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Papi RM, Tasioulis KS, Kechagioglou PV, Papaioannou MA, Andriotis EG, Kyriakidis DA. Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Delivery of PTEN Variants: In Vitro Antitumor Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2785. [PMID: 38930850 PMCID: PMC11206347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a crucial tumor suppressor protein with frequent mutations and alterations. Although protein therapeutics are already integral to numerous medical fields, their potential remains nascent. This study aimed to investigate the impact of stable, unphosphorylated recombinant human full-length PTEN and its truncated variants, regarding their tumor suppression activity with multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (MW-CNTs) as vehicles for their delivery in breast cancer cells (T-47D, ZR-75-1, and MCF-7). The cloning, overexpression, and purification of PTEN variants were achieved from E. coli, followed by successful binding to CNTs. Cell incubation with protein-functionalized CNTs revealed that the full-length PTEN-CNTs significantly inhibited cancer cell growth and stimulated apoptosis in ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 cells, while truncated PTEN fragments on CNTs had a lesser effect. The N-terminal fragment, despite possessing the active site, did not have the same effect as the full length PTEN, emphasizing the necessity of interaction with the C2 domain in the C-terminal tail. Our findings highlight the efficacy of full-length PTEN in inhibiting cancer growth and inducing apoptosis through the alteration of the expression levels of key apoptotic markers. In addition, the utilization of carbon nanotubes as a potent PTEN protein delivery system provides valuable insights for future applications in in vivo models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigini M. Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Konstantinos S. Tasioulis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Petros V. Kechagioglou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Maria A. Papaioannou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios G. Andriotis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios A. Kyriakidis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.S.T.); (P.V.K.); (D.A.K.)
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2
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Zhou YT, Chu JH, Zhao SH, Li GL, Fu ZY, Zhang SJ, Gao XH, Ma W, Shen K, Gao Y, Li W, Yin YM, Zhao C. Quantitative systems pharmacology modeling of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer for translational efficacy evaluation and combination assessment across therapeutic modalities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1287-1304. [PMID: 38360930 PMCID: PMC11130324 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is highly aggressive and a major threat to human health. Despite the significant improvement in patients' prognosis given the drug development efforts during the past several decades, many clinical questions still remain to be addressed such as efficacy when combining different therapeutic modalities, best treatment sequences, interindividual variability as well as resistance and potential coping strategies. To better answer these questions, we developed a mechanistic quantitative systems pharmacology model of the pathophysiology of HER2+ mBC that was extensively calibrated and validated against multiscale data to quantitatively predict and characterize the signal transduction and preclinical tumor growth kinetics under different therapeutic interventions. Focusing on the second-line treatment for HER2+ mBC, e.g., antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), small molecule inhibitors/TKI and chemotherapy, the model accurately predicted the efficacy of various drug combinations and dosing regimens at the in vitro and in vivo levels. Sensitivity analyses and subsequent heterogeneous phenotype simulations revealed important insights into the design of new drug combinations to effectively overcome various resistance scenarios in HER2+ mBC treatments. In addition, the model predicted a better efficacy of the new TKI plus ADC combination which can potentially reduce drug dosage and toxicity, while it also shed light on the optimal treatment ordering of ADC versus TKI plus capecitabine regimens, and these findings were validated by new in vivo experiments. Our model is the first that mechanistically integrates multiple key drug modalities in HER2+ mBC research and it can serve as a high-throughput computational platform to guide future model-informed drug development and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shu-Han Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ge-Li Li
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zi-Yi Fu
- Department of Breast Disease Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Su-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xue-Hu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Kai Shen
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- QSPMed Technologies, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yong-Mei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Glotzbach A, Rohlf K, Gonscharow A, Lüke S, Demirci Ö, Begher-Tibbe B, Overbeck N, Reinders J, Cadenas C, Hengstler JG, Edlund K, Marchan R. EDI3 knockdown in ER-HER2+ breast cancer cells reduces tumor burden and improves survival in two mouse models of experimental metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:87. [PMID: 38816770 PMCID: PMC11138102 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite progress understanding the mechanisms underlying tumor spread, metastasis remains a clinical challenge. We identified the choline-producing glycerophosphodiesterase, EDI3 and reported its association with metastasis-free survival in endometrial cancer. We also observed that silencing EDI3 slowed cell migration and other cancer-relevant phenotypes in vitro. Recent work demonstrated high EDI3 expression in ER-HER2+ breast cancer compared to the other molecular subtypes. Silencing EDI3 in ER-HER2+ cells significantly reduced cell survival in vitro and decreased tumor growth in vivo. However, a role for EDI3 in tumor metastasis in this breast cancer subtype was not explored. Therefore, in the present work we investigate whether silencing EDI3 in ER-HER2+ breast cancer cell lines alters phenotypes linked to metastasis in vitro, and metastasis formation in vivo using mouse models of experimental metastasis. METHODS To inducibly silence EDI3, luciferase-expressing HCC1954 cells were transduced with lentiviral particles containing shRNA oligos targeting EDI3 under the control of doxycycline. The effect on cell migration, adhesion, colony formation and anoikis was determined in vitro, and significant findings were confirmed in a second ER-HER2+ cell line, SUM190PT. Doxycycline-induced HCC1954-luc shEDI3 cells were injected into the tail vein or peritoneum of immunodeficient mice to generate lung and peritoneal metastases, respectively and monitored using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. Metabolite levels in cells and tumor tissue were analyzed using targeted mass spectrometry and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), respectively. RESULTS Inducibly silencing EDI3 reduced cell adhesion and colony formation, as well as increased susceptibility to anoikis in HCC1954-luc cells, which was confirmed in SUM190PT cells. No influence on cell migration was observed. Reduced luminescence was seen in lungs and peritoneum of mice injected with cells expressing less EDI3 after tail vein and intraperitoneal injection, respectively, indicative of reduced metastasis. Importantly, mice injected with EDI3-silenced cells survived longer. Closer analysis of the peritoneal organs revealed that silencing EDI3 had no effect on metastatic organotropism but instead reduced metastatic burden. Finally, metabolic analyses revealed significant changes in choline and glycerophospholipid metabolites in cells and in pancreatic metastases in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Reduced metastasis upon silencing supports EDI3's potential as a treatment target in metastasizing ER-HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Glotzbach
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Rohlf
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anastasia Gonscharow
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Lüke
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Özlem Demirci
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina Overbeck
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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4
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Tran TTT, Hung JJ. PTEN decreases NR2F1 expression to inhibit ciliogenesis during EGFR L858R-induced lung cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:225. [PMID: 38499532 PMCID: PMC10948910 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause of death worldwide. Activation of oncogenes or inhibition of tumor suppressors causes cancer formation. Previous studies have indicated that PTEN, as a tumor suppressor, inhibits cancer formation. In this study, we studied the role of PTEN in EGFRL858R-induced lung cancer in vivo. Interestingly, loss of PTEN increased bronchial cell hyperplasia but decreased alveolar cell hyperplasia in EGFRL858R*PTEN-/--induced lung cancer. Systematic analysis of gene expression by RNA-seq showed that several genes related to ciliogenesis were upregulated in EGFRL858R*PTEN-/--induced lung cancer and subsequently showed that bronchial ciliated cells were hyperplastic. Several critical ciliogenesis-related genes, such as Mucin5A, DNAI2, and DNAI3, were found to be regulated by NR2F1. Next, NR2F1 was found to be inhibited by overexpression of PTEN, indicating that PTEN negatively regulates NR2F1, thereby inhibiting the expression of ciliogenesis-related genes and leading to the inhibition of bronchial cell hyperplasia during EGFRL858R-induced lung cancer progression. In addition, we also found that PTEN decreased AKT phosphorylation in A549, KRAS mutant, and H1299 cells but increased AKT phosphorylation in PC9, EGFRL858R, and H1299L858R cells, suggesting that PTEN may function as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene in lung cancers with KRAS mutation and EGFR mutation, respectively. PTEN acts as a double-edged sword that differentially regulates EGFRL858R-induced lung cancer progression in different genomic backgrounds. Understanding the PTEN in lung cancer with different genetic backgrounds will be beneficial for therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Truc Tran
