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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Survivin, an antiapoptotic gene inhibited by p53, is overexpressed in human cancers and correlates with chemotherapy resistance. Here, we investigated the mutual regulatory mechanism between MGMT (O-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase) and survivin. METHODS This study used standard techniques for protein and messenger RNA levels, promoter activity, protein-DNA interaction, cell viability, and correlative animal model. RESULTS O-benzylguanine (BG), a potent inhibitor of MGMT (a DNA repair protein), curtails the expression of survivin in pancreatic cancer. Silencing MGMT by small interfering RNA down-regulates survivin transcription. p53 inhibition enhances MGMT and survivin expressions. When p53 was silenced, BG-induced MGMT inhibition was not associated with the down-regulation of survivin, underscoring the regulatory role of p53 in the MGMT-survivin axis. O-benzylguanine inhibits survivin and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) at messenger RNA and protein levels in PANC-1 and L3.6pl cells and decreases survivin promoter activity via increased p53 recruitment to the survivin promoter. In orthotopic pancreatic xenografts established in nude mice, BG ± gemcitabine (GEM) decrease survivin expression in tumor tissue; protein levels and immunohistochemistry show significant decrease in survivin and PCNA levels, which correlate with increased sensitivity to GEM. CONCLUSIONS MGMT inhibition is associated with decrease in survivin expression and increase in sensitivity to GEM in pancreatic cancer.
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Zerrouqi A, Pyrzynska B, Brat DJ, Van Meir EG. P14ARF suppresses tumor-induced thrombosis by regulating the tissue factor pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1371-8. [PMID: 24398474 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How necrotic areas develop in tumors is incompletely understood but can impact progression. Recent findings suggest that the formation of vascular microthrombi contributes to tumor necrosis, prompting investigation of coagulation cascades. Here, we report that loss of tumor suppressor P14ARF can contribute to activating the clotting cascade in glioblastoma. P14ARF transcriptionally upregulated TFPI2, a Kunitz-type serine protease in the tissue factor pathway that inhibits the initiation of thrombosis reactions. P14ARF activation in tumor cells delayed their ability to activate plasma clotting. Mechanistically, P14ARF activated the TFPI2 promoter in a p53-independent manner that relied upon c-JUN, SP1, and JNK activity. Taken together, our results identify the critical signaling pathways activated by P14ARF to prevent vascular microthrombosis triggered by glioma cells. Stimulation of this pathway might be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce aggressive phenotypes associated with necrotic tumors, including glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad Zerrouqi
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Knockdown of TFPI-2 promotes migration and invasion of glioma cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guo H, Lin Y, Zhang H, Liu J, Zhang N, Li Y, Kong D, Tang Q, Ma D. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 was repressed by CpG hypermethylation through inhibition of KLF6 binding in highly invasive breast cancer cells. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:110. [PMID: 18053161 PMCID: PMC2233638 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is a matrix-associated Kunitz inhibitor that inhibits plasmin and trypsin-mediated activation of zymogen matrix metalloproteinases involved in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Here, we have investigated the mechanism of DNA methylation on the repression of TFPI-2 in breast cancer cell lines. Results We found that both protein and mRNA of TFPI-2 could not be detected in highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435. To further investigate the mechanism of TFPI-2 repression in breast cancer cells, 1.5 Kb TFPI-2 promoter was cloned, and several genetic variations were detected, but the promoter luciferase activities were not affected by the point mutation in the promoter region and the phenomena was further supported by deleted mutation. Scan mutation and informatics analysis identified a potential KLF6 binding site in TFPI-2 promoter. It was revealed, by bisulfite modified sequence, that the CpG island in TFPI-2 promoter region was hypermethylated in MDA-MB-435. Finally, using EMSA and ChIP assay, we demonstrated that the CpG methylation in the binding site of KLF-6 diminished the binding of KLF6 to TFPI-2 promoter. Conclusion In this study, we found that the CpG islands in TFPI-2 promoter was hypermethylated in highly invasive breast cancer cell line, and DNA methylation in the entire promoter region caused TFPI-2 repression by inducing inactive chromatin structure and decreasing KLF6 binding to its DNA binding sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yixueyuan Road 138#, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Steiner FA, Hong JA, Fischette MR, Beer DG, Guo ZS, Chen GA, Weiser TS, Kassis ES, Nguyen DM, Lee S, Trepel JB, Schrump DS. Sequential 5-Aza 2'-deoxycytidine/depsipeptide FK228 treatment induces tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI-2) expression in cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:2386-97. [PMID: 15735751 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
