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Viscoelastic hydrogels for interrogating pancreatic cancer-stromal cell interactions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100576. [PMID: 36816601 PMCID: PMC9929443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to direct cancer cell growth, migration, invasion into the matrix and distant tissues, and to confer drug resistance in cancer cells. While multiple aspects of TME have been studied using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo tumor models and engineering tools, the influence of matrix viscoelasticity on pancreatic cancer cells and its associated TME remained largely unexplored. In this contribution, we synthesized a new biomimetic hydrogel with tunable matrix stiffness and stress-relaxation for evaluating the effect of matrix viscoelasticity on pancreatic cancer cell (PCC) behaviors in vitro. Using three simple monomers and Reverse-Addition Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (RAFT) polymerization, we synthesized a new class of phenylboronic acid containing polymers (e.g., poly (OEGA-s-HEAA-s-APBA) or PEHA). Norbornene group was conjugated to HEAA on PEHA via carbic anhydride, affording a new NB and BA dually modified polymer - PEHNBA amenable for orthogonal thiol-norbornene photopolymerization and boronate ester diol complexation. The former provided tunable matrix elasticity, while the latter gave rise to matrix stress-relaxation (or viscoelasticity). The new PEHNBA polymers were shown to be highly cytocompatible for in situ encapsulation of PCCs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that hydrogels with high stress-relaxation promoted spreading of CAFs, which in turns promoted PCC proliferation and spreading in the viscoelastic matrix. Compared with elastic matrix, viscoelastic gels upregulated the secretion of soluble proteins known to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study demonstrated the crucial influence of matrix viscoelasticity on pancreatic cancer cell fate and provided an engineered viscoelastic matrix for future studies and applications related to TME.
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2
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Ooko E, Kadioglu O, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Pharmacogenomic Characterization and Isobologram Analysis of the Combination of Ascorbic Acid and Curcumin-Two Main Metabolites of Curcuma longa-in Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28210221 PMCID: PMC5288649 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa has long been used in China and India as anti-inflammatory agent to treat a wide variety of conditions and also as a spice for varied curry preparations. The chemoprofile of the Curcuma species exhibits the presence of varied phytochemicals with curcumin being present in all three species but AA only being shown in C. longa. This study explored the effect of a curcumin/AA combination on human cancer cell lines. The curcumin/AA combination was assessed by isobologram analysis using the Loewe additivity drug interaction model. The drug combination showed additive cytotoxicity toward CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cell lines and HCT116p53+/+ and HCT116p53−/− colon cancer cell line, while the glioblastoma cell lines U87MG and U87MG.ΔEGFR showed additive to supra-additive cytotoxicity. Gene expression profiles predicting sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells to induction by curcumin and AA were determined by microarray-based mRNA expressions, COMPARE, and hierarchical cluster analyses. Numerous genes involved in transcription (TFAM, TCERG1, RGS13, C11orf31), apoptosis-regulation (CRADD, CDK7, CDK19, CD81, TOM1) signal transduction (NR1D2, HMGN1, ABCA1, DE4ND4B, TRIM27) DNA repair (TOPBP1, RPA2), mRNA metabolism (RBBP4, HNRNPR, SRSF4, NR2F2, PDK1, TGM2), and transporter genes (ABCA1) correlated with cellular responsiveness to curcumin and ascorbic acid. In conclusion, this study shows the effect of the curcumin/AA combination and identifies several candidate genes that may regulate the response of varied cancer cells to curcumin and AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Ooko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry J Greten
- Heidelberg School of Chinese MedicineHeidelberg, Germany; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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Blanco-Calvo M, Tarrío N, Reboredo M, Haz-Conde M, García J, Quindós M, Figueroa A, Antón-Aparicio L, Calvo L, Valladares-Ayerbes M. Circulating levels of GDF15, MMP7 and miR-200c as a poor prognostic signature in gastric cancer. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1187-202. [PMID: 24947260 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze GDF15 and MMP7 serum levels as diagnostic biomarkers in gastric cancer (GC) patients. The prognostic value of GDF15 and MMP7 serum levels in combination with miR-200c blood expression was also analyzed. PATIENTS & METHODS Fifty-two GC and 23 control samples were included. RESULTS GDF15 and MMP7 proved to be powerful tools for GC diagnosis. Increased levels of GDF15 and MMP7 were associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the combination of high levels of GDF15, MMP7 and miR-200c was an independent predictor for death (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION GDF15 and MMP7 serum levels have diagnostic value for GC. The combination marker formed by GDF15, MMP7 and miR-200c is indicative of adverse evolution in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Blanco-Calvo
- Translational Cancer Research Department, La Coruña Biomedical Research Institute (INIBIC), Carretera del Pasaje s/n, 15006 La Coruña, Spain
