers (p=0.0058). Our study showed: first, the rate of positive identification of molecular markers, p27 and Bcl-2, increased following neoadjuvant therapy. Second, either the p53 (-) or p27 (+) status was a good predictor for FR in the pre-radiation biopsy specimens. Third, patients with p27 (+) markers in the surgical specimens lived longer at 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, No. 901 Junghua Rd., Yungkang City, Tainan 710, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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McCarthy HO, Worthington J, Barrett E, Cosimo E, Boyd M, Mairs RJ, Ward C, McKeown SR, Hirst DG, Robson T. p21(WAF1)-mediated transcriptional targeting of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene therapy sensitizes tumours to fractionated radiotherapy. Gene Ther 2006; 14:246-55. [PMID: 17006546 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy that utilizes toxic transgene products requires strict transcriptional targeting to prevent adverse normal tissue effects. We report on the use of a promoter derived from the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21((WAF1)), to control transgene expression. We demonstrate that this promoter is relatively silent in normal cells (L132, FSK, HMEC-1) compared to the almost constitutive expression obtained in tumour cells (DU145, LNCaP, HT29 and MCF-7) of varying p53 status, a characteristic that will be important in gene therapy protocols. In addition, we found that the p21((WAF1)) promoter could be further induced by both external beam radiation (up to eight-fold in DU145 cells), intracellular-concentrated radionuclides ([(211)At]MABG) (up to 3.5-fold in SK-N-BE(2c) cells) and hypoxia (up to four-fold in DU145 cells). We have previously achieved significant radiosensitization of tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo by using inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene therapy to generate the potent radiosensitizer, nitric oxide (NO(.-)). Here, we report that a clinically relevant schedule of p21((WAF1))-driven iNOS gene therapy significantly sensitized both p53 wild-type RIF-1 tumours and p53 mutant HT29 tumours to fractionated radiotherapy. Our data highlight the utility of this p21((WAF1))/iNOS-targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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17
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Kim KW, Mutter RW, Cao C, Albert JM, Freeman M, Hallahan DE, Lu B. Autophagy for cancer therapy through inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36883-90. [PMID: 17005556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an alternative cell death pathway that is induced by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and up-regulated when apoptosis is defective. We investigated radiation-induced autophagy in the presence or absence of Bax/Bak with or without an mTOR inhibitor, Rad001. Two isogenic cell lines, wild type (WT) and Bak/Bak(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and tumor cell lines were used for this study. Irradiated Bak/Bak(-/-) cells had a decrease of Akt/mTOR signaling and a significant increase of pro-autophagic proteins ATG5-ATG12 COMPLEX and Beclin-1. These molecular events resulted in an up-regulation of autophagy. Bax/Bak(-/-) cells were defective in undergoing apoptosis but were more radiosensitive than the WT cells in autophagy. Both autophagy and sensitization of Bak/Bax(-/-) cells were further enhanced in the presence of Rad001. In contrast, inhibitors of autophagy rendered the Bak/Bax(-/-) cells radioresistant, whereas overexpression of ATG5 and Beclin-1 made the WT cells radiosensitive. When this novel concept of radiosensitization was tested in cancer models, small interfering RNAs against Bak/Bax also led to increased autophagy and sensitization of human breast and lung cancer cells to gamma radiation, which was further enhanced by Rad001. This is the first report to demonstrate that inhibition of pro-apoptotic proteins and induction of autophagy sensitizes cancer cells to therapy. Therapeutically targeting this novel pathway may yield significant benefits for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Woon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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18
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Xavier S, Macdonald S, Roth J, Caunt M, Akalu A, Morais D, Buckley MT, Liebes L, Formenti SC, Brooks PC. The vitamin-like dietary supplement para-aminobenzoic acid enhances the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65:517-27. [PMID: 16690434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) alters the sensitivity of tumor cells to ionizing radiation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cellular proliferation was assessed by WST-1 assays. The effects of PABA and radiation on tumor growth were examined with chick embryo and murine models. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to quantify p21CIP1 and CDC25A levels. RESULTS Para-aminobenzoic acid enhanced (by 50%) the growth inhibitory activity of radiation on B16F10 cells, whereas it had no effect on melanocytes. Para-aminobenzoic acid enhanced (50-80%) the antitumor activity of radiation on B16F10 and 4T1 tumors in vivo. The combination of PABA and radiation therapy increased tumor apoptosis. Treatment of tumor cells with PABA increased expression of CDC25A and decreased levels of p21CIP1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PABA might represent a compound capable of enhancing the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation by a mechanism involving altered expression of proteins known to regulate cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Xavier
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, The NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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19
