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Hosseini A, Gharibi T, Marofi F, Javadian M, Babaloo Z, Baradaran B. Janus kinase inhibitors: A therapeutic strategy for cancer and autoimmune diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Mahsa Javadian
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
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Demoulin JB, Essaghir A. PDGF receptor signaling networks in normal and cancer cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Merk BC, Owens JL, Lopes MBS, Silva CM, Hussaini IM. STAT6 expression in glioblastoma promotes invasive growth. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:184. [PMID: 21595984 PMCID: PMC3118945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignant primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid growth, diffuse infiltration of cells into both adjacent and remote brain regions, and a generalized resistance to currently available treatment modalities. Recent reports in the literature suggest that Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) play important roles in the regulation of GBM pathophysiology. METHODS STAT6 protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting in GBM cell lines and by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) of glioma patient tissues. We utilized shRNA against STAT6 to investigate the effects of prolonged STAT6 depletion on the growth and invasion of two STAT6-positive GBM cell lines. Cell proliferation was assessed by measuring (3)H-Thymidine uptake over time. Invasion was measured using an in vitro transwell assay in which cells invade through a type IV collagen matrix toward a chemoattractant (Fetal Bovine Serum). Cells were then stained and counted. Kaplan-Meyer survival curves were generated to show the correlation between STAT6 gene expression and patient survival in 343 glioma patients and in a subset of patients with only GBM. Gene expression microarray and clinical data were acquired from the Rembrandt 1 public data depository (https://caintegrator.nci.nih.gov/rembrandt/). Lastly, a genome-wide expression microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression in wild-type GBM cells to expression in stable STAT6 knockdown clones. RESULTS STAT6 was expressed in 2 GBM cell lines, U-1242MG and U-87MG, and in normal astrocytes (NHA) but not in the U-251MG GBM cell line. In our TMA study, STAT6 immunostaining was visible in the majority of astrocytomas of all grades (I-IV) but not in normal brain tissue. In positive cells, STAT6 was localized exclusively in the nuclei over 95% of the time. STAT6-deficient GBM cells showed a reduction in (3)H-Thymidine uptake compared to the wild-type. There was some variation among the different shRNA- silenced clones, but all had a reduction in (3)H-Thymidine uptake ranging from 35%- 70% in U-1242MG and 40- 50% in U-87MG cells. Additionally, STAT6- depleted cells were less invasive than controls in our in vitro transmembrane invasion assay. Invasiveness was decreased by 25-40% and 30-75% in U-1242MG and U-87MG cells, respectively. The microarray analysis identified matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and urokinase Plasminogen activator (uPA) as potential STA6 target genes involved in the promotion of GBM cell invasion. In a Kaplan-Meier survival curve based on Rembrandt 1 gene expression microarray and clinical data, there was a significant difference in survival (P < 0.05) between glioma patients with up- and down-regulated STAT6. Decreased STAT6 expression correlated with longer survival times. In two subsets of patients with either grade IV tumors (GBM) or Grade II/III astrocytomas, there was a similar trend that however did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest a role for STAT6 in enhancing cell proliferation and invasion in GBM, which may explain why up-regulation of STAT6 correlates with shorter survival times in glioma patients. This report thus identifies STAT6 as a new and potentially promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Merk
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Shim JY, Park SW, Kim DS, Shim JW, Jung HL, Park MS. The effect of interleukin-4 and amphiregulin on the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells and cytokine release. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:857-63. [PMID: 18955794 PMCID: PMC2580012 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.5.