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Xiong L, Edwards CK, Zhou L. The biological function and clinical utilization of CD147 in human diseases: a review of the current scientific literature. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17411-41. [PMID: 25268615 PMCID: PMC4227170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD147 or EMMPRIN is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily in humans. It is widely expressed in human tumors and plays a central role in the progression of many cancers by stimulating the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines. CD147 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor cell migration, metastasis and differentiation, especially under hypoxic conditions. CD147 is also important to many organ systems. This review will provide a detailed overview of the discovery, characterization, molecular structure, diverse biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of CD147 in human physiological and pathological processes. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated the potential application of CD147 not only as a phenotypic marker of activated regulatory T cells but also as a potential diagnostic marker for early-stage disease. Moreover, CD147 is recognized as an effective therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other cancers, and exciting clinical progress has been made in HCC treatment using CD147-directed monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Carl K Edwards
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Research (NKLB), West China Hospital and Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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5
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Dai L, Bai L, Lu Y, Xu Z, Reiss K, Del Valle L, Kaleeba J, Toole BP, Parsons C, Qin Z. Emmprin and KSHV: new partners in viral cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:161-6. [PMID: 23743354 PMCID: PMC3728473 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emmprin regulates pathogenic elements relevant to virus-associated cancer, including drug resistance and cell migration. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) regulates emmprin expression and downstream function. Targeting emmprin or its interacting proteins at the cell surface suppresses KSHV-induced pathogenesis in vitro.
Emmprin (CD147; basigin) is a multifunctional glycoprotein expressed at higher levels by cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Through direct effects within tumor cells and promotion of tumor–stroma interactions, emmprin participates in induction of tumor cell invasiveness, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Although its contribution to cancer progression has been widely studied, the role of emmprin in viral oncogenesis still remains largely unclear, and only a small body of available literature implicates emmprin-associated mechanisms in viral pathogenesis and tumorigenesis. We summarize these data in this review, focusing on the role of emmprin in pathogenesis associated with the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a common etiology for cancers arising in the setting of immune suppression. We also discuss future directions for mechanistic studies exploring roles for emmprin in viral cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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6
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Hsu SY, Cheng YC, Shih HY, Ouyang P. Dissection of the role of Pinin in the development of zebrafish posterior pharyngeal cartilages. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:127-40. [PMID: 22527695 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pinin (pnn), a nuclear and desmosome-associated SR-like protein, has been shown to play multiple roles in cell adhesion, transcriptional regulation, pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export. Because of the embryonic lethality of pnn-deficient mice, here we used the zebrafish system to investigate the functions of pnn. Injection of morpholinos into zebrafish to knockdown pnn resulted in several obvious defective phenotypes, such as short body, bent tail, and an abnormal pigment distribution pattern. Moreover, aberrant blood vessels were formed, and most of the cartilages of pharyngeal arches 3-7 were reduced or absent in pnn morphants. Because most of the defects manifested by pnn morphants were reminiscent of those caused by neural crest-derived malformation, we investigated the effects of pnn deficiency in the development of neural crest cells. Neural crest induction and specification were not hindered in pnn morphants, as revealed by normal expression of early crest gene, sox10. However, the morphants failed to express the pre-chondrogenic gene, sox9a, in cells populating the posterior pharyngeal arches. The reduction of chondrogenic precursors resulted from inhibition of proliferation of neural crest cells, but not from cellular apoptosis or premature differentiation in pnn morphants. These data demonstrate that pnn is essential for the maintenance of subsets of neural crest cells, and that in zebrafish proper cranial neural crest proliferation and differentiation are dependent on pnn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Hsu