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Uchida Y, Arihiro K. The role of apoptotic or nonapoptotic cell death in determining cellular response to anticancer treatment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2006; 32:269-77. [PMID: 16431074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Apoptosis, an early response cell death, is a useful marker for predicting tumour response after anticancer treatment; however, late-response cell death or nonapoptotic cell death, autophagy, can also be observed. This article reviews a rational model for predicting tumour response by assessing the influence of nonapoptotic cell death, and thereby developing a more efficient strategy for enhancing the therapeutic effect of anticancer treatment. METHOD Literature search of clinical and experimental studies on "cell death and cancer" using established databases, including PUBMED. FINDINGS Although induction of apoptosis may not contribute to overall tumour response, nonapoptotic cell death such as autophagy, which may be triggered by apoptosis, still occurs. Anticancer treatment-induced apoptosis is regulated by the balance of proapoptoic and antiapoptoic proteins through mitochondria, and resistance to apoptosis is mediated by Bcl-2-dependent and Akt-dependent pathways. Bcl-2 partially inhibits nonapoptotic cell death as well as apoptosis, whereas Akt inhibits both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death through several target proteins. CONCLUSIONS Drug sensitivity is likely correlated with the accumulation of apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell deaths, which may influence overall tumour response in anticancer treatment. The ability to predict overall tumour response from the modulation of several important cell death-related proteins may result in a more efficient strategy for improving the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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20
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Corsten MF, Hofstra L, Narula J, Reutelingsperger CPM. Counting heads in the war against cancer: defining the role of annexin A5 imaging in cancer treatment and surveillance. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1255-60. [PMID: 16452175 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The unveiling of the heterogeneous nature of cell death modes has compromised the long-lived consensus that cancer treatment typically kills cancer cells through apoptosis. Moreover, it implies that measures of apoptosis may be misleading indicators of treatment efficacy. Simultaneously, it has become clear that phosphatidylserine exposition, traditionally considered a hallmark of apoptosis, is also associated with most other cell death programs, rendering phosphatidylserine an attractive target for overall cell death imaging. Annexin A5 binds with strong affinity to phosphatidylserine and hence offers an interesting opportunity for visualization of aggregate cell death, thus providing a fit benchmark for in vivo monitoring of anticancer treatment. This might be of significant value for pharmacologic therapy development as well as clinical monitoring of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Corsten
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 AD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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21
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Dai C, Lyustikman Y, Shih A, Hu X, Fuller GN, Rosenblum M, Holland EC. The characteristics of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas are caused by two distinct and interchangeable signaling formats. Neoplasia 2005; 7:397-406. [PMID: 15967117 PMCID: PMC1501153 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling in glial progenitors leads to the formation of oligodendrogliomas in mice, whereas chronic combined Ras and Akt signaling leads to astrocytomas. Different histologies of these tumors imply that the pathways activated by these two oncogenic stimulations are different, and that the apparent lineage of the tumor cells may result from specific signaling activity. Therefore, we have investigated the signaling effects of PDGF in culture and in gliomas in vivo. In culture, PDGF transiently activates ERK1/2 and Akt, and subsequently elevates p21 and PCNA expression similar to chronic PDGF autocrine signaling in cultured astrocytes and PDGF-induced oligodendrogliomas in vivo. Culture experiments show that autocrine PDGF stimulation, and combined active Ras and Akt generate signaling patterns that are in some ways mutually exclusive. Furthermore, forced Akt activity in the context of chronic PDGF stimulation results in cells with an astrocytic differentiation pattern both in culture and in vivo. These data imply that these two interconvertible signaling motifs are distinct in mice and lead to gliomas resembling the two major glioma histologies found in humans. The ability of signaling activity to convert tumor cells from one lineage to another presents a mechanism for the development of tumors apparently comprised of cells from multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Dai
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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22
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Abstract
The inactivation of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is central to the development of cancer. This disabling of apoptotic responses might be a major contributor both to treatment resistance and to the observation that, in many tumours, apoptosis is not the main mechanism for the death of cancer cells in response to common treatment regimens. Importantly, this suggests that other modes of cell death are involved in the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martin Brown
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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23
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Connell PP, Kron SJ, Weichselbaum RR. Relevance and irrelevance of DNA damage response to radiotherapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 3:1245-51. [PMID: 15279813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been used to treat human malignancies since the early part of the 20th century. To date, most of the advances in radiotherapy have focused on optimization of treatment delivery schedules and technologic improvements in the physical targeting of dose. By comparison, many of the discoveries regarding the molecular basis of DNA damage and repair have not yet been translated to clinical practice. This article offers some perspectives regarding modulators of radiation effects and the challenges faced as we approach newer molecular targets. Our goal is to frame the issues that contribute to the apparent disconnect between laboratory discoveries and improvements in clinically relevant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Connell