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia and angiogenesis are important features associated with airway remodeling. We investigated the effect of IL-4 and amphiregulin, an epidermal growth factor family member, on the proliferation of human ASM cells and on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 from human ASM cells. Human ASM cells were growth-arrested for 48 hr and incubated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- BB, interleukin (IL)-4, amphiregulin, and VEGF to evaluate cell proliferation. The cells were treated with PDGF, IL-4 and amphiregulin to evaluate the release of VEGF, MCP-1. IL-4 suppressed unstimulated and PDGF-stimulated ASM cell proliferation. Amphiregulin stimulated ASM cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. VEGF did not have any influence on ASM cell proliferation. IL-4 stimulated VEGF secretion by the ASM cells in a dose-dependent manner and showed added stimulatory effects when co-incubated with PDGF. Amphiregulin did not promote VEGF secretion. IL-4 and amphiregulin showed no stimulatory effects on MCP-1 secretion. The results of this study showed that IL-4 had bifunctional effects on airway remodeling, one was the suppression of the proliferation of the ASM cells and the other was the promotion of VEGF release by the ASM cells, and amphiregulin can promote human ASM cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Thompson RW, Pesce JT, Ramalingam T, Wilson MS, White S, Cheever AW, Ricklefs SM, Porcella SF, Li L, Ellies LG, Wynn TA. Cationic amino acid transporter-2 regulates immunity by modulating arginase activity. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000023. [PMID: 18369473 PMCID: PMC2265428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic amino acid transporters (CAT) are important regulators of NOS2 and ARG1 activity because they regulate L-arginine availability. However, their role in the development of Th1/Th2 effector functions following infection has not been investigated. Here we dissect the function of CAT2 by studying two infectious disease models characterized by the development of polarized Th1 or Th2-type responses. We show that CAT2(-/-) mice are significantly more susceptible to the Th1-inducing pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Although T. gondii infected CAT2(-/-) mice developed stronger IFN-gamma responses, nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly impaired, which contributed to their enhanced susceptibility. In contrast, CAT2(-/-) mice infected with the Th2-inducing pathogen Schistosoma mansoni displayed no change in susceptibility to infection, although they succumbed to schistosomiasis at an accelerated rate. Granuloma formation and fibrosis, pathological features regulated by Th2 cytokines, were also exacerbated even though their Th2 response was reduced. Finally, while IL-13 blockade was highly efficacious in wild-type mice, the development of fibrosis in CAT2(-/-) mice was largely IL-13-independent. Instead, the exacerbated pathology was associated with increased arginase activity in fibroblasts and alternatively activated macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, by controlling NOS2 and arginase activity, CAT2 functions as a potent regulator of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Thompson
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John T. Pesce
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thirumalai Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- Centocor Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California United States of America
| | - Sandy White
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stacy M. Ricklefs
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stephen F. Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lili Li
- Centocor Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lesley G. Ellies
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bruns HA, Kaplan MH. The role of constitutively active Stat6 in leukemia and lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 57:245-53. [PMID: 16213149 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) are a family of transcription factors that regulate a broad range of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival, in a large variety of cell types. Because of their regulation of diverse cellular functions, their aberrant activation is frequently associated with disease development, particularly oncogenic diseases. Much evidence exists to suggest that STAT proteins play a significant role in cellular transformation. However, which STAT proteins and to what extent they cause transformation and subsequent disease progression are topics currently being investigated. In this review, we will report on the findings concerning the involvement of Stat6 in the development of lymphoma and leukemia. Mounting evidence, in both patients and mouse models, supports a model where Stat6 is not a mere bystander, but rather, plays an active role in promoting a transformed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Bruns
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, 2000 West University Avenue CL 121, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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Woszczek G, Pawliczak R, Qi HY, Nagineni S, Alsaaty S, Logun C, Shelhamer JH. Functional characterization of human cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor gene structure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5152-9. [PMID: 16210619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase pathway has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as bronchial asthma and atherosclerosis. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), 5-lipoxygenase pathway products, are recognized now not only as important factors in asthmatic inflammation, but also as mediators of cell trafficking and innate immune responses. To study a role of cysLTs in inflammatory reactions we have characterized the gene structure of human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type I (cysLT(1)R). The cysLT(1)R gene consists of 5 exons that are variably spliced and a single promoter region with multiple transcription start sites. Four different cysLT(1)R transcripts were identified. RT-PCR showed dominant and wide expression of the transcript I, containing exons 1, 4, and 5, with the strongest presence in blood leukocytes, spleen, thymus, lung, and heart. The expression of cysLT(1)R is functionally regulated at the transcriptional level by IL-4 through a STAT6 response element localized to the proximal cysLT(1)R promoter region. IL-4 stimulation increased cysLT(1)R mRNA (real-time PCR) and surface protein expression (flow cytometry) in a time-dependent fashion. CysLTs (LTD(4) and LTC(4)) induced an increased production of a potent monocyte chemoattractant CCL2 (MCP-1) in IL-4-primed THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was effectively inhibited by the cysLT(1)R-selective antagonist MK571 in a dose-dependent manner and only partially by a nonselective cysLT(1)R/cysLT(2)R inhibitor BAY-u9773, implying a cysLT(1)R-mediated mechanism. Thus, cysLTs signaling through cysLT(1)R might contribute to inflammatory reactions by cooperating with IL-4 in enhanced CCL2 production in human monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Woszczek
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Petrova TV, Mäkinen T, Mäkelä TP, Saarela J, Virtanen I, Ferrell RE, Finegold DN, Kerjaschki D, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Lymphatic endothelial reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells by the Prox-1 homeobox transcription factor. EMBO J 2002; 21:4593-9. [PMID: 12198161 PMCID: PMC125413 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and fat adsorption, and also serve as a major route for tumor metastasis in many types of cancer. We found that isolated human primary lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells (LECs and BECs, respectively) show interesting differences in gene expression relevant for their distinct functions in vivo. Although these phenotypes are stable in vitro and in vivo, overexpression of the homeobox transcription factor Prox-1 in the BECs was capable of inducing LEC-specific gene transcription in the BECs, and, surprisingly, Prox-1 suppressed the expression of approximately 40% of the BEC-specific genes. Prox-1 did not have global effects on the expression of LEC-specific genes in other cell types, except that it up-regulated cyclin E1 and E2 mRNAs and activated the cyclin e promoter in various cell types. These data suggest that Prox-1 acts as a cell proliferation inducer and a fate determination factor for the LECs. Furthermore, the data provide insights into the phenotypic diversity of endothelial cells and into the possibility of transcriptional reprogramming of differentiated endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Dermis/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Organ Specificity
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Janna Saarela
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Ismo Virtanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Robert E. Ferrell
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - David N. Finegold
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
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Ramana CV, Gil MP, Han Y, Ransohoff RM, Schreiber RD, Stark GR. Stat1-independent regulation of gene expression in response to IFN-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6674-9. [PMID: 11390994 PMCID: PMC34411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.111164198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2001] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Stat1 is essential for cells to respond fully to IFN-gamma, there is substantial evidence that, in the absence of Stat1, IFN-gamma can still regulate the expression of some genes, induce an antiviral state and affect cell growth. We have now identified many genes that are regulated by IFN-gamma in serum-starved Stat1-null mouse fibroblasts. The proteins induced by IFN-gamma in Stat1-null cells can account for the substantial biological responses that remain. Some genes are induced in both wild-type and Stat1-null cells and thus are truly Stat1-independent. Others are subject to more complex regulation in response to IFN-gamma, repressed by Stat1 in wild-type cells and activated in Stat1-null cells. Many genes induced by IFN-gamma in Stat1-null fibroblasts also are induced by platelet-derived growth factor in wild-type cells and thus are likely to be involved in cell proliferation. In mouse cells expressing the docking site mutant Y440F of human IFN-gamma receptor subunit 1, the mouse Stat1 is not phosphorylated in response to human IFN-gamma, but c-myc and c-jun are still induced, showing that the Stat1 docking site is not required for Stat1-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Ramana
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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