- Transgenic Mouse Core-Lab, Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University Medical College, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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Hübner S, Efthymiadis A. Recent progress in histochemistry and cell biology. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:403-57. [PMID: 22366957 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies published in Histochemistry and Cell Biology in the year 2011 represent once more a manifest of established and newly sophisticated techniques being exploited to put tissue- and cell type-specific molecules into a functional context. The review is therefore the Histochemistry and Cell Biology's yearly intention to provide interested readers appropriate summaries of investigations touching the areas of tissue biology, developmental biology, the biology of the immune system, stem cell research, the biology of subcellular compartments, in order to put the message of such studies into natural scientific-/human- and also pathological-relevant correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hübner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Hsu SY, Chen YJ, Ouyang P. Pnn and SR family proteins are differentially expressed in mouse central nervous system. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:361-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Joo JH, Taxter TJ, Munguba GC, Kim YH, Dhaduvai K, Dunn NW, Degan WJ, Oh SP, Sugrue SP. Pinin modulates expression of an intestinal homeobox gene, Cdx2, and plays an essential role for small intestinal morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 345:191-203. [PMID: 20637749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pinin (Pnn), a nuclear speckle-associated protein, has been shown to function in maintenance of epithelial integrity through altering expression of several key adhesion molecules. Here we demonstrate that Pnn plays a crucial role in small intestinal development by influencing expression of an intestinal homeobox gene, Cdx2. Conditional inactivation of Pnn within intestinal epithelia resulted in significant downregulation of a caudal type homeobox gene, Cdx2, leading to obvious villus dysmorphogenesis and severely disrupted epithelial differentiation. Additionally, in Pnn-deficient small intestine, we observed upregulated Tcf/Lef reporter activity, as well as misregulated expression/distribution of beta-catenin and Tcf4. Since regulation of Cdx gene expression has been closely linked to Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity, we explored the possibility of Pnn's interaction with beta-catenin, a major effector of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Pnn, together with its interaction partner CtBP2, a transcriptional co-repressor, was in a complex with beta-catenin. Moreover, both of these proteins were found to be recruited to the proximal promoter area of Cdx2. Taken together, our results suggest that Pnn is essential for tight regulation of Wnt signaling and Cdx2 expression during small intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Joo JH, Kim YH, Dunn NW, Sugrue SP. Disruption of mouse corneal epithelial differentiation by conditional inactivation of pnn. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1927-34. [PMID: 19892877 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the specific role of Pinin (Pnn) in the development of anterior eye segment in mice. Methods. Conditional inactivation of Pnn in the developing surface eye ectoderm and lens was achieved by creating mice carrying a Pnn null and a floxed Pnn allele as well as a Pax6-Cre-GFP (Le-Cre) transgene. The resultant Pnn conditional knockout mice were examined by histologic and immunohistologic approaches. Results. Pax6-Cre-mediated deletion of Pnn resulted in severe malformation of lens placode-derived tissues including cornea and lens. Pnn mutant corneal epithelium displayed the loss of corneal epithelial identity and appeared epidermis-like, downregulating corneal keratins (K12) and ectopically expressing epidermal keratins (K10 and K14). This squamous metaplasia of Pnn mutant corneal epithelium closely correlated with significantly elevated beta-catenin activity and Tcf4 level. In addition, Pnn inactivation also led to misregulated level of p68 RNA helicase in mutant corneal epithelium. Conclusions. These data indicate that Pnn plays an essential role in modulating and/or orchestrating the activities of major developmental factors of anterior eye segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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11
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Corepressor CtBP and nuclear speckle protein Pnn/DRS differentially modulate transcription and splicing of the E-cadherin gene. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 28:1584-95. [PMID: 18086895 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00421-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CtBP is a transcriptional corepressor with tumorigenic potential that targets the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin. Pnn/DRS (Pnn) is a "nuclear speckle"-associated protein involved in mRNA processing as well as transcriptional regulation of E-cadherin via its binding to CtBP. Here, we show that CtBP can recruit Pnn to CtBP-associated complexes, resulting in Pnn-dependent chromatin remodeling at the E-cadherin promoter. In addition, CtBP and Pnn can differentially modulate E-cadherin mRNA splicing, with polymerase II serving as an interface in this event. Therefore, the Pnn/CtBP functional interplay represents a novel mechanism linking the corepressor CtBP and Pnn to the transcription-coupled mRNA splicing of a major tumor suppressor gene. Our findings implicate the existence of the molecular switches involved in tumorigenesis, which coordinate promoter-specific events and mRNA processing, by serving as bridging elements between the regulatory complexes both at gene promoters and within the mRNA splicing machineries.