- Department of Radiation & Cellular Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Chicago, 5759 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Clarke PA, Pestell KE, Di Stefano F, Workman P, Walton MI. Characterisation of molecular events following cisplatin treatment of two curable ovarian cancer models: contrasting role for p53 induction and apoptosis in vivo. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1614-23. [PMID: 15452549 PMCID: PMC2409921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed molecular basis and determinants of in vivo tumour sensitivity to conventional anticancer agents remain unclear. We examined the cellular and molecular consequences of cisplatin treatment using two ovarian tumour xenograft models that had not been previously adapted to culture in vitro. Both xenografts were curable with clinically relevant multiple doses of cisplatin. Following a single dose of cisplatin (6 mg kg−1 i.p.) growth delays of 25 and 75 days were obtained for pxn100 and pxn65, respectively. This difference in response was not due to differences in DNA damage. Pxn100 tumours had a functional p53 response and a wild-type p53 sequence, whereas pxn65 harboured a mutant p53 and lacked a functional p53 response. Microarray analysis revealed the induction of p53-regulated genes and regulators of checkpoint control and apoptosis in pxn100 tumours following cisplatin-treatment. By contrast, there was no p53-dependent response and only limited changes in gene expression were detected in the pxn65 tumours. TUNEL analysis demonstrated high levels of apoptosis in the pxn100 tumours following cisplatin treatment, but there was no detectable apoptosis in the pxn65 tumours. Our observations show that a marked in vivo response to cisplatin can occur via p53-dependent apoptosis or independently of p53 status in human ovarian xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K E Pestell
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - F Di Stefano
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M I Walton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
Radiation therapy plays a critical role in the management of a majority of patients diagnosed with cancer. Identification of factors that help predict which patients are at risk for relapse within the irradiated field remains an active area of investigation. Although conventional clinical and pathologic factors have been helpful in identifying risk and guiding clinical decision-making for both local and systemic management, there is clearly a need to identify additional prognostic markers, which can aid in refining our treatment strategies and improving outcomes. A substantial amount of research efforts have been devoted to identifying molecular markers for prognostic and therapeutic strategies. The recent emergence of a powerful armamentarium of molecular tools has resulted in rapid expansion of our fund of knowledge and understanding of the molecular biology underlying tumor behavior and response. While a majority of these efforts have been focused on risk factors for metastatic disease and survival, there is a rapidly growing body of literature focused on molecular factors associated with radiation resistance and locoregional failure. In this review, we summarize recent advances and the available literature evaluating molecular markers as they relate to radiation sensitivity of solid tumors. Literature regarding the potential application of expression of genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell cycle, DNA repair and growth factors will be reviewed. Some of the basic biology and laboratory evidence demonstrating how the marker relates to radiation response and available correlative clinical studies employing these markers as prognostic tools are presented. The majority of molecular markers that have potential clinical significance with respect to radiation sensitivity and local control will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Haffty
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, HRT-133, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
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26
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Vivo C, Lecomte C, Levy F, Leroy K, Kirova Y, Renier A, Kheuang L, Piedbois P, Chopin D, Jaurand MC. Cell cycle checkpoint status in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines: response to gamma radiation. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:388-95. [PMID: 12569381 PMCID: PMC2747542 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the function of the cell cycle checkpoints in tumour cells may be important to develop treatment strategies for human cancers. The protein p53 is an important factor that regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis in response to drugs. In human malignant mesothelioma, p53 is generally not mutated, but may be inactivated by SV40 early region T antigen (SV40 Tag). However, the function of p53 has not been investigated in mesothelioma cells. Here, we investigated the function of the cell cycle checkpoints in six human mesothelioma cell lines (HMCLs) by studying the cell distribution in the different phases of the cell cycle by flow cytometry, and expression of cell cycle proteins, p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1). In addition, we studied p53 gene mutations and expression of SV40 Tag. After exposure to gamma-radiation, HMCLs were arrested either in one or both phases of the cell cycle, demonstrating a heterogeneity in cell cycle control. G1 arrest was p21(WAF1/CIP1)- and p53-dependent. Lack of arrest in G1 was not related to p53 mutation or binding to SV40 Tag, except in one HMCL presenting a missense mutation at codon 248. These results may help us to understand mesothelioma and develop new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vivo
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - C Lecomte
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - F Levy
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - K Leroy
- EA 2348, Département de Pathologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 51 av de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Y Kirova
- Service d'Oncologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP. 51 av de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - A Renier
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - L Kheuang
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - P Piedbois
- Service d'Oncologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP. 51 av de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - D Chopin
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