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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5
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Travis G, McGowan EM, Simpson AM, Marsh DJ, Nassif NT. PTEN, PTENP1, microRNAs, and ceRNA Networks: Precision Targeting in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4954. [PMID: 37894321 PMCID: PMC10605164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a well characterised tumour suppressor, playing a critical role in the maintenance of fundamental cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, metabolism, and survival. Subtle decreases in cellular levels of PTEN result in the development and progression of cancer, hence there is tight regulation of the expression, activity, and cellular half-life of PTEN at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. PTENP1, the processed pseudogene of PTEN, is an important transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulator of PTEN. PTENP1 expression produces sense and antisense transcripts modulating PTEN expression, in conjunction with miRNAs. Due to the high sequence similarity between PTEN and the PTENP1 sense transcript, the transcripts possess common miRNA binding sites with the potential for PTENP1 to compete for the binding, or 'sponging', of miRNAs that would otherwise target the PTEN transcript. PTENP1 therefore acts as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), competing with PTEN for the binding of specific miRNAs to alter the abundance of PTEN. Transcription from the antisense strand produces two functionally independent isoforms (PTENP1-AS-α and PTENP1-AS-β), which can regulate PTEN transcription. In this review, we provide an overview of the post-transcriptional regulation of PTEN through interaction with its pseudogene, the cellular miRNA milieu and operation of the ceRNA network. Furthermore, its importance in maintaining cellular integrity and how disruption of this PTEN-miRNA-PTENP1 axis may lead to cancer but also provide novel therapeutic opportunities, is discussed. Precision targeting of PTENP1-miRNA mediated regulation of PTEN may present as a viable alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glena Travis
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Eileen M. McGowan
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- Gene Therapy and Translational Molecular Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Deborah J. Marsh
- Translational Oncology Group, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
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6
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Gupta S, Sharma P, Chaudhary M, Premraj S, Kaur S, Vijayan V, Arun MG, Prasad NG, Ramachandran R. Pten associates with important gene regulatory network to fine-tune Müller glia-mediated zebrafish retina regeneration. Glia 2023; 71:259-283. [PMID: 36128720 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish possess a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged retina after an acute injury. Retina regeneration in zebrafish involves the induction of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics, which are capable of restoring all retinal cell-types. The induction of MGPC through Müller glia-reprograming involves several cellular, genetic and biochemical events soon after a retinal injury. Despite the knowledge on the importance of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten), which is a dual-specificity phosphatase and tumor suppressor in the maintaining of cellular homeostasis, its importance during retina regeneration remains unknown. Here, we explored the importance of Pten during zebrafish retina regeneration. The Pten gets downregulated upon retinal injury and is absent from the MGPCs, which is essential to trigger Akt-mediated cellular proliferation essential for retina regeneration. We found that the downregulation of Pten in the post-injury retina accelerates MGPCs formation, while its overexpression restricts the regenerative response. We observed that Pten regulates the proliferation of MGPCs not only through Akt pathway but also by Mmp9/Notch signaling. Mmp9-activity is essential to induce the proliferation of MGPCs in the absence of Pten. Lastly, we show that expression of Pten is fine-tuned through Mycb/histone deacetylase1 and Tgf-β signaling. The present study emphasizes on the stringent regulation of Pten and its crucial involvement during the zebrafish retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanya Premraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Manas Geeta Arun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
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7
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Kato T. Immunofluorescence Detection of Plasma Membranous PTEN in Cultured Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:289-297. [PMID: 35199573 PMCID: PMC8971685 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221082539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a well-known tumor suppressor with various functions that depend on its intracellular localization. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged live-cell images clarified the crucial amino acids needed to regulate the localization of PTEN in cells. However, it currently remains unknown whether GFP itself affects the intracellular localization of PTEN and its mutants, and the establishment of fixed-cell imaging is important for identifying the exact location of PTEN in cells. I herein investigated a number of immunofluorescence strategies for cell fixation, membrane permeabilization, and antigen retrieval. Permeabilization by detergents was necessary to observe nuclear and cytosolic PTEN in paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed cells; however, this permeabilization was not always valid. On the other hand, antigen retrieval by the pre-boiled EDTA treatment was useful for detecting plasma membranous PTEN in PFA-fixed cells in the same manner as in in vivo studies. Furthermore, methanol-fixed images of PTEN were consistent with GFP-tagged live-cell images. Two immunofluorescence methods (the PFA-fixed/pre-boiled EDTA treatment and methanol fixation) are applicable to investigations of the intracellular localization of PTEN without a GFP tag in cultured cells. In conclusion, live-cell imaging and appropriate immunofluorescence including a novel antigen retrieval treatment were both useful for detecting the cellular localization of PTEN, particularly at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Sudhakar M, Rengaswamy R, Raman K. Novel ratio-metric features enable the identification of new driver genes across cancer types. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5. [PMID: 34997044 PMCID: PMC8741763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An emergent area of cancer genomics is the identification of driver genes. Driver genes confer a selective growth advantage to the cell. While several driver genes have been discovered, many remain undiscovered, especially those mutated at a low frequency across samples. This study defines new features and builds a pan-cancer model, cTaG, to identify new driver genes. The features capture the functional impact of the mutations as well as their recurrence across samples, which helps build a model unbiased to genes with low frequency. The model classifies genes into the functional categories of driver genes, tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes (OGs), having distinct mutation type profiles. We overcome overfitting and show that certain mutation types, such as nonsense mutations, are more important for classification. Further, cTaG was employed to identify tissue-specific driver genes. Some known cancer driver genes predicted by cTaG as TSGs with high probability are ARID1A, TP53, and RB1. In addition to these known genes, potential driver genes predicted are CD36, ZNF750 and ARHGAP35 as TSGs and TAB3 as an oncogene. Overall, our approach surmounts the issue of low recall and bias towards genes with high mutation rates and predicts potential new driver genes for further experimental screening. cTaG is available at https://github.com/RamanLab/cTaG .
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Sudhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Raghunathan Rengaswamy
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Karthik Raman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
- Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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9
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Adapted suspension tumor cells rewire metabolic pathways for anchorage-independent survival through AKT activation. Exp Cell Res 2022; 411:113005. [PMID: 34979107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spread of cancer cells is the main cause of cancer-related death. As cancer cells adapt themselves in a suspended state in the blood stream before penetration and regrowth at distal tissues, understanding their survival strategy in an anchorage-independent condition is important to develop appropriate therapeutics. We have previously generated adapted suspension cells (ASCs) from parental adherent cancer cells to study the characteristics of circulating tumor cells. In this study, we explored metabolic rewiring in MDA-MB-468 ASCs to adapt to suspension growth conditions through extracellular flux analyses and various metabolic assays. We also determined the relationship between AKT activation and metabolic rewiring in ASCs using the AKT inhibitor, MK2206. ASCs reprogramed metabolism to enhance glycolysis and basal oxygen consumption rate. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the upregulation in the genes related to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The changes in the metabolic program led to a remarkable dependency of ASCs on carbohydrates as an energy source for proliferation as compared to parental adherent cells (ADs). AKT activation was observed in ASCs and those generated from pancreatic and other breast cancer cells, and AKT activation inhibition in ASCs decreased glycolysis and oxygen consumption. AKT activation is an important strategy for obtaining energy through the enhancement of glycolysis in ASCs. The regulation of AKT activity and/or glycolysis may provide a strong therapeutic strategy to prevent the metastatic spread of cancer cells.