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12
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Joo JH, Lee YJ, Munguba GC, Park S, Taxter TJ, Elsagga MY, Jackson MR, Oh SP, Sugrue SP. Role of Pinin in neural crest, dorsal dermis, and axial skeleton development and its involvement in the regulation of Tcf/Lef activity in mice. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2147-58. [PMID: 17654715 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have indicated multiple and varied roles of Pinin (PNN); however, its in vivo role has remained unclear. Here, we report generation of null, hypomorphic, and conditional Pnn alleles in mice. We found that insertion of neomycin-resistance cassette into intron 8 of Pnn resulted in knockdown of Pnn, which allowed Pnn hypomorphic embryos to pass peri-implantation lethality. These mice are lethal at perinatal stages and exhibit defects in the cardiac outflow tract, palate, dorsal dermis, and axial skeleton. Since Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been shown to play pivotal roles in development of all tissues affected by Pnn hypomorphism, we speculated that Pnn may affect Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Supporting this view, we demonstrate abnormal activities of Tcf/Lef transcription factors, and alterations in beta-catenin level in multiple Pnn hypomorphic tissues. Taken together, the data suggest that Pnn plays important roles during mouse development through its involvement in regulation of Tcf/Lef activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Koga K, Nabeshima K, Aoki M, Kawakami T, Hamasaki M, Toole BP, Nakayama J, Iwasaki H. Emmprin in epithelioid sarcoma: Expression in tumor cell membrane and stimulation of MMP-2 production in tumor-associated fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:761-8. [PMID: 17131322 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Emmprin is a transmembrane glycoprotein on tumor cells that stimulates peritumoral fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Emmprin and the induced MMPs play a crucial role in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis of human carcinomas (epithelial malignancies). However, only a few reports have addressed its role in soft tissue sarcomas. This study investigated the expression and role of emmprin in epithelioid sarcoma (ES). Immunoblot studies of 2 ES cell lines showed that they express emmprin, and co-culture of these ES cells with dermal fibroblasts resulted in upregulation of gelatinase A (MMP-2) in fibroblasts, as shown by zymography, immunoblotting and enzyme immunoassay. This stimulation was inhibited by an activity-blocking peptide against emmprin and by antiemmprin antibody. In addition, in vivo, immunohistochemical analysis of 5 ES patient cases demonstrated diffuse emmprin expression in ES cells and MMP-2 expression in both ES cells and peritumoral fibroblasts. The histopathological findings that peritumoral fibroblasts that were not in direct contact with emmprin-expressing ES cells exhibit upregulated MMP-2 prompted us to look for a soluble form of emmprin. Soluble full-length emmprin released from ES cells was detected in conditioned medium and shown to stimulate MMP-2 production by fibroblasts. In conclusion, emmprin is expressed in ES in both membrane and soluble forms and stimulates MMP-2 production via interactions with fibroblasts, which could play a role in ES cell stromal invasion and vascular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nabeshima K, Iwasaki H, Koga K, Hojo H, Suzumiya J, Kikuchi M. Emmprin (basigin/CD147): Matrix metalloproteinase modulator and multifunctional cell recognition molecule that plays a critical role in cancer progression. Pathol Int 2006; 56:359-67. [PMID: 16792544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emmprin (basigin, CD147) is a cell surface glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells and stimulates adjacent fibroblasts or tumor cells to produce matrix metalloproteinases. Moreover, it has recently been shown that emmprin also stimulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hyaluronan, which leads to angiogenesis and anchorage-independent growth/multidrug resistance, respectively. These findings have made emmprin an important molecule in tumor progression and, thus, more attractive as a target for antitumor treatment. However, other functions of emmprin, including as an activator of T cells, a chaperone for monocarboxylate transporters, a receptor for cyclophilin A and a neural recognition molecule, are also being identified in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, it is essential to develop specific means to control particular functions of emmprin, for which elucidation of each mechanism is crucial. This review will discuss the role of emmprin in tumor progression and recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of diverse phenomena regulated by emmprin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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15