| | - M C Jaurand
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France
- INSERM EMI 9909, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, Cedex, France. E-mail:
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27
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Kassem HS, Sangar V, Cowan R, Clarke N, Margison GP. A potential role of heat shock proteins and nicotinamide N-methyl transferase in predicting response to radiation in bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:454-60. [PMID: 12216074 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of definitive radiotherapy for treatment of invasive bladder cancer has the advantage of preserving bladder function, but tumour regression is only achieved in approximately 40-50% of patients. Knowledge of the molecular basis of sensitivity to ionizing radiation and identification of potential molecular predictors will provide useful information regarding patient response and thus help clinicians to individualize treatment. The recent application of cDNA expression array technology provides a useful tool to investigate hundreds or even thousands of genes in a single experiment. In our study, we have used the Atlas human stress cDNA array trade mark to investigate the expression profile of stress-related and DNA repair genes in a radioresistant bladder carcinoma cell line (MGH-U1) and its radiosensitive subclone (S40b). This provides an ideal situation to study genes related to radiation because the genotypes of both cell lines are basically similar and differential changes detected are likely to be related to the different radiosensitivity phenotype. Of 234 genes blotted on the array, 3 genes (Heat shock protein 90, Heat shock protein 27 and Nicotinamide N-methyl transferase) showed consistent downregulation in the radiosensitive clone in 2 independent experiments. These results were further confirmed for HSP27 and NNMT using Sybr Green I-based real-time QRT-PCR. The role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to radiation remains to be determined; however, the results of our present work suggest a possible role of HSP27 in determining radiosensitivity. Our study also opens avenues for the investigation of genes, such as NNMT, which has not previously been linked to response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Sh Kassem
- Cancer Research UK Carcinogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
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28
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Xia F, Powell SN. The molecular basis of radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity in the treatment of breast cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002; 12:296-304. [PMID: 12382188 DOI: 10.1053/srao.2002.35250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of sensitivity to therapeutic radiation and chemotherapy is a complex product of cellular and tissue responses. Certain genetic factors can be highlighted as being of special importance in the response of breast cancers to treatment. The breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, determine the phenotype of the tumor, with BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors showing marked sensitivity to ionizing radiation and drugs that produce double-strand breaks. However, the extent to which loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 function occurs in sporadic cancer has not yet been determined. The ATM protein plays a significant role in determining the response to therapy, but how frequently the function of ATM is disrupted in breast cancer is debated. Although the p53 protein is a major determinant of the response to ionizing radiation and cytotoxic drugs, there is no consistency in how p53 affects the survival of cells, because an impairment of DNA repair is offset by reduced apoptosis. Growth factors that sustain the proliferation of breast cancer cells may impact the response to therapy by inhibiting apoptosis. Loss of cell-cycle checkpoint responses may result in increased sensitivity, particularly if the checkpoint controls the G2 transition. Overexpression of cyclin D, which shortens the duration of the G1 transition, is associated with mild radiation resistance, perhaps by inhibiting apoptosis. Overall, there is much more to be understood in the complex response of breast cancers to therapy, and many other proteins play important roles in the response to treatment. The focus of our investigation is on those genetic alterations in tumors that affect the response to therapy, which will ultimately allow strategies to achieve therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Xia
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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29
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McKay BC, Becerril C, Spronck JC, Ljungman M. Ultraviolet light-induced apoptosis is associated with S-phase in primary human fibroblasts. DNA Repair (Amst) 2002; 1:811-20. [PMID: 12531028 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-7864(02)00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (tcNER)-deficient human fibroblasts are extremely sensitive to the induction of apoptosis in response to low doses of ultraviolet light (UV light), but are less sensitive to the induction of apoptosis following exposure to high doses [J. Invest. Dermatol. 117 (2001) 1162]. This seemingly paradoxical observation led us to re-evaluate the relationship between UV dose and the induction of apoptosis. Here we report that the reduction in the extent of UV-induced apoptosis in tcNER-deficient strains following exposure to elevated doses of UV light does not result from impaired gene expression alone because neither inhibitors of transcription nor inhibitors of translation blocked UV-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, UV-induced apoptosis was greatly reduced by inhibiting S-phase progression with either mimosine or serum withdrawal. Importantly, DNA synthesis following UV-irradiation occurred only at doses that induced apoptosis in these cell lines and the apoptotic cells contained nascent DNA. Moreover, deregulation of G(1)- to S-phase transition by expression of human papillomavirus E7 sensitized cells to UV-induced apoptosis. Taken together these results suggest that the induction of apoptosis requires S-phase progression following UV-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C McKay
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, ON, Canada.