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Adon T, Shanmugarajan D, Kumar HY. CDK4/6 inhibitors: a brief overview and prospective research directions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29227-29246. [PMID: 35479560 PMCID: PMC9040853 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and their mechanism in regulating the cell cycle process was considered a game-changer in cancer therapy. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were both triggered by their inhibition. The CDK4/6 complex acts as a checkpoint during the cell cycle transition from cell growth (G1) to DNA synthesis (S) phase and its deregulation or overexpression induces abnormal cell proliferation and cancer development. Consequently, targeting CDK4/6 has been proposed as a paradigm shift in the anticancer approach. The design and development of effective CDK4/6 inhibitors are increasingly becoming a promising cancer therapy evident with approved drugs such as palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, etc. In this article, we explore the biological importance of CDK4/6 in cancer therapy, the development of resistance to monotherapy, and a short overview of PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera), a unique and pioneering technique for degrading CDK4/6 enzymes. Overall, our prime focus is to discuss novel CDK4/6 inhibitors with diverse chemical classes and their correlation with computational studies. The discovery of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and their mechanism in regulating the cell cycle process was considered a game-changer in cancer therapy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Adon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
| | - Dhivya Shanmugarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
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Mollaei M, Hassan ZM, Khorshidi F, Langroudi L. Chemotherapeutic drugs: Cell death- and resistance-related signaling pathways. Are they really as smart as the tumor cells? Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101056. [PMID: 33684837 PMCID: PMC7938256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells or control their progression all over the patient's body, while radiation- and surgery-based treatments perform in a particular site. Based on their mechanisms of action, they are classified into different groups, including alkylating substrates, antimetabolite agents, anti-tumor antibiotics, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II, mitotic inhibitors, and finally, corticosteroids. Although chemotherapeutic drugs have brought about more life expectancy, two major and severe complications during chemotherapy are chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Therefore, we aimed to review the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell death and resistance in different chemotherapeutic drug families to clarify the shortcomings in the conventional single chemotherapy applications. Moreover, we have summarized the current combination chemotherapy applications, including numerous combined-, and encapsulated-combined-chemotherapeutic drugs. We further discussed the possibilities and applications of precision medicine, machine learning, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in promoting cancer immunotherapies. Finally, some of the recent clinical trials concerning the application of immunotherapies and combination chemotherapies were included as well, in order to provide a practical perspective toward the future of therapies in cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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12
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Adeshakin FO, Adeshakin AO, Afolabi LO, Yan D, Zhang G, Wan X. Mechanisms for Modulating Anoikis Resistance in Cancer and the Relevance of Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626577. [PMID: 33854965 PMCID: PMC8039382 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the hallmark of structure–function stability and well-being. ECM detachment in localized tumors precedes abnormal dissemination of tumor cells culminating in metastasis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is activated during tumorigenesis to clear off ECM-detached cells through “anoikis.” However, cancer cells develop several mechanisms for abrogating anoikis, thus promoting their invasiveness and metastasis. Specific factors, such as growth proteins, pH, transcriptional signaling pathways, and oxidative stress, have been reported as drivers of anoikis resistance, thus enhancing cancer proliferation and metastasis. Recent studies highlighted the key contributions of metabolic pathways, enabling the cells to bypass anoikis. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving anoikis resistance could help to counteract tumor progression and prevent metastasis. This review elucidates the dynamics employed by cancer cells to impede anoikis, thus promoting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, the authors have discussed other metabolic intermediates (especially amino acids and nucleotides) that are less explored, which could be crucial for anoikis resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilayo O Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adeleye O Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lukman O Afolabi
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehong Yan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Chen H, Wang T, Huang S, Zeng P. New novel non-MHC genes were identified for cervical cancer with an integrative analysis approach of transcriptome-wide association study. J Cancer 2021; 12:840-848. [PMID: 33403041 PMCID: PMC7778537 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified multiple genetic variants associated with cervical cancer, the functional role of those variants is not well understood. To bridge such gap, we integrated the largest cervical cancer GWAS (N = 9,347) with gene expression measured in six human tissues to perform a multi-tissue transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS). We identified a total of 20 associated genes in the European population, especially four novel non-MHC genes (i.e. WDR19, RP11-384K6.2, RP11-384K6.6 and ITSN1). Further, we attempted to validate our results in another independent cervical cancer GWAS from the East Asian population (N = 3,314) and re-discovered four genes including WDR19, HLA-DOB, MICB and OR2B8P. In our subsequent co-expression analysis, we discovered SLAMF7 and LTA were co-expressed in TCGA tumor samples and showed both WDR19 and ITSN1 were enriched in "plasma membrane". Using the protein-protein interaction analysis we observed strong interactions between the proteins produced by genes that are associated with cervical cancer. Overall, our study identified multiple candidate genes, especially four non-MHC genes, which may be causally associated with the risk of cervical cancer. However, further investigations with larger sample size are warranted to validate our findings in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Shuiping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
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14
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Daks AA, Fedorova OA, Shuvalov OY, Parfenev SE, Barlev NA. The Role of ERBB2/HER2 Tyrosine Kinase Receptor in the Regulation of Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1277-1287. [PMID: 33202212 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2), also known as ERBB2, CD340, and Neu protooncogene, is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) family. Members of the ERBB family, including HER2, activate molecular cascades that stimulate proliferation and migration of cancer cells, as well as their resistance to the anticancer therapy. These proteins are often overexpressed and/or mutated in various cancer types and represent promising targets for the anti-cancer therapy. Currently, anti-HER2 drugs have been approved for the treatment of several types of solid tumors. HER2-specific therapy includes monoclonal antibodies and low-molecular weight inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as lapatinib, neratinib, and pyrotinib. In addition to the activation of molecular pathways responsible for cell proliferation and survival under stress conditions, HER2 directly regulates programmed cell death. Here, we review the studies focused on the involvement of HER2 in various signaling pathways and its role in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Daks
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - O A Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - O Y Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - S E Parfenev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - N A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
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15
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The frequency of PTEN germline mutations in Chinese breast cancer patients: The PTEN gene may not be closely associated with breast cancer in the Chinese population. Gene 2020; 744:144630. [PMID: 32234455 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTEN is a tumour suppressor gene that has been proven to be related to breast cancer incidence and tumour progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of PTEN mutations in breast carcinomas in China and the relationships of PTEN mutations with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Trimmomatic, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA), ANNOVAR, SAMtools, and Sanger sequencing were used to analyse PTEN mutations and identify variants in Chinese breast cancer. The frequency of PTEN mutations and the relationships of PTEN mutations with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes were evaluated in breast carcinomas in China. RESULTS The rate of PTEN germline mutation was 0.23% (n = 9) among 3955 unselected primary breast cancer patients. Of these 9 patients, 2 carried pathogenic mutations, and both were identified as having infiltrative carcinoma. One patient had a family history. The other 7 patients carried only PTEN germline variants that were not identified as pathogenic mutations. CONCLUSIONS We studied the frequency of PTEN germline mutations in a sequential cohort of Chinese breast carcinoma patients. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the germline mutation of the PTEN gene is not closely related to the occurrence of breast cancer in the Chinese population. In the clinic, the PTEN germline mutation cannot be used as the basis for the detection of breast cancer.
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16
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, Asúnsolo Á, Buján J, García-Honduvilla N, Coca S. Signal Transduction Pathways in Breast Cancer: The Important Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:9258396. [PMID: 32211045 PMCID: PMC7085392 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9258396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the cancer with the highest prevalence in women and is the number-one cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Cell transduction is a fundamental process in the development and progression of cancer. Modifications in various cell signalling pathways promote tumour cell proliferation, progression, and survival. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an example of that, and it is involved in growth, proliferation, survival, motility, metabolism, and immune response regulation. Activation of this pathway is one of the main causes of cancer cell resistance to antitumour therapies. This makes PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling a crucial object of study for understanding the development and progression of this disease. Thus, this pathway may have a role as a potential therapeutic target, as well as prognostic and diagnostic value, in patients with breast cancer. Despite the existence of selective PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors and current clinical trials, the cellular mechanisms are not yet known. The present review aims to understand the current state of this important disease and the paths that must be forged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Coca
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Networking Biomedical Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Pten-mediated Gsk3β modulates the naïve pluripotency maintenance in embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:107. [PMID: 32034125 PMCID: PMC7007436 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and they exist in different states of pluripotency—naïve and primed states. Pten is a well-known tumor suppressor. Here, we generated Pten−/− mouse ESCs with the CRISPR-Cas9 system and verified that Pten−/− ESCs maintained naïve pluripotency by blocking Gsk3β activity. Serum/LIF and 2i (MAPK and GSK3 inhibitors) conditions are commonly used for ESC maintenance. We show that the Pten-inhibitor SF1670 contributed to sustaining mouse ESCs and that Pten activation by the S380A, T382A, and T383A mutations (Pten-A3) suppressed the pluripotency of ESCs. The in vivo teratoma formation ability of SF1670-treated ESCs increased, while the Pten-A3 mutations suppressed teratoma formation. Furthermore, the embryoid bodies derived from Pten-deficient ESCs or SF1670-treated wild-type ESCs showed greater expression of ectoderm and pluripotency markers. These results suggest that Pten-mediated Gsk3β modulates the naïve pluripotency of ESCs and that Pten ablation regulates the lineage-specific differentiation.
