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Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Desroys du Roure P, Lajoie L, Mallavialle A, Alcaraz LB, Mansouri H, Fenou L, Garambois V, Rubio L, David T, Coenon L, Boissière-Michot F, Chateau MC, Ngo G, Jarlier M, Villalba M, Martineau P, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Gros L, Liaudet-Coopman E. A novel Fc-engineered cathepsin D-targeting antibody enhances ADCC, triggers tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, and improves treatment with paclitaxel and enzalutamide in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007135. [PMID: 38290768 PMCID: PMC10828871 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) prognosis is poor. Immunotherapies to enhance the antibody-induced natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity are emerging for TNBC that is frequently immunogenic. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a tumor cell-associated extracellular protein with protumor activity and a poor prognosis marker in TNBC, is a prime target for antibody-based therapy to induce NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This study investigated whether Fc-engineered anti-cath-D antibodies trigger ADCC, their impact on antitumor efficacy and tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and their relevance for combinatory therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D expression and localization in TNBC samples were evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The binding of human anti-cath-D F1M1 and Fc-engineered antibody variants, which enhance (F1M1-Fc+) or prevent (F1M1-Fc-) affinity for CD16a, to secreted human and murine cath-D was analyzed by ELISA, and to CD16a by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. NK cell activation was investigated by flow cytometry, and ADCC by lactate dehydrogenase release. The antitumor efficacy of F1M1 Fc-variants was investigated using TNBC cell xenografts in nude mice. NK cell recruitment, activation, and cytotoxic activity were analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts by immunophenotyping and RT-qPCR. NK cells were depleted using an anti-asialo GM1 antibody. F1M1-Fc+ antitumor effect was assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and TNBC SUM159 cell xenografts, and in combination with paclitaxel or enzalutamide. RESULTS Cath-D expression on the TNBC cell surface could be exploited to induce ADCC. F1M1 Fc-variants recognized human and mouse cath-D. F1M1-Fc+ activated NK cells in vitro and induced ADCC against TNBC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts more efficiently than F1M1. F1M1-Fc- was ineffective. In the MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft model, F1M1-Fc+ displayed higher antitumor activity than F1M1, whereas F1M1-Fc- was less effective, reflecting the importance of Fc-dependent mechanisms in vivo. F1M1-Fc+ triggered tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, activation and cytotoxic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts. NK cell depletion impaired F1M1-Fc+ antitumor activity, demonstrating their key role. F1M1-Fc+ inhibited growth of SUM159 cell xenografts and two TNBC PDXs. In combination therapy, F1M1-Fc+ improved paclitaxel and enzalutamide therapeutic efficacy without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS F1M1-Fc+ is a promising immunotherapy for TNBC that could be combined with conventional regimens, including chemotherapy or antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- Université de Tours - INRAE, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), équipe BioMédicaments Anti-Parasitaires (BioMAP), Tours, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Fenou
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Rubio
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
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David T, Mallavialle A, Faget J, Alcaraz LB, Lapierre M, du Roure PD, Laurent-Matha V, Mansouri H, Jarlier M, Martineau P, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Liaudet-Coopman E. Anti-cathepsin D immunotherapy triggers both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38030588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poorer outcomes than other breast cancers (BC), including HER2+ BC. Cathepsin D (CathD) is a poor prognosis marker overproduced by BC cells, hypersecreted in the tumour microenvironment with tumour-promoting activity. Here, we characterized the immunomodulatory activity of the anti-CathD antibody F1 and its improved Fab-aglycosylated version (F1M1) in immunocompetent mouse models of TNBC (C57BL/6 mice harbouring E0771 cell grafts) and HER2-amplified BC (BALB/c mice harbouring TUBO cell grafts). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CathD expression was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence, and antibody binding to CathD by ELISA. Antibody anti-tumour efficacy was investigated in mouse models. Immune cell recruitment and activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping, and RT-qPCR. KEY RESULTS F1 and F1M1 antibodies remodelled the tumour immune landscape. Both antibodies promoted innate antitumour immunity by preventing the recruitment of immunosuppressive M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and by activating natural killer cells in the tumour microenvironment of both models. This translated into a reduction of T-cell exhaustion markers in the tumour microenvironment that could be locally supported by enhanced activation of anti-tumour antigen-presenting cell (M1-polarized TAMs and cDC1 cells) functions. Both antibodies inhibited tumour growth in the highly-immunogenic E0771 model, but only marginally in the immune-excluded TUBO model, indicating that anti-CathD immunotherapy is more relevant for BC with a high immune cell infiltrate, as often observed in TNBC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Anti-CathD antibody-based therapy triggers the anti-tumour innate and adaptive immunity in preclinical models of BC and is a promising immunotherapy for immunogenic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Faget
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Paris, France
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Alcaraz LB, Mallavialle A, David T, Derocq D, Delolme F, Dieryckx C, Mollevi C, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Du Manoir S, Huesgen PF, Overall CM, Tartare-Deckert S, Jacot W, Chardès T, Guiu S, Roger P, Reinheckel T, Moali C, Liaudet-Coopman E. A 9-kDa matricellular SPARC fragment released by cathepsin D exhibits pro-tumor activity in the triple-negative breast cancer microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6173-6192. [PMID: 33995652 PMCID: PMC8120228 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Alternative therapeutic strategies based on tumor-specific molecular targets are urgently needed for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is a marker of poor prognosis in TNBC and a tumor-specific extracellular target for antibody-based therapy. The identification of cath-D substrates is crucial for the mechanistic understanding of its role in the TNBC microenvironment and future therapeutic developments. Methods: The cath-D substrate repertoire was investigated by N-Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS)-based degradome analysis in a co-culture assay of TNBC cells and breast fibroblasts. Substrates were validated by amino-terminal oriented mass spectrometry of substrates (ATOMS). Cath-D and SPARC expression in TNBC was examined using an online transcriptomic survival analysis, tissue micro-arrays, TNBC cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), human TNBC samples, and mammary tumors from MMTV-PyMT Ctsd-/-knock-out mice. The biological role of SPARC and its fragments in TNBC were studied using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis, gene expression knockdown, co-culture assays, western blot analysis, RT-quantitative PCR, adhesion assays, Transwell motility, trans-endothelial migration and invasion assays. Results: TAILS analysis showed that the matricellular protein SPARC is a substrate of extracellular cath-D. In vitro, cath-D induced limited proteolysis of SPARC C-terminal extracellular Ca2+ binding domain at acidic pH, leading to the production of SPARC fragments (34-, 27-, 16-, 9-, and 6-kDa). Similarly, cath-D secreted by TNBC cells cleaved fibroblast- and cancer cell-derived SPARC at the tumor pericellular acidic pH. SPARC cleavage also occurred in TNBC tumors. Among these fragments, only the 9-kDa SPARC fragment inhibited TNBC cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin, and stimulated their migration, endothelial transmigration, and invasion. Conclusions: Our study establishes a novel crosstalk between proteases and matricellular proteins in the tumor microenvironment through limited SPARC proteolysis, revealing a novel targetable 9-kDa bioactive SPARC fragment for new TNBC treatments. Our study will pave the way for the development of strategies for targeting bioactive fragments from matricellular proteins in TNBC.