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Leu S, Ouyang P. Spatial and temporal expression profile of pinin during mouse development. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:620-31. [PMID: 16427813 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SR and SR-related proteins are splicing regulators involved in embryo development in higher eukaryotes. Pinin (pnn) is a SR-related protein localized both within nucleus (nuclear pnn, N-pnn) and at desmosome of cell-cell adhesion (desmosomal pnn, D-pnn). To investigate the role of N-pnn during mouse embryo development, we examined its expression using Northern blot, real-time RT-PCR, immunostaining, and mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH). On Northern analysis, we found that pnn transcripts display two isoforms due to differential utilization of a polyadenylation site and exhibit tissue variable expression with thymus expressing the highest level of transcript. Analysis of pnn expression in mouse embryos revealed N-pnn expression starts from the two-cell fertilized egg stage and is ubiquitous at all stages of mouse embryo development. ISH and immunofluorescent staining of embryo cryosections showed that during mouse organogenesis N-pnn is highly expressed in the central nervous system. In addition, N-pnn was found to be highly expressed in the cortex region of thymus of E16.5 mouse fetus, while in the hepatic primordium the strongest signals were noted at E13.5 to E14.5 rather than at later developmental stages. Finally, we also determined the subcellular location of N-pnn in photoreceptors of developing retinas by nuclear fractionation and Western blot, because N-pnn displayed a staining pattern reminiscent of cytoplasmic proteins at the microscopic level in developing mouse photoreceptors. Altogether these data provide us with a better understanding of the tissue distribution pattern of N-pnn during mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chang Gung University Medical College, Taiwan, ROC
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Chiu Y, Ouyang P. Loss of Pnn expression attenuates expression levels of SR family splicing factors and modulates alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:663-71. [PMID: 16430868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SR and SR-related proteins have been implicated as trans-acting factors that play an important role in splice selection and are involved at specific stages of spliceosome formation. A well-established property of SR protein splicing factors is their ability to influence selection of alternative splice sites in a concentration-dependent manner. Identification of molecules that regulate SR family protein expression is therefore of vital importance in RNA biology. Here we report that depletion of Pnn expression, a SR-related protein with functions involved in pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export, induces reduced expression of a subset of cellular proteins, especially that of SR family proteins, including SC35, SRm300, SRp55, and SRp40, but not that of other nuclear proteins, such as p53, Mdm2, and ki67. Knocking down Pnn expression was achieved in vitro by siRNA transfection. Expression levels of SR and SR-related proteins in Pnn-depleted cells as compared to those in control cells were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot with specific antibodies. In addition, we also demonstrate that loss of Pnn expression could modulate splice site selection of model reporter gene in vivo. Our finding is significant in terms of regulation of SR protein cellular concentration because it reveals that Pnn may play a general role in the control of the cellular amount of family SR proteins through down-regulation of its own expression, thereby providing us with a better understanding of the cellular mechanism by which Pnn fulfills its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chiu
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Chang Gung University Medical College, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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Gabison EE, Hoang-Xuan T, Mauviel A, Menashi S. EMMPRIN/CD147, an MMP modulator in cancer, development and tissue repair. Biochimie 2005; 87:361-8. [PMID: 15781323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role in normal tissue remodeling and disease, they regulate tumor microenvironment and their expression is increased in most human cancers. Targeting their activity remains a major challenge. Their production and activation is tightly regulated by complex mechanisms that include cytokines and growth factors, cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. The observations of increased MMP level at the epithelio-stromal interface led to the identification of EMMPRIN/CD147, a membrane spanning molecule highly expressed in tumor cells, that stimulates MMPs production in neighboring fibroblasts. Later studies have shown that EMMPRIN can also induce MMP in the same population of cells. Elevated EMMPRIN level was detected in numerous malignant tumors and has been correlated with tumor progression in experimental and clinical conditions. The presence and modulation of EMMPRIN in normal tissues associated with increased MMP expression suggests that this EMMPRIN-mediated MMP induction could be a common mechanism in non-tumoral physiological and/or pathological situations. Targeting EMMPRIN in cancer and other pathological conditions such arthritis and ulceration appears a promising future therapeutic strategy, but requires a better understanding of its mode of action and regulation. Potential regulators that influence EMMPRIN level and its MMP inducing activity include growth factors, hormones, glycosylation and membrane shedding. This review will discuss the recent findings concerning these diverse regulatory mechanisms in various physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Gabison