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18
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Kazim Z, Wahabi K, Perwez A, Lal P, Rizvi MA. PTEN Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Define Distinct Subgroups in North Indian Breast Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:269-276. [PMID: 30678449 PMCID: PMC6485588 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided on the basis of histopathological features, genetic alterations, and gene-expression profiles. PTEN gene is considered an established tumor suppressor gene in different types of cancer including breast cancer. However, the role of PTEN alterations in north Indian breast cancer has not been explored especially in defining a group with distinct histological factors. Methodology: 181 sporadic breast cancer and their adjacent normal tissues were included in the present study. We analyzed methylation and LOH through MS-PCR and microsatellite markers respectively. While, for PTEN protein expression, we used immunohistochemistry. All the molecular findings were correlated with the clinicopathological parameters of the patients to underline clinical relevance. Results: We found that LOH and methylation of the PTEN promoter were significantly associated with loss of PTEN protein expression, while, PTEN mutation was a rare event. Furthermore, out of 46 double hit cases (i.e., having both methylation and LOH), 70% (32/46) cases showed complete loss of PTEN expression (P= 0.0249). Both LOH and PTEN promoter methylation were associated significantly with age and clinical stage, while, methylation and loss of PTEN expression were associated with high grade and Her-2 negativity. In addition, a quadruple (ER/PR/Her-2 and PTEN) negative group with distinct features was found. Conclusion: The pattern of PTEN expression and its correlation with the clinical parameters indicates that loss of PTEN expression defines a clinical group with distinct features. Hence, PTEN expression provides differential therapeutic strategies for north Indian breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kazim
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Maziveyi M, Dong S, Baranwal S, Mehrnezhad A, Rathinam R, Huckaba TM, Mercante DE, Park K, Alahari SK. Exosomes from Nischarin-Expressing Cells Reduce Breast Cancer Cell Motility and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2152-2166. [PMID: 30635277 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular microvesicles that are secreted by cells when intracellular multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. We have previously demonstrated that Nischarin inhibits focal adhesion formation, cell migration, and invasion, leading to reduced activation of focal adhesion kinase. In this study, we propose that the tumor suppressor Nischarin regulates the release of exosomes. When cocultured on exosomes from Nischarin-positive cells, breast cancer cells exhibited reduced survival, migration, adhesion, and spreading. The same cocultures formed xenograft tumors of significantly reduced volume following injection into mice. Exosomes secreted by Nischarin-expressing tumors inhibited tumor growth. Expression of only one allele of Nischarin increased secretion of exosomes, and Rab14 activity modulated exosome secretions and cell growth. Taken together, this study reveals a novel role for Nischarin in preventing cancer cell motility, which contributes to our understanding of exosome biology. SIGNIFICANCE: Regulation of Nischarin-mediated exosome secretion by Rab14 seems to play an important role in controlling tumor growth and migration.See related commentary by McAndrews and Kalluri, p. 2099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazvita Maziveyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Shengli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Center of Biochemistry and Microbial Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ali Mehrnezhad
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - Thomas M Huckaba
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Donald E Mercante
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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20
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Jahanafrooz Z, Motamed N, Rinner B, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Silibinin to improve cancer therapeutic, as an apoptotic inducer, autophagy modulator, cell cycle inhibitor, and microRNAs regulator. Life Sci 2018; 213:236-247. [PMID: 30308184 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin is a natural plant polyphenol with high antioxidant and anticancer properties, which causes broad-spectrum efficacy against cancer, including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in most cancer cell types. Silibinin, by modulating the apoptosis, cell cycle progression and autophagic pathways in various cellular and molecular routs might be used to design more effective anticancer strategies. Silibinin also regulates aberrant miRNAs expression linked to many aspects of cell biology in cancer. Maybe the most interesting aspect of silibinin is its ability to trigger multiple cellular signaling pathways to induce a particular biologic effect in various cell types. This review discusses investigations supporting the ability of silibinin to be as a natural modulator of involved cellular biological events in cancer progression. In this review, we introduce the salient features of silibinin therapy to optimize clinical outcomes for oncology patients. The goal of the treatments is to make it possible to eliminate the tumor with the minimum side effects and cure the patient in the early stage cancer. Therefore, plant extracts such as silibinin can be included in the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jahanafrooz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motamed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Altınoğlu SA, Wang M, Li KQ, Li Y, Xu Q. Intracellular delivery of the PTEN protein using cationic lipidoids for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2018; 4:1773-1780. [PMID: 27748775 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00580b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor, mutated or inactive in a large percentage of human cancers. Restoring PTEN activity in cancer cells through gene therapy has shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, particularly in cells with a PTEN deficiency. Gene therapy, however, comes with some inherent risks such as triggering an immune response and permanent off target effects. Nanoparticle assisted protein delivery could mitigate these liabilities while maintaining therapeutic integrity. In this report, we evaluated the use of cationic lipid-like (lipidoid) materials to intracellularly deliver the PTEN protein. We synthesized a small library of cationic lipidoid materials and screened for the delivery of PTEN based on cell viability. The lipidoid material EC16-80 was selected for high efficacy and the subsequent lipidoid-protein complex was characterized using DLS, zeta potential, and TEM. Intracellular delivery of PTEN with EC16-80 to the PTEN deficient prostate cancer cell line PC-3 resulted in a significant decrease in activated AKT and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, delivery of PTEN to PTEN deficient prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP compared to the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 with endogenous PTEN, resulted in significantly lower IC50 values in PC-3 and LNCaP cells indicating that the treatment is predominantly specific to PTEN-deficient cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate the first intracellular delivery of recombinant PTEN using a synthetic delivery vehicle and highlight the potential of intracellular PTEN protein delivery as a potential targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Altınoğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kathleen Q Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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22
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Inhibition of PTEN protects PC12 cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation induced cell death through mitoprotection. Brain Res 2018; 1692:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Vallard A, Rancoule C, Espenel S, Garcia MA, Langrand-Escure J, He MY, Ben Mrad M, El Meddeb Hamrouni A, Ouni S, Trone JC, Rehailia-Blanchard A, Guillaume E, Vial N, Riocreux C, Guy JB, Magné N. Harnessing drug/radiation interaction through daily routine practice: Leverage medical and methodological point of view (MORSE 02-17 study). Radiother Oncol 2018; 129:471-478. [PMID: 29937210 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety profile of the interaction between anticancer drugs and radiation is a recurrent question. However, there are little data regarding the non-anticancer treatment (NACT)/radiation combinations. The aim of the present study was to investigate concomitant NACTs in patients undergoing radiotherapy in a French comprehensive cancer center. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. All cancer patients undergoing a palliative or curative radiotherapy were consecutively screened for six weeks in 2016. Data on NACTs were collected. RESULTS Out of 214 included patients, a NACT was concomitantly prescribed to 155 patients (72%), with a median number of 5 NACTs per patient (range: 1-12). The most prescribed drugs were anti-hypertensive drugs (101 patients, 47.2%), psychotropic drugs (n = 74, 34.6%), analgesics (n = 78, 36.4%), hypolipidemic drugs (n = 57, 26.6%), proton pump inhibitors (n = 46, 21.5%) and antiplatelet drugs (n = 38, 17.8%). Although 833 different molecules were reported, only 20 possible modifiers of cancer biological pathways (prescribed to 74 patients (34.5%)) were identified. Eight out of the 833 molecules (0.9%), belonging to six drug families, have been investigated in 28 ongoing or published clinical trials in combo with radiotherapy. They were prescribed to 63 patients (29.4%). CONCLUSION Drug-radiation interaction remains a subject of major interest, not only for conventional anticancer drugs, but also for NACTs. New trial designs are thus required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vallard
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France; Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5822, IPNL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - C Rancoule
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France; Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5822, IPNL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Espenel
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France; Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5822, IPNL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M-A Garcia
- General Health Department, Hygée Institute, Avenue Albert Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - J Langrand-Escure
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - M Y He
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - M Ben Mrad
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - A El Meddeb Hamrouni
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - S Ouni
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - J-C Trone
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - A Rehailia-Blanchard
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - E Guillaume
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - N Vial
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - C Riocreux
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - J-B Guy
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France; Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5822, IPNL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N Magné
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270 St Priest en Jarez, France; Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5822, IPNL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Khalifeh-Soltani A, Gupta D, Ha A, Podolsky MJ, Datta R, Atabai K. The Mfge8-α8β1-PTEN pathway regulates airway smooth muscle contraction in allergic inflammation. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800109R. [PMID: 29763381 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800109r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asthma affects ∼300 million people worldwide. Despite multiple treatment options, asthma treatment remains unsatisfactory in a subset of patients. Airway obstruction is a hallmark of allergic asthma and is largely due to airway smooth muscle hypercontractility induced by airway inflammation. Identification of molecular pathways that regulate airway smooth muscle hypercontractility is of considerable therapeutic interest. We previously identified roles for milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-like 8 (Mfge8) in opposing the effects of allergic inflammation on increasing airway smooth muscle contractile force. In this study, we delineate the signaling pathway by which Mfge8 mediates these effects. By using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show that the α8β1 integrin and the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mediate the effects of Mfge8 on preventing IL-13-induced increases in airway contractility. Tracheal rings from mice with smooth muscle-specific deletion of α8β1 or PTEN have enhanced contraction in response to treatment with IL-13. Enhanced IL-13-induced tracheal ring contraction in Mfge8-/- mice was abolished by treatment with the PI3K inhibitor. Mechanistically, IL-13 induces ubiquitination and degradation of PTEN protein. Our findings identify a role for the Mfge8-α8β1-PTEN pathway in regulating the force of airway smooth muscle contraction in the setting of allergic inflammation.-Khalifeh-Soltani, A., Gupta, D., Ha, A., Podolsky, M. J., Datta, R., Atabai, K. The Mfge8-α8β1-PTEN pathway regulates airway smooth muscle contraction in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khalifeh-Soltani