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Jeger JL. Endosomes, lysosomes, and the role of endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis in cancer development. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9801-9810. [PMID: 33185829 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles crucial for the normal functioning of the eukaryotic cell. The primary function of endosomes relates to the transportation of extracellular material into the intracellular domain. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are primarily involved in the degradation of macromolecules. Endosomes and lysosomes interact through two distinct pathways: kiss-and-run and direct fusion. In addition to the internalization of particles, endosomes also play an important role in cell signaling and autophagy. Disruptions in either of these processes may contribute to cancer development. Lysosomal proteins, such as cathepsins, can play a role in both tumorigenesis and cancer cell apoptosis. Since endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis and signaling are important components of normal cellular growth and proliferation, proteins involved in these processes are attractive targets for cancer research and, potentially, therapeutics. This literature review provides an overview of the endocytic pathway, endolysosome formation, and the interplay between endosomal/lysosomal biogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Cathepsin D deficiency in mammary epithelium transiently stalls breast cancer by interference with mTORC1 signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5133. [PMID: 33046706 PMCID: PMC7552405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD) is a lysosomal protease and a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, the cells responsible for this association and the function of CTSD in cancer are still incompletely understood. By using a conditional CTSD knockout mouse crossed to the transgenic MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model we demonstrate that CTSD deficiency in the mammary epithelium, but not in myeloid cells, blocked tumor development in a cell-autonomous manner. We show that lack of CTSD impaired mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and induced reversible cellular quiescence. In line, CTSD-deficient tumors started to grow with a two-month delay and quiescent Ctsd-/- tumor cells re-started proliferation upon long-term culture. This was accompanied by rewiring of oncogenic gene expression and signaling pathways, while mTORC1 signaling remained permanently disabled in CTSD-deficient cells. Together, these studies reveal a tumor cell-autonomous effect of CTSD deficiency, and establish a pivotal role of this protease in the cellular response to oncogenic stimuli. The lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CTSD) is associated with breast cancer progression. Here the authors show that selective inactivation of CTSD in mammary epithelium delays tumor onset due to impaired mTORC1 signaling, but resumes malignant growth due to compensatory oncogenic pathways
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Tomasin R, Pascoal ACRF, Salvador MJ, Gomes-Marcondes MCC. Aloe vera and Honey Solution and Their Ethanolic Extraction Solution Could Act on Metastasis-Regulating Processes in Walker 256 Tumor Tissues In Vivo? Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1244-1252. [PMID: 32608289 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1784443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that both Aloe vera and honey have anticancer and nutrition properties, including the inhibition of metastasis. In order to evaluate the effect of a solution of Aloe vera and honey (A) and their ethanolic fraction (F) on metastasis-regulating processes in primary tumors, Wistar rats were subcutaneously implanted with Walker 256 tumors and treated with A and F (670 µl/kg by gavage, daily for 21 days). An analysis of the primary tumor tissues of these animals showed a decrease in N-cadherin expression in groups WA and WF, with a concomitant increase in E-cadherin expression in group WA compared to the control group. Cathepsin D activity was also decreased in the tumor tissues from groups WA and WF. In addition, the number of blood vessels and their diameter significantly reduced in tumor tissues from groups WA and WF compared to those from control group. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the samples A and F, suggested presence of molecules with verified antitumor activity, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, mannose, aloin A, aloin B, pinocembrin, chrysin, and kaempferol. These data showed that treatment with A and F could reduce the metastatic propensity of tumors by modulating neoangiogenesis and the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Tomasin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Cancer, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aislan Cristina Rheder Fagundes Pascoal
- Department of Plant Biology, PPGBTPB and PPGBCE, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Saúde de Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Department of Plant Biology, PPGBTPB and PPGBCE, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Cancer, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kang J, Yu Y, Jeong S, Lee H, Heo HJ, Park JJ, Na HS, Ko DS, Kim YH. Prognostic role of high cathepsin D expression in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920927838. [PMID: 32550865 PMCID: PMC7281710 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920927838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High cathepsin D has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer;
however, the results of many studies are controversial. Here, we assessed
the association between high cathepsin D levels and worse breast cancer
prognosis by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was used to search relevant literature in
PUBMED and EMBASE by September 2018. The meta-analysis was performed in
Review Manager 5.3 using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals
(CIs). Results: A total of 15,355 breast cancer patients from 26 eligible studies were
included in this meta-analysis. Significant associations between elevated
high cathepsin D and poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.61, 95% CI:
1.35–1.92, p < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (DFS)
(HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.31–2.18, p < 0.001) were observed.