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30
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Abstract
Mouse lymphoma model points to an unsuspected role of drug-induced "senescence."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Scopa CD, Vagianos C, Kardamakis D, Kourelis TG, Kalofonos HP, Tsamandas AC. bcl-2/bax ratio as a predictive marker for therapeutic response to radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2001; 9:329-34. [PMID: 11759059 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200112000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy are adjuvant treatments given after surgery to patients with rectal carcinoma. Because apoptosis seems to play a role in tumor response to radiotherapy, the current study investigates whether there is a correlation between the ratio of bcl-2 oncoprotein and bax expression in rectal adenocarcinoma and the clinical response to radiotherapy. Elective colectomy for primary rectal adenocarcinoma followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy was performed on 35 patients. Tumors were staged as B2 (n = 30) and C (n = 5), and were classified as radiation resistant (n = 19, group A) and radiation nonresistant (n = 16, group B). Immunohistochemical study, using the streptavidin-biotin complex technique and monoclonal antibody to bcl-2 and polyclonal antibody to bax protein was used on paraffin sections. Cases were considered positive if at least 5% of tumor cells displayed cytoplasmic staining for bcl-2 or bax. In each tumor, the bcl-2/bax ratio was calculated dividing the percentage of bcl-2-positive cells by the percentage of bax-positive cells. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test were used. Rectal tumors of group A displayed significantly greater bcl-2 immunoreactivity (40.2 +/- 4.2) compared with group B (20.2 +/- 3.8). In contrast, expression of bax protein was less in group A (30.3 +/- 3.3) compared with group B (41.3 +/- 2.3). The bcl-2/bax ratio was greater in group A (1.3 +/- 0.1) compared with group B (0.49 +/- 0.1), and was correlated with poor responsiveness to radiotherapy. The current study indicates that in patients with rectal carcinoma an elevated bcl-2/bax ratio in tissue specimens suggests increased tumor resistance to adjuvant radiotherapy. Thus, in such patients, the bcl-2/bax ratio may serve as a potential molecular marker for prediction of tumor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Scopa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Patras, Medical School, Greece.
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Roninson IB, Broude EV, Chang BD. If not apoptosis, then what? Treatment-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:303-13. [PMID: 11991684 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2001.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the program of apoptosis has been reported to have little or no effect on clonogenic survival after treatment with drugs or radiation in several tumor cell lines. A decrease in apoptosis is compensated in such cell lines by an increase in the fractions of cells that undergo permanent growth arrest with phenotypic features of cell senescence, or die through the process of mitotic catastrophe. Most of the tested tumor cell lines have retained the capacity of normal cells to undergo accelerated senescence after treatment with DNA-interactive drugs, ionizing radiation, or cytostatic agents. p53 and p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) act as positive regulators of treatment-induced senescence, but they are not required for this response in tumor cells. The senescent phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that survived drug exposure but lost the ability to form colonies from those that recover and proliferate after treatment. Although senescent cells do not proliferate, they are metabolically active and may produce secreted proteins with potential tumor-promoting activities. The expression of such proteins is mediated at least in part by the induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1). The other anti-proliferative response of tumor cells is mitotic catastrophe, a form of cell death that results from abnormal mitosis and leads to the formation of interphase cells with multiple micronuclei. Mitotic catastrophe is induced by different classes of cytotoxic agents, but the pathways of abnormal mitosis differ depending on the nature of the inducer and the status of cell-cycle checkpoints. Mitotic catastrophe can also develop as a consequence of aberrant reentry of tumor cells into cell cycle after prolonged growth arrest. Elucidation of the factors that regulate different aspects of treatment-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe should assist in improving the efficacy and decreasing side effects of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Roninson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607-7170, USA.