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arnold Ha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ritwik Datta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Lusche DF, Buchele EC, Russell KB, Soll BA, Vitolo MI, Klemme MR, Wessels DJ, Soll DR. Overexpressing TPTE2 ( TPIP), a homolog of the human tumor suppressor gene PTEN, rescues the abnormal phenotype of the PTEN-/- mutant. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21100-21121. [PMID: 29765523 PMCID: PMC5940379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One possible approach to normalize mutant cells that are metastatic and tumorigenic, is to upregulate a functionally similar homolog of the mutated gene. Here we have explored this hypothesis by generating an overexpressor of TPTE2 (TPIP), a homolog of PTEN, in PTEN-/- mutants, the latter generated by targeted mutagenesis of a human epithelial cell line. Overexpression of TPTE2 normalized phenotypic changes associated with the PTEN mutation. The PTEN-/- -associated changes rescued by overexpressing TPTE2 included 1) accelerated wound healing in the presence or absence of added growth factors (GFs), 2) increased division rates on a 2D substrate in the presence of GFs, 3) adhesion and viability on a 2D substrate in the absence of GFs, 4) viability in a 3D Matrigel model in the absence of GFs and substrate adhesion 5) loss of apoptosis-associated annexin V cell surface binding sites. The results justify further exploration into the possibility that upregulating TPTE2 by a drug may reverse metastatic and tumorigenic phenotypes mediated in part by a mutation in PTEN. This strategy may also be applicable to other tumorigenic mutations in which a homolog to the mutated gene is present and can substitute functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Lusche
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - Emma C. Buchele
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - Kanoe B. Russell
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Soll
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - Michele I. Vitolo
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Klemme
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Wessels
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
| | - David R. Soll
- Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and W.M. Keck Dynamic Image Analysis Facility, Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA, USA
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26
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Yue Z, Li HT, Yang Y, Hussain S, Zheng CH, Xia J, Chen Y. Identification of breast cancer candidate genes using gene co-expression and protein-protein interaction information. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36092-36100. [PMID: 27150055 PMCID: PMC5094985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies that could threaten female health. As the molecular mechanism of BC has not yet been completely discovered, identification of related genes of this disease is an important area of research that could provide new insights into gene function as well as potential treatment targets. Here we used subnetwork extraction algorithms to identify novel BC related genes based on the known BC genes (seed genes), gene co-expression profiles and protein-protein interaction network. We computationally predicted seven key genes (EPHX2, GHRH, PPYR1, ALPP, KNG1, GSK3A and TRIT1) as putative genes of BC. Further analysis shows that six of these have been reported as breast cancer associated genes, and one (PPYR1) as cancer associated gene. Lastly, we developed an expression signature using these seven key genes which significantly stratified 1660 BC patients according to relapse free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–0.65; Logrank p = 5.5e−13). The 7-genes signature could be established as a useful predictor of disease prognosis in BC patients. Overall, the identified seven genes might be useful prognostic and predictive molecular markers to predict the clinical outcome of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Hai-Tao Li
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yabing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Sajid Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Chun-Hou Zheng
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Junfeng Xia
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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Abstract
Trophic factors control cellular physiology by activating specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). While the over activation of RTK signaling pathways is associated with cell growth and cancer, recent findings support the concept that impaired down-regulation or deactivation of RTKs may also be a mechanism involved in tumor formation. Under this perspective, the molecular determinants of RTK signaling inhibition may act as tumor-suppressor genes and have a potential role as tumor markers to monitor and predict disease progression. Here, we review the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms that attenuate RTK signaling and discuss evidence that implicates deregulation of these events in cancer.
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28
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Jin Z, Jia B, Fu Y, Tan L, Chen Q, Jiang P, Liu Y. Ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibit hepatoce llular carcinoma cell proliferation. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4767-4771. [PMID: 28943966 PMCID: PMC5594240 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the regulatory role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells under the hypothesis that the levels of the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) mRNA and the phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) protein would be affected by the presence of different receptor ligand concentrations. SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of either 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2 (15-d-PGJ2) or pioglitazone and experiments were conducted in order to determine cell growth changes and measure levels of PTEN mRNA and pAkt protein. Our results after treatment with MTT showed the addition of ligands to the cultured cells inhibited their proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Also, flow cytometry after PI treatment showed the presence of ligands in the growth media could increase the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells, and decrease the proportion of S phase cells. Finally, the same cells exhibited increased levels of the PTEN mRNA by RT-PCR and pAkt protein by western blot analysis. Taken together, our results support the notion that PPARγ ligands can inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and that this is at least in part due to the resulting upregulation of PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Baoxing Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ludong Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qingmin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Peiqiang Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Brandmaier A, Hou SQ, Shen WH. Cell Cycle Control by PTEN. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2265-2277. [PMID: 28602818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and error-free chromosome inheritance through the cell cycle is essential for genomic stability and tumor suppression. However, accumulation of aberrant genetic materials often causes the cell cycle to go awry, leading to malignant transformation. In response to genotoxic stress, cells employ diverse adaptive mechanisms to halt or exit the cell cycle temporarily or permanently. The intrinsic machinery of cycling, resting, and exiting shapes the cellular response to extrinsic stimuli, whereas prevalent disruption of the cell cycle machinery in tumor cells often confers resistance to anticancer therapy. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and a guardian of the genome that is frequently mutated or deleted in human cancer. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that PTEN deficiency disrupts the fundamental processes of genetic transmission. Cells lacking PTEN exhibit cell cycle deregulation and cell fate reprogramming. Here, we review the role of PTEN in regulating the key processes in and out of cell cycle to optimize genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brandmaier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng-Qi Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Tan YY, Fuchs EM, Hudelist G, Köstler WJ, Reiner A, Leser C, Salama M, Attems J, Deutschmann C, Zielinski CC, Singer CF. PTEN expression as a predictor for the response to trastuzumab-based therapy in Her-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172911. [PMID: 28253285 PMCID: PMC5333838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even though trastuzumab is an effective therapy in early stage Her-2+ breast cancer, 40–50% of advanced Her-2+ breast cancer patients develop trastuzumab resistance. A potential resistance mechanism is aberrant downstream signal transmission due to loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). This study investigated the relationship between the expression of PTEN and trastuzumab response in Her-2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer patients. Methods Between 2000 and 2007, 164 patients with Her-2+ metastatic breast cancer received trastuzumab-based therapy in our institution. We analyzed PTEN status by immunohistochemistry of 115 available tumor tissues and analyzed associations with other histopathological parameters, response rate, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with a median follow-up of 60 months. Results Eighty patients were PTEN positive (69.6%) and 35 patients PTEN negative (30.4%). We found a significant association of the expression of PTEN and p53 (p = 0.041), while there was no association with grading, hormone receptor status, IGFR or MIB. We found significantly more cases with progressive disease under trastuzumab-based therapy in patients with PTEN positive breast cancers (p = 0.018), while there was no significant correlation with PFS or OS. Conclusion In Her-2-positive metastatic breast cancers, PTEN positivity was significantly associated with progressive disease, but not with PFS or OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Gschwantler-Kaulich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Yen Y. Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva-Maria Fuchs
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Hudelist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J. Köstler
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Reiner
- Department of Pathology, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Leser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Attems
- Department of Pathology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Deutschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph C. Zielinski
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F. Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Comprehensive Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Molecular Biomarkers for Prediction of Targeted Therapy Response in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Trick or Treat? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010085. [PMID: 28054957 PMCID: PMC5297719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the study of genomic alterations and protein expression involved in the pathways of breast cancer carcinogenesis has provided an increasing number of targets for drugs development in the setting of metastatic breast cancer (i.e., trastuzumab, everolimus, palbociclib, etc.) significantly improving the prognosis of this disease. These drugs target specific molecular abnormalities that confer a survival advantage to cancer cells. On these bases, emerging evidence from clinical trials provided increasing proof that the genetic landscape of any tumor may dictate its sensitivity or resistance profile to specific agents and some studies have already showed that tumors treated with therapies matched with their molecular alterations obtain higher objective response rates and longer survival. Predictive molecular biomarkers may optimize the selection of effective therapies, thus reducing treatment costs and side effects. This review offers an overview of the main molecular pathways involved in breast carcinogenesis, the targeted therapies developed to inhibit these pathways, the principal mechanisms of resistance and, finally, the molecular biomarkers that, to date, are demonstrated in clinical trials to predict response/resistance to targeted treatments in metastatic breast cancer.