In the subgroup analysis for DFS, high cathepsin D was significantly
associated with poor prognosis in node-positive patients (HR = 1.38, 95% CI:
1.25–1.71, p < 0.00001), node-negative patients
(HR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.39–2.27, p < 0.0001), early stage
patients (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.34–2.23, p < 0.0001), and
treated with chemotherapy patients (HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.21–2.12,
p < 0.001). Interestingly, patients treated with
tamoxifen had a low risk of relapse when their cathepsin D levels were high
(HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.98, p = 0.04) and a high risk of
relapse when their cathepsin D levels were low (HR = 1.50, 95% CI:
1.22–1.85, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that high expression levels of cathepsin D are
associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Based on our subgroup
analysis, we believe that cathepsin D can act as a marker for poor breast
cancer prognosis and also as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeuni Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Heo
- Departmment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jun Park
- Departemt of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Sik Ko
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Mansouri H, Alcaraz LB, Mollevi C, Mallavialle A, Jacot W, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Liaudet-Coopman E, Guiu S. Co-Expression of Androgen Receptor and Cathepsin D Defines a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subgroup with Poorer Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051244. [PMID: 32429078 PMCID: PMC7281089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group, the luminal androgen receptor subtype is characterized by expression of androgen receptor (AR) and lack of estrogen receptor and cytokeratin 5/6 expression. Cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced and hypersecreted by breast cancer (BC) cells and is a poor prognostic marker. We recently showed that in TNBC, Cath-D is a potential target for antibody-based therapy. This study evaluated the frequency of AR/Cath-D co-expression and its prognostic value in a large series of patients with non-metastatic TNBC. Methods: AR and Cath-D expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 147 non-metastatic TNBC. The threshold for AR positivity (AR+) was set at ≥1% of stained cells, and the threshold for Cath-D positivity (Cath-D+) was moderate/strong staining intensity. Lymphocyte density, macrophage infiltration, PD-L1 and programmed cell death (PD-1) expression were assessed. Results: Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade 1–2 and lymph node invasion were more frequent, while macrophage infiltration was less frequent in AR+/Cath-D+ tumors (62.7%). In multivariate analyses, higher tumor size, no adjuvant chemotherapy and AR/Cath-D co-expression were independent prognostic factors of worse overall survival. Conclusions: AR/Cath-D co-expression independently predicted overall survival. Patients with TNBC in which AR and Cath-D are co-expressed could be eligible for combinatory therapy with androgen antagonists and anti-Cath-D human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Lindsay B. Alcaraz
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- Biometry Department, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Florence Boissière-Michot
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Joelle Simony-Lafontaine
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pathology, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
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10
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Pateetin P, Pisitkun T, McGowan E, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Differential quantitative proteomics reveals key proteins related to phenotypic changes of breast cancer cells expressing progesterone receptor A. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105560. [PMID: 31809870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor isoforms A and B exert different biological effects in breast cancer cells. Alteration of PRA/PRB ratio is often observed during breast cancer progression. High PRA/PRB ratios in breast cancer patients are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis. While it is well accepted that PRA and PRB regulate different sets of genes, how the expression of PRA and PRB alters breast cancer proteomes has not been fully investigated. To directly investigate the effects of PR isoform expression on the breast cancer proteome, both in the presence and absence of progestin, PRA and PRB were independently stably expressed in T47DC42 PR-null breast cancer cells using a doxycycline (Dox)-regulated promoter. Dox induction dose-dependently increased PRA and PRB expression. Dox-induced PRA and PRB showed normal receptor localization and were transcriptionally active. Differential quantitative proteomic analysis by stable isotope dimethyl labeling was performed to quantitatively examine how PR isoforms altered global breast cancer proteomes. Cells expressing PRA in the absence of progestin were enriched in proteins involved in the TCA cycle and enriched in proteins involved in glycolysis in the presence of progestin, whilst cells expressing PRB in the absence and presence progestin were significantly enriched in proteins involved in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis pathways. This proteomic data revealed a link between PR isoform expression and alteration in cell metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The enrichment of proteins involved in the glycolytic pathway in breast cancer cells expressing PRA is consistent with stem cell-like properties, previously reported in PRA-rich breast cancer cells. Moreover, compared to liganded PRB, liganded PRA differentially upregulated proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, such as linker histone H1.2. Silencing H1.2 gene expression suppressed PRA-mediated cell proliferation and promoted G2/M and S phase entry of the cell cycle. Additionally, liganded PRA upregulated the expression of cathepsin D (CTSD) protease, whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Together, our data demonstrated that the expression of PRA or PRB dramatically and differentially altered breast cancer cell proteomes. These isoform-specific changes in the breast cancer proteome will help to explain the distinct phenotypic properties of breast cancer cells expressing different levels of PRA and PRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangwan Pateetin