cDNA arrays were used to examine gene induction in CALU-6 and H460 lung cancer cells mediated by sequential 5-aza 2'-deoxycytidine (DAC)/depsipeptide FK228 (DP) exposure in order to identify translational end points for clinical trials evaluating these agents. In both cell lines, sequential DAC/DP treatment induced expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), an inhibitor of Factor VII: tissue factor signal transduction known to diminish the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. TFPI-2 expression was diminished or absent in 16 of 32 cell lines established from thoracic malignancies. Sequential DAC/DP treatment induced TFPI-2 in cancer cells deficient for TFPI-2 expression in the basal state. Promoter methylation coincided with loss of TFPI-2 expression in a number of cancer lines. TFPI-2 promoter methylation was observed in one of five pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and seven of seven esophageal adenocarcinomas, but not corresponding normal tissues. DP enhanced acetylation of TFPI-2-associated histones in CALU-6 cells. DP or PDBU, alone, induced TFPI-2 expression in cancer cells deficient for TFPI-2 expression in the absence of promoter methylation. In these cells, DP-mediated TFPI-2 induction was abrogated by calphostin. Induction of TFPI-2 by distinct, yet cooperative mechanisms involving chromatin remodeling and PKC signaling strengthens the preclinical rationale for sequential administration of DNA demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors in cancer patients. Furthermore, induction of TFPI-2 may be a useful surrogate marker of treatment response in individuals receiving sequential DAC/DP infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico A Steiner
- Thoracic Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201, USA
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Sato N, Parker AR, Fukushima N, Miyagi Y, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Eshleman JR, Goggins M. Epigenetic inactivation of TFPI-2 as a common mechanism associated with growth and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2005; 24:850-8. [PMID: 15592528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using microarrays, we have screened for genes reactivated by drugs that modify epigenetic mechanisms in pancreatic cancer cells. One of the genes identified was tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI-2), which encodes for a broad-spectrum serine proteinase inhibitor that negatively regulates the extracellular matrix degradation, an essential step in tumor invasion and metastasis. We therefore investigated the expression and methylation patterns of the TFPI-2 gene in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and determined its role in tumor growth and invasion. In contrast to its abundant expression in normal pancreas, TFPI-2 mRNA was undetectable in a high fraction of pancreatic cancer cell lines and in primary pancreatic ductal neoplasms (IPMNs). Loss of TFPI-2 expression was associated with aberrant hypermethylation of its promoter CpG island. Treatment with the phorbol ester (PMA), known to stimulate the TFPI-2 promoter activity, augmented the TFPI-2 expression in cell lines with unmethylated or partially methylated TFPI-2, but failed to induce the expression in cell lines that harbored fully methylated TFPI-2. Aberrant methylation of TFPI-2 was also detected in 73% (102/140) of pancreatic cancer xenografts and primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas, was more likely in older patients with pancreatic cancer, and significantly correlated with progression of IPMNs (P=0.0002). Restored expression of the TFPI-2 gene in nonexpressing pancreatic cancer cells resulted in marked suppression in their proliferation, migration, and invasive potential in vitro. We thus conclude that epigenetic inactivation of TFPI-2 is a common mechanism that contributes to the aggressive phenotype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kong D, Ma D, Bai H, Guo H, Cai X, Mo W, Tang Q, Song H. Expression and characterization of the first kunitz domain of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1179-85. [PMID: 15504338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (hTFPI-2) has three kunitz domains whose structure and function are unclear. We expressed the first kunitz domain of hTFPI-2 (hTFPI-2/KD1) as functional form using Pichia pastoris and investigated its characterization. In the experiment, hTFPI-2/KD1 can inhibit the plasmin and trypsin activity and the Ki of hTFPI-2/KD1 towards plasmin (30nM) and trypsin (50nM) was determined as 10 and 7nM by chromogenic assay, respectively. hTFPI-2/KD1 can also inhibit MMP-2 and MMP-9 in zymography assay. Furthermore, the inhibition of hTFPI-2/KD1 to the Matrigel invasion by HT-1080 is also described. This study provides a method to produce hTFPI-2/KD1 efficiently and some insights into the structure and function of hTFPI-2/KD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Dong'an Road 130#, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Konduri SD, Srivenugopal KS, Yanamandra N, Dinh DH, Olivero WC, Gujrati M, Foster DC, Kisiel W, Ali-Osman F, Kondraganti S, Lakka SS, Rao JS. Promoter methylation and silencing of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), a gene encoding an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in human glioma cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:4509-16. [PMID: 12881707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), a broad range proteinase inhibitor, is highly expressed in low-grade gliomas, but, minimally expressed or undetectable in glioblastomas, and that enforced expression of this gene reduces the invasive properties of brain tumor cells. Here, we examined