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32
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Roldan-Deamicis A, Alonso E, Brie B, Braico DA, Balogh GA. Maitake Pro4X has anti-cancer activity and prevents oncogenesis in BALBc mice. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2427-41. [PMID: 27401257 PMCID: PMC5055164 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the immune tolerance induced by the tumoral microenvironment is fundamental to prevent cancer development or to treat cancer patients using immunotherapy. Actually, there are investigations about "addressed-drugs" against cancer cells without affecting normal cells. It could be ideal to find selective and specific compounds that only recognize and destroy tumor cells without damaging the host normal cells. For thousands of years, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes because of their curative properties. D-Fraction, an extract of Maitake (from the edible Grifola frondosa mushroom), rich in β-glucans, exert notable effects in the immune system. Until now, some published articles suggest that Maitake D-Fraction could have anti-tumoral activity, prevent oncogenesis and metastasis in some tumor types. However, there are no clear data about Maitake D-Fraction action on breast cancer prevention and its exact molecular mechanisms are not yet elucidated. The experiments were performed employing 25 female BALBc mice that were treated with and without Maitake D-Fraction Pro4X or Maitake Standard for 15 days by daily intraperitoneal injection. After treatment period, all mice were implanted with murine tumor cells LM3 to induce mammary tumorigenesis. Animals were checked weekly and killed after 46 days of LM3 transplant; percentage of cancer prevention, rate of tumor growing, and overall survival were determined. Under dissection, the internal organs were evaluated histologically and genetically by RT-PCR. We found that 5 mg/kg per day of Maitake D-Fraction Pro4X, administered dairy during 15 days to BALBc mice was able to block more than 60% breast cancer development. However, Maitake Standard prevents oncogenesis in 26% to respect control. In this work, we found that Maitake D-Fraction Pro4X, administered to BALBc mice, prevents breast carcinogenesis, block tumor invasiveness, reduce angiogenesis, and increase overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Roldan-Deamicis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina - UCA - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Hongos Comestibles y Medicinales, Centro Científico Tecnológico, CERZOS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km7, Bahía Blanca-8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Brie
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina - UCA - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Aguilera Braico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina - UCA - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Andrea Balogh
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina - UCA - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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33
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Abstract
Breast cancer is already the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, and evidence is mounting that breast cancer induced by circadian disruption (CD) is a warranted concern. Numerous studies have investigated various aspects of the circadian clock in relation to breast cancer, and evidence from these studies indicates that melatonin and the core clock genes can play a crucial role in breast cancer development. Even though epigenetics has been increasingly recognized as a key player in the etiology of breast cancer and linked to circadian rhythms, and there is evidence of overlap between epigenetic deregulation and breast cancer induced by circadian disruption, only a handful of studies have directly investigated the role of epigenetics in CD-induced breast cancer. This review explores the circadian clock and breast cancer, and the growing role of epigenetics in breast cancer development and circadian rhythms. We also summarize the current knowledge and next steps for the investigation of the epigenetic link in CD-induced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Kochan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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34
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Lechman ER, Gentner B, Ng SWK, Schoof EM, van Galen P, Kennedy JA, Nucera S, Ciceri F, Kaufmann KB, Takayama N, Dobson SM, Trotman-Grant A, Krivdova G, Elzinga J, Mitchell A, Nilsson B, Hermans KG, Eppert K, Marke R, Isserlin R, Voisin V, Bader GD, Zandstra PW, Golub TR, Ebert BL, Lu J, Minden M, Wang JCY, Naldini L, Dick JE. miR-126 Regulates Distinct Self-Renewal Outcomes in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:214-28. [PMID: 26832662 PMCID: PMC4749543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate miRNA function in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells (LSC), we generated a prognostic LSC-associated miRNA signature derived from functionally validated subpopulations of AML samples. For one signature miRNA, miR-126, high bioactivity aggregated all in vivo patient sample LSC activity into a single sorted population, tightly coupling miR-126 expression to LSC function. Through functional studies, miR-126 was found to restrain cell cycle progression, prevent differentiation, and increase self-renewal of primary LSC in vivo. Compared with prior results showing miR-126 regulation of normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cycling, these functional stem effects are opposite between LSC and HSC. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis demonstrates that miR-126 targets the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway, preserving LSC quiescence and promoting chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lechman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Stanley W K Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Erwin M Schoof
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter van Galen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - James A Kennedy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Silvia Nucera
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Kerstin B Kaufmann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Naoya Takayama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Dobson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aaron Trotman-Grant
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gabriela Krivdova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Janneke Elzinga
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Karin G Hermans
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rene Marke
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Netherlands
| | - Ruth Isserlin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Todd R Golub
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jean C Y Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Room 8-301, 101 College Street, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Dysregulation of AKT Pathway by SMYD2-Mediated Lysine Methylation on PTEN. Neoplasia 2016; 17:367-73. [PMID: 25925379 PMCID: PMC4415136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), one of the well-characterized tumor suppressor proteins, counteracts the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway through its unique lipid phosphatase activity. The functions of PTEN are regulated by a variety of posttranslational modifications such as acetylation, oxidation, ubiquitylation, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. However, methylation of PTEN has not been reported so far. In this study, we demonstrated that the oncogenic protein lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2) methylates PTEN at lysine 313 in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of SMYD2 suppressed the cell growth of breast cancer cells and attenuated phosphorylation levels of AKT, indicating that SMYD2-mediated methylation negatively regulates PTEN tumor suppressor activity and results in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT pathway. Furthermore, PTEN protein with lysine 313 substitution diminished phosphorylation of PTEN at serine 380, which is known to inactivate tumor suppressor functions of PTEN. Taken together, our findings unveil a novel mechanism of PTEN dysregulation regulated by lysine methylation in human cancer.
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Siddiqui S, Akhter N, Deo SVS, Shukla NK, Husain SA. A study on promoter methylation of PTEN in sporadic breast cancer patients from North India. Breast Cancer 2016; 23:922-931. [PMID: 26754093 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-015-0665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic silencing of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) through DNA methylation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Present study investigates the contribution of PTEN promoter methylation and its associated protein expression in sporadic breast cancer patients from North India. METHODS A total of 360 paired breast carcinoma and adjacent normal tissue samples from 180 sporadic breast cancer patients were included in the present study and examined for PTEN promoter methylation status by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry method was used for determining PTEN protein expression. Molecular findings were statistically correlated with various clinicopathological parameters to identify associations of clinical relevance. RESULTS Presence of PTEN promoter methylation (39.44 %) significantly correlated with its expression downregulation (45.56 %) in breast tumors (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, their interaction with various clinical parameters was evidenced in stratified analysis. Correlation of PTEN promoter methylation with histologically more malignant grade and PTEN expression loss with triple negative tumor status remained significant even after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Results implicate promoter methylation to be a mechanism partially responsible for PTEN silencing in sporadic breast cancer for North Indian women. Besides, methylation and expression loss of PTEN exhibited promising potential as candidate biomarkers of risk assessment in subcategorized breast tumors with critical pathologic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - S V S Deo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - N K Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Mandal PK, Morlacchi P, Knight JM, Link TM, Lee GR, Nurieva R, Singh D, Dhanik A, Kavraki L, Corry DB, Ladbury JE, McMurray JS. Targeting the Src Homology 2 (SH2) Domain of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) with Cell-Permeable, Phosphatase-Stable Phosphopeptide Mimics Potently Inhibits Tyr641 Phosphorylation and Transcriptional Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8970-84. [PMID: 26506089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) transmits signals from cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and is activated in allergic airway disease. We are developing phosphopeptide mimetics targeting the SH2 domain of STAT6 to block recruitment to phosphotyrosine residues on IL-4 or IL-13 receptors and subsequent Tyr641 phosphorylation to inhibit the expression of genes contributing to asthma. Structure-affinity relationship studies showed that phosphopeptides based on Tyr631 from IL-4Rα bind with weak affinity to STAT6, whereas replacing the pY+3 residue with simple aryl and alkyl amides resulted in affinities in the mid to low nM range. A set of phosphatase-stable, cell-permeable prodrug analogues inhibited cytokine-stimulated STAT6 phosphorylation in both Beas-2B human airway cells and primary mouse T-lymphocytes at concentrations as low as 100 nM. IL-13-stimulated expression of CCL26 (eotaxin-3) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating that targeting the SH2 domain blocks both phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ankur Dhanik
- The Department of Computer Science, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77251, United States
| | - Lydia Kavraki
