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Hayashi AM, Misaki T, Yoshida S, Tokutake H, Aruga T, Yoda K, Kenmochi E, Saito K, Togashi M, Nakano M, Maejima M, Amemiya R, Sakuma A, Nakazawa Y, Takagi K, Tsukada A, Yamada K. Retinoic acid stimulates transcription of the rat SHARP-2 gene via multiple pathways. J Biochem 2021; 170:427-434. [PMID: 33964145 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the enhancer of split- and hairy-related protein (SHARP) family, SHARP-1 and SHARP-2, are basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressors and belong to the clock genes. In this study, an effect of retinoic acid (RA) on the SHARP family gene expression in the differentiated cells was examined. RA rapidly and temporarily induced the SHARP-2 mRNA expression in hepatic H4IIE cells. Then, whether the SHARP-2 mRNA expression is altered by dexamethasone (Dex), insulin, and the combination of RA and Dex or RA and insulin was examined. Dex had different effects on the expression of SHARP-2 mRNA in the presence or absence of RA. Then, the molecular mechanisms were investigated using inhibitors of various signaling molecules. The RA-induction of SHARP-2 mRNA level was mainly inhibited by LY294002, staurosporine, and actinomycin D, respectively. Finally, whether RA acts on the transcriptional regulatory region of the SHARP-2 gene was analyzed using luciferase reporter gene assay. At least two RA-responsive regions were mapped at the nucleotide sequences between -3,700 and -1,600 of the SHARP-2 gene. In addition, this effect was dependent on the retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor. Thus, we conclude that RA stimulated transcription of the SHARP-2 gene via multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Authors Momoko Hayashi
- Matsumoto University Graduate School of Health Science, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Toshinori Misaki
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Sena Yoshida
- Matsumoto University Graduate School of Health Science, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokutake
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aruga
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoda
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Eri Kenmochi
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Kaho Saito
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Momo Togashi
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Mai Nakano
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Misato Maejima
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Riho Amemiya
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Airi Sakuma
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Yuuri Nakazawa
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takagi
- Matsumoto University Graduate School of Health Science, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsukada
- Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamada
- Matsumoto University Graduate School of Health Science, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Health Science, Matsumoto University, 2095-1 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-1295, Japan
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Seneviratne D, Ma J, Tan X, Kwon YK, Muhammad E, Melhem M, DeFrances MC, Zarnegar R. Genomic instability causes HGF gene activation in colon cancer cells, promoting their resistance to necroptosis. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:181-191.e17. [PMID: 25244939 PMCID: PMC4274190 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genomic instability promotes colon carcinogenesis by inducing genetic mutations, but not all genes affected by this process have been identified. We investigated whether genomic instability in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells produces mutations in the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene. METHODS We genotyped human colon tumor tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues collected from 78 patients University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences and Veterans Hospital, along with 40 human CRC and adjacent nontumor tissues in a commercial microarray. We used cellular, biochemical, and molecular biological techniques to investigate the factors that alter HGF signaling in colon cancer cells and its effects on cell proliferation and survival. RESULTS All tested human CRC tissues and cell lines that had microsatellite instability contained truncations in the regulatory deoxyadenosine tract element (DATE) of the HGF gene promoter. The DATE was unstable in 14% (11 of 78) of CRC samples; DATE truncation was also polymorphic and detected in 18% (13 of 78) of CRC tissues without microsatellite instability. In CRC cell lines, truncation of DATE activated expression of HGF, resulting in its autocrine signaling via MET. This promoted cell proliferation and resistance to necroptosis. HGF signaling via MET reduced levels of the receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1, a mediator of necroptosis, in CRC cells. High levels of HGF protein in tumor tissues correlated with lower levels of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 and shorter survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-one percent of CRC samples contain alterations in the DATE of the HGF promoter. Disruption of the DATE increased HGF signaling via MET and reduced levels of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 and CRC cell necroptosis. DATE alteration might be used as a prognostic factor or to select patients for therapies that target HGF-MET signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza Zarnegar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Yamaguchi M. The transcriptional regulation of regucalcin gene expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 346:147-71. [PMID: 20936536 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin, which is discovered as a calcium-binding protein in 1978, has been shown to play a multifunctional role in many tissues and cell types; regucalcin has been proposed to play a pivotal role in keeping cell homeostasis and function for cell response. Regucalcin and its gene are identified in over 15 species consisting of regucalcin family. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of regucalcin from vertebrate species is highly conserved in their coding region with throughout evolution. The regucalcin gene is localized on the chromosome X in rat and human. The organization of rat regucalcin gene consists of seven exons and six introns and several consensus regulatory elements exist upstream of the 5'-flanking region. AP-1, NF1-A1, RGPR-p117, β-catenin, and other factors have been found to be a transcription factor in the enhancement of regucalcin gene promoter activity. The transcription activity of regucalcin gene is enhanced through intracellular signaling factors that are mediated through the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nuclear protein in vitro. Regucalcin mRNA and its protein are markedly expressed in the liver and kidney cortex of rats. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the liver and kidney cortex has been shown to stimulate by hormonal factors (including calcium, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, insulin, estrogen, and dexamethasone) in vivo. Regucalcin mRNA expression is enhanced in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy of rats in vivo. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the liver and kidney with pathophysiological state has been shown to suppress, suggesting an involvement of regucalcin in disease. Liver regucalcin expression is down-regulated in tumor cells, suggesting a suppressive role in the development of carcinogenesis. Liver regucalcin is markedly released into the serum of rats with chemically induced liver injury in vivo. Serum regucalcin has a potential sensitivity as a specific biochemical marker of chronic liver injury with hepatitis. Regucalcin has been proposed to be a key molecule in cellular regulation and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 1305 WMRB, Atlanta, GA 30322-0001, USA.
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Wojcik EJ, Sharifpoor S, Miller NA, Wright TG, Watering R, Tremblay EA, Swan K, Mueller CR, Elliott BE. A novel activating function of c-Src and Stat3 on HGF transcription in mammary carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:2773-84. [PMID: 16407846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the normal breast, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is primarily expressed by stromal cells, and stimulates in a paracrine manner epithelial cells expressing the HGF receptor (Met). In invasive human breast carcinomas, HGF and Met are frequently overexpressed, possibly establishing an autocrine HGF/Met loop that promotes tumour cell invasion. However, the mechanisms leading to autocrine HGF expression in carcinoma cells are not known. We previously demonstrated a cooperative effect between c-Src and Stat3 in the activation of HGF transcription in mammary carcinoma cells. The present report defines a novel Stat3 consensus site at nt -95 in the HGF promoter that is highly conserved in human and mouse, and is required for c-Src and Stat3 to activate HGF transcription in breast epithelial cells. DNA-protein binding studies demonstrated high affinity binding of a Stat3-containing complex to the nt -95 site. Endogenous Stat3 binding to this region of the HGF promoter in carcinoma cells expressing HGF was demonstrated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, coexpression of Stat3 and activated c-Src caused increased expression of endogenous HGF mRNA and protein and marked cell scattering in breast epithelial cells. Our results delineate a novel c-Src/Stat3-dependent mechanism that regulates HGF promoter activity, and is linked to transformation of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wojcik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Lukomska B, Dluzniewska J, Polanski J, Zajac L. Expression of growth factors in colorectal carcinoma liver metastatic patients after partial hepatectomy: implications for a functional role in cell proliferation during liver regeneration. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2004; 3 Suppl 1:S52. [PMID: 14960204 PMCID: PMC2410267 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-2-s1-s52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lukomska
- Surgical Research and Transplantology Department, Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Joanna Dluzniewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Jerzy Polanski
- 2nd Department of Surgery, 2nd Medical Faculty, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Zajac