- Unité 532 Inserm, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris 75010, France
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Alpatov R, Munguba GC, Caton P, Joo JH, Shi Y, Shi Y, Hunt ME, Sugrue SP. Nuclear speckle-associated protein Pnn/DRS binds to the transcriptional corepressor CtBP and relieves CtBP-mediated repression of the E-cadherin gene. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 24:10223-35. [PMID: 15542832 PMCID: PMC529029 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.23.10223-10235.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that pinin/DRS (Pnn), a 140-kDa nuclear and cell adhesion-related phosphoprotein, is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and modulation of the activity of multiple tumor suppressor genes. In the nucleus Pnn is concentrated in the "nuclear speckles," zones of accumulation of transcriptional and mRNA splicing factors, where Pnn is involved in mRNA processing. Alternatively, other roles of Pnn in gene regulation have not yet been established. By utilizing in vitro pull-down assays, in vivo interaction studies, and immunofluorescence in combination with overexpression and RNA interference experiments, we present evidence that Pnn interacts with the known transcriptional corepressor CtBP1. As a consequence of this interaction Pnn was capable of relieving the CtBP1-mediated repression of E-cadherin promoter activity. Our results suggest that the interaction of Pnn with the corepressor CtBP1 may modulate repression of transcription by CtBP1. This interaction may reflect the existence of coupling factors involved in CtBP-mediated transcriptional regulation and mRNA processing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Alpatov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0235, USA
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Toole BP. Emmprin (CD147), a cell surface regulator of matrix metalloproteinase production and function. Curr Top Dev Biol 2003; 54:371-89. [PMID: 12696756 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(03)54015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Toole
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Li C, Lin RI, Lai MC, Ouyang P, Tarn WY. Nuclear Pnn/DRS protein binds to spliced mRNPs and participates in mRNA processing and export via interaction with RNPS1. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7363-76. [PMID: 14517304 PMCID: PMC230327 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.20.7363-7376.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pnn/DRS protein is associated with desmosomes and colocalizes with splicing factors in nuclear speckled domains. The potential interaction of Pnn with RNPS1, a pre-mRNA splicing factor and a component of the exon-exon junction complex, prompted us to examine whether Pnn is involved in nuclear mRNA processing. By immunoprecipitation, we found that Pnn associates preferentially with mRNAs produced by splicing in vitro. Oligonucleotide-directed RNase H digestion revealed that Pnn binds to the spliced mRNAs at a position immediately upstream of the splice junction and that 5' splice site utilization determines the location of Pnn in alternatively spliced mRNAs. Immunoprecipitation further showed that Pnn binds to mRNAs produced from a transiently expressed reporter in vivo. Although associated with mRNPs, Pnn is a nuclear-restricted protein as revealed by the heterokaryon assay. Overexpression of an amino-terminal fragment of Pnn that directly interacts with RNPS1 leads to blockage of pre-mRNA splicing. However, although suppression of Pnn expression shows no significant effect on splicing, it leads to some extent to nuclear accumulation of bulk poly(A)(+) RNA. Therefore, Pnn may participate, via its interaction with RNPS1, in mRNA metabolism in the nucleus, including mRNA splicing and export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Abstract
NSAID-activated gene (NAG-1) protein was previously identified by microarray analysis as overexpressed in prostate cancer. We performed immunohistochemistry and Western blotting with rabbit polyclonal antibody to NAG-1. Fifty malignant tissues obtained by prostatectomy and 17 from benign cases were compiled. Cancer tissues included Gleason scores 3-6, 3+4=7, 4+3=7, and 8-10. Cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) consistently showed moderate to intense cytoplasmic reactivity in 95-100% of epithelium. Staining intensity inversely correlated with preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p=0.005) and with grade, averaging (on a 0 to 3+ scale) 2.3 +/- 0.6 in the lowest grade group, and 2.0 +/- 0.7, 1.8 +/- 0.5, and 1.5 +/- 0.6 as grade increased (p<0.008). Benign epithelium was nonreactive in 17/17 specimens without concurrent cancer (11 transurethral resection, 2 enucleation, 4 biopsy, p=0.002). Decreased NAG-1 expression in higher grade cancer is consistent with its known antitumorigenic, proapoptotic activities.