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Systems Biology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Dheer D, Nicolas J, Shankar R. Cathepsin-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and other diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:130-151. [PMID: 30690054 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are an important category of enzymes that have attracted great attention for the delivery of drugs to improve the therapeutic outcome of a broad range of nanoscale drug delivery systems. These proteases can be utilized for instance through actuation of polymer-drug conjugates (e.g., triggering the drug release) to bypass limitations of many drug candidates. A substantial amount of work has been witnessed in the design and the evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems, especially based on the tetra-peptide sequence (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, GFLG) which has been extensively used as a spacer that can be cleaved in the presence of Cathepsin B. This Review Article will give an in-depth overview of the design and the biological evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems and their application in different pathologies including cancer before discussing Cathepsin B-cleavable prodrugs under clinical trials.
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12
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Vangala G, Imhoff FM, Squires CM, Cridge AG, Baird SK. Mesenchymal stem cell homing towards cancer cells is increased by enzyme activity of cathepsin D. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Cao Z, Li W, Liu R, Li X, Li H, Liu L, Chen Y, Lv C, Liu Y. pH- and enzyme-triggered drug release as an important process in the design of anti-tumor drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109340. [PMID: 31545284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to design a reasonable drug delivery system(DDS) for targeted release to overcome the potential toxicity and poor selectivity of anti-tumor drug. How a drug is released from a DDS is a critical issue that determines whether the DDS is designed successfully. We all know that the microenvironment of tumors is quite different from normal tissues, such as its acidic environment, different expression levels of some enzymes, etc. These features are widely used in the design of DDSs and play an important role in the drug release process in vivo. Numerous DDSs have been designed and synthesized. This article attention to how drugs are released from DDSs. We summarizes and classify the characteristic enzymes and chemical bonds used in the drug release process by browsing a large number of papers, and describes how they are applied in DDSs with specific examples. By understanding these acid-sensitive chemical bonds and over-expressed enzymes in tumors, different DDSs can be designed for different drug structures to solve specific problems of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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14
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Ashraf Y, Mansouri H, Laurent-Matha V, Alcaraz LB, Roger P, Guiu S, Derocq D, Robin G, Michaud HA, Delpech H, Jarlier M, Pugnière M, Robert B, Puel A, Martin L, Landomiel F, Bourquard T, Achour O, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Pichard A, Deshayes E, Turtoi A, Poupon A, Simony-Lafontaine J, Boissière-Michot F, Pirot N, Bernex F, Jacot W, du Manoir S, Theillet C, Pouget JP, Navarro-Teulon I, Bonnefoy N, Pèlegrin A, Chardès T, Martineau P, Liaudet-Coopman E. Immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer with cathepsin D-targeting antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30717773 PMCID: PMC6360707 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment is currently restricted to chemotherapy. Hence, tumor-specific molecular targets and/or alternative therapeutic strategies for TNBC are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting treatment option for TNBC patients. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC), is overproduced and hypersecreted by human BC cells. This study explores whether cath-D is a tumor cell-associated extracellular biomarker and a potent target for antibody-based therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D prognostic value and localization was evaluated by transcriptomics, proteomics and immunohistochemistry in TNBC. First-in-class anti-cath-D human scFv fragments binding to both human and mouse cath-D were generated using phage display and cloned in the human IgG1 λ format (F1 and E2). Anti-cath-D antibody biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and in vivo underlying mechanisms were investigated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Antitumor effect was further assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). RESULTS High CTSD mRNA levels correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival in TNBC, and extracellular cath-D was detected in the tumor microenvironment, but not in matched normal breast stroma. Anti-cath-D F1 and E2 antibodies accumulated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, inhibited tumor growth and improved mice survival without apparent toxicity. The Fc function of F1, the best antibody candidate, was essential for maximal tumor inhibition in the MDA-MB-231 model. Mechanistically, F1 antitumor response was triggered through natural killer cell activation via IL-15 upregulation, associated with granzyme B and perforin production, and the release of antitumor IFNγ cytokine. The F1 antibody also prevented the tumor recruitment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages M2 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a specific effect associated with a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment highlighted by TGFβ decrease. Finally, the antibody F1 inhibited tumor growth of two TNBC PDXs, isolated from patients resistant or not to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Cath-D is a tumor-specific extracellular target in TNBC suitable for antibody-based therapy. Immunomodulatory antibody-based strategy against cath-D is a promising immunotherapy to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Gautier Robin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Helène Delpech
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lucie Martin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Pichard
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | - Nelly Pirot
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stanislas du Manoir
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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16
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Novel Methylselenoesters Induce Programed Cell Death via Entosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102849. [PMID: 30241340 PMCID: PMC6213452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox active selenium (Se) compounds have gained substantial attention in the last decade as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Several Se compounds have shown high selectivity and sensitivity against malignant cells. The cytotoxic effects are exerted by their biologically active metabolites, with methylselenol (CH3SeH) being one of the key executors. In search of novel CH3SeH precursors, we previously synthesized a series of methylselenoesters that were active (GI50 < 10 µM at 72 h) against a panel of cancer cell lines. Herein, we refined the mechanism of action of the two lead compounds with the additional synthesis of new analogs (ethyl, pentyl, and benzyl derivatives). A novel mechanism for the programmed cell death mechanism for Se-compounds was identified. Both methylseleninic acid and the novel CH3SeH precursors induced entosis by cell detachment through downregulation of cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) and its downstream effector β1-integrin (CD29). To our knowledge, this is the first time that Se compounds have been reported to induce this type of cell death and is of importance in the characterization of the anticancerogenic properties of these compounds.
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17
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Zhang C, Zhang M, Song S. Cathepsin D enhances breast cancer invasion and metastasis through promoting hepsin ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:105-115. [PMID: 30227221 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepsin is required for the growth and maintenance of normal morphology, as well as for cell motility and development, initiation of blood coagulation and pro-inflammatory immune response. Here we showed that Cathepsin D (CtsD) as a novel protein is involved in the regulation of hepsin. CtsD destabilizes hepsin by promoting its ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer tissue microarray also indicated that hepsin expression was negatively correlated with CtsD by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of CtsD promoted breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis by enhancing the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vitro and in vivo. These effects were inhibited by ectopic hepsin expression. Taken together, our data reveal a critical CtsD-hepsin signaling axis in migration and metastasis, which may contribute to a better understanding of the function and molecular mechanism in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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18
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Hybrid 2D/3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship and modeling studies perspectives of pepstatin A analogs as cathepsin D inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017; 10:5-26. [PMID: 29235371 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Cathepsin D, one of the attractive targets in the treatment of breast cancer, has been implicated in HIV neuropathogenesis with potential proteolytic effects on chemokines. Methodology/result: Diverse modeling tools were used to reveal the key structural features affecting the inhibitory activities of 78 pepstatin A analogs. Analyses were performed to investigate the stability, rationality and fluctuation of the analogs. Results showed a clear correlation between the experimental and predicted activities of the analogs as well as the variation in their activities relative to structural modifications. CONCLUSION The insight gained from this study offers theoretical references for understanding the mechanism of action of cathepsin D and will aid in the design of more potent and clinically-relevant drugs. Graphical abstract [Formula: see text].