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Haensgen G, Krause U, Becker A, Stadler P, Lautenschlaeger C, Wohlrab W, Rath FW, Molls M, Dunst J. Tumor hypoxia, p53, and prognosis in cervical cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 50:865-72. [PMID: 11429213 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p53 protein is involved in the regulation of initiation of apoptosis. In vitro, p53-deficient cells do not respond to hypoxia with apoptosis as do p53-normal cells, and this may lead to a relative growth advantage of cells without a functioning p53 under hypoxia. On the basis of this hypothesis, a selection of cells with a functionally inactive p53 may occur in hypoxic tumors. The development of uterine cervical carcinomas is closely associated with infections of human papilloma viruses, which may cause a degradation of the tumor suppressor gene p53, resulting in a restriction of apoptosis. Thus, cervical cancers have often a functionally inactive p53. The purpose of our clinical study was therefore to investigate the association between p53, hypoxia, and prognosis in cervical cancers in which the oxygenation status can be determined by clinical methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy patients with locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer Stages IIB (n = 14), IIIB (n = 49), and IVA (n = 7) were investigated in the period from 1996 through 1999. All were treated with definitive radiotherapy with curative intent by a combination of external radiotherapy plus high-dose-rate afterloading. Before therapy, tumor oxygenation was measured with a needle probe polarographically using the Eppendorf histograph. Hypoxic tumors were defined as those with pO(2) measurements below 5 mm Hg (HF5). Pretreatment biopsies were taken and analyzed immunohistologically for p53 protein expression with the DO-7 antibody. The DNA index was measured by flow cytometry. The statistical data analysis was done with SPSS 9.0 for Windows. RESULTS The 3-year overall survival was 55% for the whole group of patients. Clinical prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis were pretreatment hemoglobin level (3-year survival 62% for patients with a pretreatment hemoglobin > or =11 g/dl vs. 27% for hemoglobin <11 g/dl, p = 0.006) and FIGO stage (Stage IIB: 65%; Stage IIIB: 60%; Stage IVA: 29%, p = 0.01). Sixty of the 70 tumors showed positive immunohistologic staining for p53 protein (transformed p53 = tp53), and 10/70 were negative (wild-type p53 = wtp53); p53 expression had no significant impact on survival (50% for tp53 vs. 79% for wtp53, p = 0.11). FIGO stage and anemia had no impact on p53 expression. Forty-nine of 70 tumors were hypoxic (HF5+), and 21 showed no hypoxia (HF5-). Hypoxic carcinomas were more frequently positive for p53 as compared to nonhypoxic tumors (27% vs. 13%, p = 0.011) and showed a trend toward a lower survival (48% vs. 70%, p = 0.07). In a further multivariate analysis, the impact of a combination of p53 expression and hypoxia on survival was examined. After adjusting for FIGO stage and pretreatment anemia, patients with wtp53 tumors had the best prognosis (3-year survival 79%) followed by tp53-HF5(-) patients (57%), and the most unfavorable prognosis was observed for tp53-HF5(+) patients (47%). The DNA index was higher in tp53 carcinomas compared to wtp53 tumors, 1.97 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.67 +/- 0.1, p = 0.05. The highest DNA index was found in hypoxic tumors with transformed p53 (2.2 +/- 3.1). CONCLUSIONS Advanced stage and pretreatment hemoglobin level are independent prognostic factors in cervical carcinomas. The immunohistologic detection of (a functionally inactive) p53 and the presence of hypoxia had no prognostic impact, if analyzed as single parameters. However, the combination of both parameters was able to discriminate different prognostic subgroups. Moreover, hypoxic cancers were more often immunohistologically positive for tp53 protein and had a higher DNA index with the highest DNA index in tumors with both hypoxia and tp53 protein expression. These findings in summary support the theory that the tumor's microenvironment may influence the biologic behavior via hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Haensgen
- Departments of Radiotherapy, Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Macaulay VM, Salisbury AJ, Bohula EA, Playford MP, Smorodinsky NI, Shiloh Y. Downregulation of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor in mouse melanoma cells is associated with enhanced radiosensitivity and impaired activation of Atm kinase. Oncogene 2001; 20:4029-40. [PMID: 11494131 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2001] [Revised: 02/26/2001] [Accepted: 04/19/2001] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is required for growth, tumorigenicity and protection from apoptosis. IGF1R overexpression is associated with radioresistance in breast cancer. We used antisense (AS) RNA to downregulate IGF1R expression in mouse melanoma cells. Cells expressing AS-IGF1R transcripts were more radiosensitive in vitro and in vivo than controls. Also they showed reduced radiation-induced p53 accumulation and