- 2nd Department of Surgery, 2nd Medical Faculty, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Xing X, Manske PR, Li YY, Lou J. The role of Sp1 in BMP2-up-regulated Erk2 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:116-24. [PMID: 12220517 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) is an important component in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. We previously showed that Erk is involved in BMP2-induced osteoblastic differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells and Erk protein level is up-regulated under BMP2 inducement. In this study, the molecular mechanism which mediates the regulation of Erk2 gene expression by BMP2 was investigated. Northern blot analysis showed that increased Erk2 protein level under BMP2 inducement comes from BMP2-up-regulated Erk2 mRNA expression. Transient transfection of C3H10T1/2 cells with a series of constructs of mouse Erk2 promoter demonstrated that a sequence residing between nucleotides -148 and -42 of Erk2 promoter is one of the BMP2-responsive elements. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays indicated that BMP2 treatment on C3H10T1/2 cells increases the binding of cell nuclear extracts to the -148/-42 fragment, and the BMP2-enhanced binding bands are Sp1 transcription factors. A series of competitive gel shift assays and the supershift assays by mapping oligos S1-S5 on -148/-42 identified that S1 and S5 contain Sp1 binding sites, which are located, respectively, in -147/-139 and -51/-46. Transfection studies showed that the addition of the Sp1 binding inhibitor mithramycin or mutation of the Sp1 site residing at -147/-139 abolishes the up-regulation of Erk2 promoter activity induced by BMP2. All these results indicate that Sp1-mediated transcription is one of the mechanisms, which is responsible for BMP2-induced up-regulation of Erk2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Odenthal M, Spindler MP, Kerres K, Dienes HP, Schirmacher P. A critical function of USF in HGF gene regulation mediated by a multiconsensus region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:374-82. [PMID: 12163028 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor implicated in a variety of tissue restructuring processes. Since HGF acts as a highly potent mitogen, HGF expression is suggested to be under a well-defined transcriptional control. The 5' sequence of the HGF gene clusters a set of several binding sites for transcription factors in a so-called multiconsensus region (MCR) located between -230 and 260. Our studies demonstrate that a NF1-like element and the E(1)-box of the MCR form the main complexes with nuclear proteins and that both are involved in transcriptional silencing of the HGF gene in non-HGF expressing cell types. The E(1)-box of two tandemly arranged E-boxes was shown to be a binding site of high affinity interacting with the upstream stimulatory factor (USF). While recombinant expression of a wild-type USF did not affect gene expression, a USF variant lacking the DNA binding domain restored the MCR mediated transcriptional repression. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that USF is a central factor of cell-type specific HGF regulation, acting in cooperation with additional regulatory proteins as a bivalent mediator of transcriptional activation or repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Odenthal
- Institute for Pathology, University Clinic of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, Koeln, Germany.
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Jiang JG, Johnson C, Zarnegar R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of the hepatocyte growth factor gene promoter via a novel composite cis-acting element. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25049-56. [PMID: 11292834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101611200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleotropic polypeptide that can function as a morphogen, motogen, mitogen, angiogen, carcinogen, and tumor suppressor, depending on the target cell and tissue. Previous studies from our laboratory using transgenic mice have shown that HGF gene expression is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level and that the upstream regulatory elements are crucial for the control of HGF gene transcription. In the present study, we have identified and characterized one of these elements as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-responsive element. This regulatory element was localized at -246 to -233 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site of the HGF gene promoter having the sequence GGGCCAGGTGACCT. Gel mobility shift and supershift assays demonstrated that this cis-acting element strongly binds to the PPARgamma isoforms as well as to chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor, a member of the orphan nuclear receptor subfamily. Mutational analysis and gel mobility band shift assays indicated that the binding site is an inverted repeat of the AGGTCA motif with two spacers (inverted repeat 2 configuration) and that the two spacers are important for PPARgamma binding. This binding site overlaps with functional binding sites for activating protein-2, nuclear factor 1, and upstream stimulatory factor, and together, they constitute a multifunctional composite binding site through which these different transcription factors exert their regulatory effects on HGF promoter activity. Functional assays revealed that PPARgamma, with its ligand, 15-deoxy-prostaglandin J2, strongly stimulates HGF promoter activity. On the other hand, nuclear factor 1, activating protein-2, and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor transcription factors repress the stimulatory action of PPARgamma by competing with PPARgamma for their overlapping binding sites. Furthermore, for the first time, our studies demonstrate that the PPARgamma ligand, 15-deoxy-prostaglandin J2, induces endogenous HGF mRNA and protein expression in fibroblasts in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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