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Lafont R, Dinan L. Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: an update. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2003. [PMID: 15844229 DOI: 10.1673/031.003.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are widely used as inducers for gene-switch systems based on insect ecdysteroid receptors and genes of interest placed under the control of ecdysteroid-response elements. We review here these systems, which are currently mainly used in vitro with cultured cells in order to analyse the role of a wide array of genes, but which are expected to represent the basis for future gene therapy strategies. Such developments raise several questions, which are addressed in detail. First, the metabolic fate of ecdysteroids in mammals, including humans, is only poorly known, and the rapid catabolism of ecdysteroids may impede their use as in vivo inducers. A second set of questions arose in fact much earlier with the pioneering "heterophylic" studies of Burdette in the early sixties on the pharmacological effects of ecdysteroids on mammals. These and subsequent studies showed a wide range of effects, most of them being beneficial for the organism (e.g. hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic, anabolic). These effects are reviewed and critically analysed, and some hypotheses are proposed to explain the putative mechanisms involved. All of these pharmacological effects have led to the development of a wide array of ecdysteroid-containing preparations, which are primarily used for their anabolic and/or "adaptogenic" properties on humans (or horses or dogs). In the same way, increasing numbers of patents have been deposited concerning various beneficial effects of ecdysteroids in many medical or cosmetic domains, which make ecdysteroids very attractive candidates for several practical uses. It may be questioned whether all these pharmacological actions are compatible with the development of ecdysteroid-inducible gene switches for gene therapy, and also if ecdysteroids should be classified among doping substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lafont
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative, Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Evolution, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier No 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Wang P, Lou PJ, Leu S, Ouyang P. Modulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vivo by pinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:448-55. [PMID: 12051732 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in a large macromolecular RNA-protein complex called the spliceosome. The major components of the spliceosome include snRNP and SR proteins. We have previously identified an SR-like protein, pinin (pnn), which is localized not only in nuclear speckles but also at desmosomes. The nuclear localization of pnn is a dynamic process because pnn can be found not only with SR proteins in nuclear speckles but also in enlarged speckles following treatment of cells with RNA polymerase II inhibitors, DRB, and alpha-amanitin. Using adenovirus E1A and chimeric calcitonin/dhfr construct as a splicing reporter minigene in combination with cellular cotransfection, we found that pnn regulates alternative 5(') and 3(') splicing by decreasing the use of distal splice sites. Regulation of 5(') splice site choice was also observed for RNPS1, a general splicing activator that interacts with pnn in nuclear speckles. The regulatory ability of pnn in alternative 5(') splicing, however, was not dependent on RNPS1 and a pnn mutant, lacking the N-terminal 167 amino acids, behaved like a dominant negative species, inhibiting E1A splicing when applied in splicing assays. These results provide direct evidence that pnn functions as a splicing regulator which participates itself directly in splicing reaction or indirectly via other components of splicing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Chang Gung University, Medical College, Guei-San, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, ROC
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Wan Y, Liu X, Kirschner MW. The anaphase-promoting complex mediates TGF-beta signaling by targeting SnoN for destruction. Mol Cell 2001; 8:1027-39. [PMID: 11741538 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of SnoN is thought to play an important role in the transactivation of TGF-beta responsive genes. We demonstrate that the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a ubiquitin ligase required for the destruction of SnoN and that the APC pathway is regulated by TGF-beta. The destruction box of SnoN is required for its degradation in response to TGF-beta signaling. Furthermore, the APC activator CDH1 and Smad3 synergistically regulate SnoN degradation. Under these circumstances, CDH1 forms a quaternary complex with SnoN, Smad3, and APC. These results suggest that APC(CDH1) and SnoN play central roles in regulating growth through the TGF-beta signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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