p53 serine 18 phosphorylation, and radioresistant DNA synthesis. These changes were reminiscent of the cellular phenotype of the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), caused by mutations in the ATM gene. Cellular Atm protein levels were lower in AS-IGF1R-transfected cells than in control cells, although there was no difference in Atm expression at the transcriptional level. AS-IGF1R cells had detectable basal Atm kinase activity, but failed to induce kinase activity after irradiation. This suggests that IGF1R signalling can modulate the function of Atm, and supports the concept of targeted IGF1R downregulation as a potential treatment for malignant melanoma and other radioresistant tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Ataxia Telangiectasia/pathology
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Macaulay
- IGF Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Mirjolet JF, Barberi-Heyob M, Didelot C, Peyrat JP, Abecassis J, Millon R, Merlin JL. Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio predicts 5-fluorouracil sensitivity independently of p53 status. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:1380-6. [PMID: 11044365 PMCID: PMC2408783 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 tumour-suppressor gene is involved in cell growth control, arrest and apoptosis. Nevertheless cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction can be observed in p53-defective cells after exposure to DNA-damaging agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) suggesting the importance of alternative pathways via p53-independent mechanisms. In order to establish relationship between p53 status, cell cycle arrest, Bcl-2/Bax regulation and 5-FU sensitivity, we examined p53 mRNA and protein expression and p53 protein functionality in wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt) p53 cell lines. p53 mRNA and p53 protein expression were determined before and after exposure to equitoxic 5-FU concentration in six human carcinoma cell lines differing in p53 status and displaying marked differences in 5-FU sensitivity, with IC(50)values ranging from 0.2-22.6 mM. 5-FU induced a rise in p53 mRNA expression in mt p53 cell lines and in human papilloma virus positive wt p53 cell line, whereas significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was found in wt p53 cell line. Whatever p53 status, 5-FU altered p53 transcriptional and translational regulation leading to up-regulation of p53 protein. In relation with p53 functionality, but independently of p53 mutational status, after exposure to 5-FU equitoxic concentration, all cell lines were able to arrest in G1. No relationship was evidenced between G1 accumulation ability and 5-FU sensitivity. Moreover, after 5-FU exposure, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins regulation was under p53 protein control and a statistically significant relationship (r = 0.880, P = 0.0097) was observed between Bcl-2/Bax ratio and 5-FU sensitivity. In conclusion, whatever p53 status, Bcl-2 or Bax induction and Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio were correlated to 5-FU sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mirjolet
- Centre Alexis Vautrin, Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie, Avenue de Bourgogne, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy cedex, 54511, USA
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Zeimet AG, Riha K, Berger J, Widschwendter M, Hermann M, Daxenbichler G, Marth C. New insights into p53 regulation and gene therapy for cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1153-63. [PMID: 11007953 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its critical involvement in cell cycle control and apoptotic signaling, the transcription factor p53 has become the most important tumor suppressor currently under investigation. TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers and is thought to play a crucial role in malignant transformation. Therefore, p53 appears to be an appealing target for gene therapy. Adenoviral-based p53 gene transfection is now being introduced in large clinical trials. Viral cell entry was found to be the rate-limiting step of gene delivery and thus of therapeutic efficiency. Attachment of adenoviruses to the target cell surface is mediated through the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, and internalization is achieved via interactions with integrins of the alpha v beta(3) and alpha v beta(5) class. The assumption that the restitution of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway results in a higher responsiveness of solid tumors to cytostatic agents remains a major matter of debate. Combinations of p53-based gene therapy with other components involved in apoptosis, such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/APO2L, or agents neutralizing tumor-promoting antiapoptotic signals, such as humanized anti-growth factor antibodies, should further improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Zeimet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Arceci
- Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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