the role of promoter methylation as a mechanism of TFPI-2 gene silencing. In SNB19 glioblastoma cells, which have no detectable TFPI-2 expression, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, induced TFPI-2 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Trichostatin A (TSA), the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, by itself, was more efficient than 5aC in inducing TFPI-2 transcripts, and the 5aC+TSA combination resulted in highly synergistic reactivation of the gene, both at the transcript and protein levels. In Hs683 glioma cells, which express the TFPI-2 gene at high levels, transfection of the in vitro methylated TFPI-2 promoter constructs resulted in a drastic decrease of promoter activity compared to the unmethylated promoter. Further, the methylation-specific PCR in SNB19 and Hs683 cells showed that TFPI-2 gene repression was closely linked with methylation of the CpG islands in the promoter. Finally, the chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in SNB19 cells showed that the methylated and repressed TFPI-2 promoter was associated with the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), and that gene reactivation resulted in the loss of MeCP2 from this site. These studies establish that TFPI-2 is transcriptionally silenced through promoter methylation in SNB19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi D Konduri
- Program of Cancer Biology, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Kast C, Wang M, Whiteway M. The ERK/MAPK pathway regulates the activity of the human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 promoter. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6787-94. [PMID: 12446683 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210935200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (hTFPI-2) is a 32-kDa serine protease inhibitor that is associated with the extracellular matrix. hTFPI-2 inhibits several extracellular matrix-degrading serine proteases and may play a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. To study the signal transduction pathway that leads to the activation of the hTFPI-2, we cloned the potential promoter region of this gene adjacent to a heterologous luciferase reporter gene. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced the luciferase reporter gene in HEK293 cells and other epithelial cell lines, such as the human lung carcinoma A549 cells, the breast carcinoma MCF7 cells, and the cervical HeLa cells. This PMA induction was blocked with the MEK inhibitor UO126, suggesting that the PMA-induced activation of the hTFPI-2 promoter is mediated through MEK. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor induced the luciferase reporter gene in HeLa cells. Cotransfection of the luciferase construct with constitutively active components of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in EcR-293 cells lead to a 7- to 92-fold induction of the luciferase reporter gene, indicating that regulation of hTFPI-2 is mediated through this pathway. A series of luciferase reporter gene constructs with progressive deletions of the 5'-flanking region suggested that the minimal basal promoter activity is located between nucleotide positions -89 and -384, whereas the minimal inducible promoter activity is between -89 and -222. We have used the computer program TFSEARCH and mutagenesis to analyze potential transcription factor binding sites. We identified an AP-1 binding site at nucleotide position -156 (inducible activity) and a Sp1 site at position -134 (basal activity) as potential cis-acting elements in the promoter region of the hTFPI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kast
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada.
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Hubé F, Reverdiau P, Iochmann S, Cherpi-Antar C, Gruel Y. Characterization and functional analysis of TFPI-2 gene promoter in a human choriocarcinoma cell line. Thromb Res 2003; 109:207-15. [PMID: 12757776 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(03)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway Inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is associated with extracellular matrices and plays a major role in cell migration and tumor invasion. In this study, a 4.8-kb human TFPI-2 gene 5'-flanking region was isolated, cloned and sequenced. Promoter region analysis revealed a high GC-rich content without canonical TATA and CAAT boxes but three transcription initiation sites were identified. Moreover, several putative binding sites for transcription factors were identified (MyoD, LYF1, NF-Y, GATA, oct-1, AP-1, Sp1, NF1, NF-kappa B and egr-1). To characterize potential regulatory regions, TFPI-2/luciferase promoter constructs were then transfected in human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. We first showed that the minimal TFPI-2 promoter is located between -166 and -111 from the translation start site. Luciferase activity consistently increased after stimulation of JEG-3 cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate indicating that NF1, NF-kappa B and egr-1/Sp1 binding sites are crucial in inducible TFPI-2 expression. Moreover, negative regulatory regions included AP-1 binding sites were identified. This study demonstrates that the TFPI-2 gene promoter exhibits typical features of a housekeeping gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hubé
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase, EA 3249 Cellules Hématopoíétiques, Hémostase et Greffe, IFR 120 Faculté de Médecine, 2 bis Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France
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