- The Department of Computer Science, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77251, United States
| | - David B Corry
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology, The Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Jing X, Cheng W, Wang S, Li P, He L. Resveratrol induces cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer MGC803 cells via the PTEN-regulated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:472-8. [PMID: 26530632 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that is extracted from Polygonum cuspidatum and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous data have shown that resveratrol inhibits the growth of human gastric cancer. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and trypan blue assays showed that resveratrol significantly decreased the survival rate of MGC803 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Our flow cytometric analysis showed that resveratrol treatment arrested the cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, western blotting demonstrated that resveratrol decreased the protein expression of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β), cyclin D1, phospho-phosphatase and tensin homologue (p-PTEN), phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (p-PI3K), and phospho-protein kinase B (p-PKB/Akt). We also found that resveratrol inhibited the progression of the cell cycle in MGC803 cells by repressing p-PI3K and p-Akt expression. Meanwhile, resveratrol did not decrease the phosphorylation level of Akt when the PTEN gene expression was knocked down by an siRNA in the MGC803 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that resveratrol induced cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer MGC803 cells by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Li He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Shore AN, Chang CH, Kwon OJ, Weston MC, Zhang M, Xin L, Rosen JM. PTEN is required to maintain luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland. Dev Biol 2015; 409:202-217. [PMID: 26526198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the mammary gland, PTEN loss in luminal and basal epithelial cells results in differentiation defects and enhanced proliferation, leading to the formation of tumors with basal epithelial characteristics. In breast cancer, PTEN loss is associated with a hormone receptor-negative, basal-like subtype that is thought to originate in a luminal epithelial cell. Here, we show that luminal-specific PTEN loss results in distinct effects on epithelial homeostasis and mammary tumor formation. Luminal PTEN loss increased proliferation of hormone receptor-negative cells, thereby decreasing the percentage of hormone receptor-positive cells. Moreover, luminal PTEN loss led to misoriented cell divisions and mislocalization of cells to the intraluminal space of mammary ducts. Despite their elevated levels of activated AKT, Pten-null intraluminal cells showed increased levels of apoptosis. One year after Pten deletion, the ducts had cleared and no palpable mammary tumors were detected. These data establish PTEN as a critical regulator of luminal epithelial homeostasis and integrity in the adult mammary gland, and further show that luminal PTEN loss alone is not sufficient to promote the progression of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Shore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Chi-Hsuan Chang
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Weston
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cowley D, Pandya K, Khan I, Kerwin J, Owen K, Griner E. Registered report: A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26335297 PMCID: PMC4558562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology’ by Poliseno et al. (2010), published in Nature in 2010. The key experiments to be replicated are reported in Figures 1D, 2F-H, and 4A. In these experiments, Poliseno and colleagues report microRNAs miR-19b and miR-20a transcriptionally suppress both PTEN and PTENP1 in prostate cancer cells (Figure 1D; Poliseno et al., 2010). Decreased expression of PTEN and/or PTENP1 resulted in downregulated PTEN protein levels (Figure 2H), downregulation of both mRNAs (Figure 2G), and increased tumor cell proliferation (Figure 2F; Poliseno et al., 2010). Furthermore, overexpression of the PTEN 3′ UTR enhanced PTENP1 mRNA abundance limiting tumor cell proliferation, providing additional evidence for the co-regulation of PTEN and PTENP1 (Figure 4A; Poliseno et al., 2010). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published in eLife. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08245.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Cowley
- TransViragen Inc, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Israr Khan
- Alamo Laboratories Inc, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John Kerwin
- Biotechnology Research and Education Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kate Owen
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Erin Griner
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Twigger AJ, Hepworth AR, Lai CT, Chetwynd E, Stuebe AM, Blancafort P, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT, Kakulas F. Gene expression in breastmilk cells is associated with maternal and infant characteristics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12933. [PMID: 26255679 PMCID: PMC4542700 DOI: 10.1038/srep12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk is a rich source of cells with a heterogeneous composition comprising early-stage stem cells, progenitors and more differentiated cells. The gene expression profiles of these cells and their associations with characteristics of the breastfeeding mother and infant are poorly understood. This study investigated factors associated with the cellular dynamics of breastmilk and explored variations amongst women. Genes representing different breastmilk cell populations including mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells, progenitors, and multi-lineage stem cells showed great variation in expression. Stem cell markers ESRRB and CK5, myoepithelial marker CK14, and lactocyte marker α-lactalbumin were amongst the genes most highly expressed across all samples tested. Genes exerting similar functions, such as either stem cell regulation or milk production, were found to be closely associated. Infant gestational age at delivery and changes in maternal bra cup size between pre-pregnancy and postpartum lactation were associated with expression of genes controlling stemness as well as milk synthesis. Additional correlations were found between genes and dyad characteristics, which may explain abnormalities related to low breastmilk supply or preterm birth. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of breastmilk cell content and its changes associated with characteristics of the breastfeeding dyad that may reflect changing infant needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia-Jane Twigger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anna R Hepworth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ellen Chetwynd
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 3010 Old Clinic Building, CB 7615, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alison M Stuebe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 3010 Old Clinic Building, CB 7615, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA [2] Cancer Epigenetics group, the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, and School of Anatomy, Physiology and human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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42
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Hopkins BD, Parsons RE. Molecular pathways: intercellular PTEN and the potential of PTEN restoration therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:5379-83. [PMID: 25361917 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN) acts as a tumor suppressor through both PI3K-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Reduced PTEN activity has been shown to affect not only tumor cell proliferation and survival but also the microenvironmental context in which nascent tumors develop. As a result of the multifaceted tumor-suppressive roles of PTEN, tumors evolve by selecting for clones in which PTEN activity is lost. PTEN activity within tumors can be modulated in numerous ways, including direct mutation, epigenetic regulation, and amplification or mutation of other proteins that can regulate or degrade PTEN. These events functionally prevent PTEN protein from acting within tumor cells. Paracrine roles for PTEN gene products (exosomal PTEN and PTEN-L) have recently been identified, through which PTEN gene products produced in one cell are able to enter recipient cells and contribute to PTEN functions. In preclinical models purified PTEN-L protein was able to enter tumor xenografts and downregulate PI3K signaling as well as cause tumor cell death. Here, we review the role of PTEN as a multifaceted tumor suppressor and reflect upon the potential for PTEN restoration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hopkins
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ramon E Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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43
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Koo DH, Lee HJ, Ahn JH, Yoon DH, Kim SB, Gong G, Son BH, Ahn SH, Jung KH. Tau and PTEN status as predictive markers for response to trastuzumab and paclitaxel in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5865-71. [PMID: 25725586 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab (H)-based chemotherapy has been an active treatment in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer; however, primary and secondary resistance has occurred in patients treated with H alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Biomarkers were searched using tissue microarrays (TMA) in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer patients treated with H and paclitaxel (P) combination chemotherapy between October 2004 and August 2010. Tumor blocks were analyzed for Tau-protein, beta-III tubulin, PTEN, p27, IGF-1R, c-Met, CD44, and MUC4 by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. The correlation between IHC status and clinical outcomes, including response rate (RR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), was investigated. With a median follow-up duration of 54.1 months (range, 42.3-72.7 months), 65 patients received H + P chemotherapy. The overall RR was 63 % (95 % CI, 51-75 %), and seven patients (11 %) with high Tau/low PTEN expression showed a significantly lower RR (14 % vs. 69 %; p = 0.008). The odds ratio for a poor response was 13.3 (95 % CI, 1.5-119.0; p = 0.020). In addition, patients with high Tau/low PTEN showed a trend of poor survival in terms of PFS (6.6 months vs. 9.6 months, p = 0.052). Subsequent multivariate analysis showed that high Tau/low PTEN (hazard ratio [HR] 2.40, 95 % CI, 1.06-5.47; p = 0.037) was the poor prognostic factor independently associated with PFS after adjusting for possible confounding factors such as recurrence/metastasis, age, performance status, visceral metastasis, and hormone receptor status. High Tau-protein and low PTEN expression showed a significant association with poor response to H + P chemotherapy in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoe Koo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
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Abstract
Most recent investigations into cancer etiology have identified a key role played by epigenetics. Specifically, aberrant DNA and histone modifications which silence tumor suppressor genes or promote oncogenes have been demonstrated in multiple cancer models. While the role of epigenetics in several solid tumor cancers such as colorectal cancer are well established, there is emerging evidence that epigenetics also plays a critical role in breast and prostate cancer. In breast cancer, DNA methylation profiles have been linked to hormone receptor status and tumor progression. Similarly in prostate cancer, epigenetic patterns have been associated with androgen receptor status and response to therapy. The regulation of key receptor pathways and activities which affect clinical therapy treatment options by epigenetics renders this field high priority for elucidating mechanisms and potential targets. A new set of methylation arrays are now available to screen epigenetic changes and provide the cutting-edge tools needed to perform such investigations. The role of nutritional interventions affecting epigenetic changes particularly holds promise. Ultimately, determining the causes and outcomes from epigenetic changes will inform translational applications for utilization as biomarkers for risk and prognosis as well as candidates for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Wu
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianna Sarkissyan
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaydutt V. Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding Author Contact Information: Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. Tele: 323-563-4853. Fax: 323-563-4859 ;
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Yoo BH, Zagryazhskaya A, Li Y, Koomson A, Khan IA, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Rosen KV. Upregulation of ATG3 contributes to autophagy induced by the detachment of intestinal epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix, but promotes autophagy-independent apoptosis of the attached cells. Autophagy 2015; 11:1230-46. [PMID: 26061804 PMCID: PMC4590629 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1056968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Detachment of nonmalignant intestinal epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM) triggers their growth arrest and, ultimately, apoptosis. In contrast, colorectal cancer cells can grow without attachment to the ECM. This ability is critical for their malignant potential. We found previously that detachment-induced growth arrest of nonmalignant intestinal epithelial cells is driven by their detachment-triggered autophagy, and that RAS, a major oncogene, promotes growth of detached cells by blocking such autophagy. In an effort to identify the mechanisms of detachment-induced autophagy and growth arrest of nonmalignant cells we found here that detachment of these cells causes upregulation of ATG3 and that ATG3 upregulation contributes to autophagy and growth arrest of detached cells. We also observed that when ATG3 expression is artificially increased in the attached cells, ATG3 promotes neither autophagy nor growth arrest but triggers their apoptosis. ATG3 upregulation likely promotes autophagy of the detached but not that of the attached cells because detachment-dependent autophagy requires other detachment-induced events, such as the upregulation of ATG7. We further observed that those few adherent cells that do not die by apoptosis induced by ATG3 become resistant to apoptosis caused by cell detachment, a property that is critical for the ability of normal epithelial cells to become malignant. We conclude that cell-ECM adhesion can switch ATG3 functions: when upregulated in detached cells in the context of other autophagy-promoting events, ATG3 contributes to autophagy. However, when overexpressed in the adherent cells, in the circumstances not favoring autophagy, ATG3 triggers apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Hoon Yoo
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Anna Zagryazhskaya
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Yongling Li
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Ananda Koomson
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Iman Aftab Khan
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
| | | | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine & Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kirill V Rosen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, NS Canada
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46
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Yoo BH, Masson O, Li Y, Khan IA, Gowda PS, Rosen KV. Anoikis of colon carcinoma cells triggered by β-catenin loss can be enhanced by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 antagonists. Oncogene 2014; 34:4939-51. [PMID: 25531320 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix causes their apoptosis, a phenomenon called anoikis. By contrast, carcinoma cells are anoikis-resistant, and this resistance is thought to be critical for tumor progression. Many oncogenes trigger not only anti- but also pr-apoptotic signals. The proapoptotic events represent an aspect of a phenomenon called oncogenic stress, which acts as a safeguard mechanism blocking tumor initiation. In cells that become malignant, oncogene-induced antiapoptotic signals outbalance the proapoptotic ones. It is now thought that treatments blocking the antiapoptotic events but preserving the proapoptotic signals can be particularly effective in killing tumor cells. Whether or not oncogenes induce any proanoikis signals that can be used for enhancing the efficiency of approaches aimed at triggering anoikis of cancer cells has never been explored. β-Catenin is a major oncoprotein that is often activated in colorectal cancer and promotes tumor progression via mechanisms that are understood only in part. We found here that β-catenin triggers both anti- and proanoikis signals in colon cancer cells. We observed that the antianoikis signals prevail and the cells become anoikis-resistant. We further established that one proanoikis signal in these cells is triggered by β-catenin-induced downregulation of an apoptosis inhibitor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and subsequent reduction of the activity of a transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), a mediator of TNFR1 signaling. We also found that the effect of β-catenin on TNFR1 requires the presence of transcription factor TCF1, a β-catenin effector. We demonstrated that ablation of β-catenin in colon cancer cells triggers their anoikis and that this anoikis is enhanced even further if low TNFR1 or NF-κB activity is artificially preserved in the β-catenin-deprived cells. Thus, inhibition of TNFR1 or NF-κB activity can be expected to enhance the efficiency of approaches aimed at blocking β-catenin-driven anoikis resistance of colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Yoo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - O Masson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - Y Li
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - I A Khan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - P S Gowda
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
| | - K V Rosen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Haifax, NS, Canada
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47
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Marin-Valencia I, Guerrini R, Gleeson JG. Pathogenetic mechanisms of focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2014; 55:970-8. [PMID: 24861491 PMCID: PMC4107035 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) constitute a prevalent cause of intractable epilepsy in children, and is one of the leading conditions requiring epilepsy surgery. Despite recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of these conditions, the pathogenetic mechanisms of FCDs remain largely unknown. The purpose if this work is to review the molecular underpinnings of FCDs and to highlight potential therapeutic targets. A systematic review of the literature regarding the histologic, molecular, and electrophysiologic aspects of FCDs was conducted. Disruption of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling comprises a common pathway underlying the structural and electrical disturbances of some FCDs. Other mechanisms such as viral infections, prematurity, head trauma, and brain tumors are also posited. mTOR inhibitors (i.e., rapamycin) have shown positive results on seizure management in animal models and in a small cohort of patients with FCD. Encouraging progress has been achieved on the molecular and electrophysiologic basis of constitutive cells in the dysplastic tissue. Despite the promising results of mTOR inhibitors, large-scale randomized trials are in need to evaluate their efficacy and side effects, along with additional mechanistic studies for the development of novel, molecular-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Marin-Valencia
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Zhou Z, Deng H, Yan W, Luo M, Tu W, Xia Y, He J, Han P, Fu Y, Tian D. AEG-1 promotes anoikis resistance and orientation chemotaxis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100372. [PMID: 24941119 PMCID: PMC4062488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis contributes to the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Anoikis resistance and orientation chemotaxis are two important and sequential events in tumor cell metastasis. The process of tumor metastasis is known to be regulated by AEG-1, an important oncogene that plays a critical role in tumor metastasis, though the effects of this oncogene on anoikis resistance and orientation chemotaxis in HCC cells are currently unknown. To directly assess the role of AEG-1 in these processes, we up-regulated AEG-1 expression via exogenous transfection in SMMC-7721 cells, which express low endogenous levels of AEG-1; and down-regulated AEG-1 expression via siRNA-mediated knockdown in MHCC-97H and HCC-LM3 cells, which express high endogenous levels of AEG-1. Our data directly demonstrate that AEG-1 promotes cell growth as assessed by cell proliferation/viability and cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, the prevention of anoikis by AEG-1 correlates with decreased activation of caspase-3. AEG-1-dependent anoikis resistance is activated via the PI3K/Akt pathway and is characterized by the regulation of Bcl-2 and Bad. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reverses the AEG-1 dependent effects on Akt phosphorylation, Bcl-2 expression and anoikis resistance. AEG-1 also promotes orientation chemotaxis of suspension-cultured cells towards supernatant from Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HPMECs). Our results show that AEG-1 activates the expression of the metastasis-associated chemokine receptor CXCR4, and that its ligand, CXCL12, is secreted by HPMECs. Furthermore, the CXCR4 antoagonist AMD3100 decreases AEG-1-induced orientation chemotaxis. These results define a pathway by which AEG-1 regulates anoikis resistance and orientation chemotaxis during HCC cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De'an Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Shi Y, Wang J, Chandarlapaty S, Cross J, Thompson C, Rosen N, Jiang X. PTEN is a protein tyrosine phosphatase for IRS1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:522-7. [PMID: 24814346 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological function of the PTEN tumor suppressor is mainly attributed to its lipid phosphatase activity. This study demonstrates that mammalian PTEN is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that selectively dephosphorylates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), a mediator of insulin and IGF signals. IGF signaling was defective in cells lacking NEDD4, a PTEN ubiquitin ligase, whereas AKT activation triggered by EGF or serum was unimpaired. Defective IGF signaling caused by NEDD4 deletion, including phosphorylation of IRS1 and AKT, was rescued by PTEN ablation. We demonstrate the nature of PTEN as an IRS1 phosphatase by direct biochemical analysis and cellular reconstitution, showing that NEDD4 supports insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and is required for the proliferation of IGF1 receptor-dependent but not EGF receptor-dependent tumor cells. Thus, PTEN is a protein phosphatase for IRS1, and its antagonism by NEDD4 promotes signaling by IGF and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shi
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Junru Wang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Cross
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Craig Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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50
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Vural HC. PCR-SSCP-DNA Sequencing Method in DetectingPTENGene Mutation and its Significance in Human Breast Cancer in Turkish Populations. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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