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19
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Shen S, Gong J, Yang Y, Qin S, Huang L, She S, Yang M, Ren H, Hu H. Molecular mechanism of C-reaction protein in promoting migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1289-1298. [PMID: 28350119 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most common malignant cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. The prognosis and survival of patients are closely related to the degree of tumor metastasis. The mechanism of HCC metastasis is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of C-reaction protein in promoting migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. We estimated that CRP is overexpressed in liver cancer tissues and that it promotes invasion and metastasis of HCC in vitro. In the present study, we employed iTRAQ-based mass spectrometry to analyze the HepG2 secretory proteins of CRP siRNA-treated cells and negative control siRNA-treated cells. We identified 109 differentially expressed proteins after silencing CRP, of which 45 were upregulated and 64 were downregulated. Some of the differentially expressed proteins were confirmed by western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of CRP substantially abrogates HIF-1α expression levels, the luciferase activity of HIF-1α and ERK and Akt phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. The present study provides a novel mechanism by which CRP promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Inhibition of CRP suppressed migration, invasion and healing of hepatoma carcinoma cells by decreasing HIF-1α activity and CTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Si Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lifan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Sha She
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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20
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Huang Y, Chu T, Liao T, Hu X, Huang B. Downregulation of lysosomal and further gene expression characterization in lung cancer patients with bone metastasis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:758-764. [PMID: 27683953 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1198364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and functional mechanisms of bone metastases were poorly understood. This study was to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional proteins in bone metastases from lung for better understanding of the molecular and functional mechanisms. Our results suggested CTSS, CTSD, MX1, NKX2-1 might play a decisive role in bone metastasis. Collectively, these results demonstrated that bone metastasis from lung cancer would lead to changes in lysosome function, which may affect the decomposition and elimination of old bone matrix, thus affecting bone turnover. In addition, our findings provided new insights into the prediction and treatment of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- a Department of Orthopedics , Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital , Chong Qing , China
| | - Tongwei Chu
- a Department of Orthopedics , Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital , Chong Qing , China
| | - Tongquan Liao
- a Department of Orthopedics , Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital , Chong Qing , China
| | - Xu Hu
- a Department of Orthopedics , Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital , Chong Qing , China
| | - Bo Huang
- a Department of Orthopedics , Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital , Chong Qing , China
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21
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Bach AS, Derocq D, Laurent-Matha V, Montcourrier P, Sebti S, Orsetti B, Theillet C, Gongora C, Pattingre S, Ibing E, Roger P, Linares LK, Reinheckel T, Meurice G, Kaiser FJ, Gespach C, Liaudet-Coopman E. Nuclear cathepsin D enhances TRPS1 transcriptional repressor function to regulate cell cycle progression and transformation in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28084-103. [PMID: 26183398 PMCID: PMC4695046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal protease cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced in breast cancer cells (BCC) and supports tumor growth and metastasis formation. Here, we describe the mechanism whereby Cath-D is accumulated in the nucleus of ERα-positive (ER+) BCC. We identified TRPS1 (tricho-rhino-phalangeal-syndrome 1), a repressor of GATA-mediated transcription, and BAT3 (Scythe/BAG6), a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling chaperone protein, as new Cath-D-interacting nuclear proteins. Cath-D binds to BAT3 in ER+ BCC and they partially co-localize at the surface of lysosomes and in the nucleus. BAT3 silencing inhibits Cath-D accumulation in the nucleus, indicating that Cath-D nuclear targeting is controlled by BAT3. Fully mature Cath-D also binds to full-length TRPS1 and they co-localize in the nucleus of ER+ BCC where they are associated with chromatin. Using the LexA-VP16 fusion co-activator reporter assay, we then show that Cath-D acts as a transcriptional repressor, independently of its catalytic activity. Moreover, microarray analysis of BCC in which Cath-D and/or TRPS1 expression were silenced indicated that Cath-D enhances TRPS1-mediated repression of several TRPS1-regulated genes implicated in carcinogenesis, including PTHrP, a canonical TRPS1 gene target. In addition, co-silencing of TRPS1 and Cath-D in BCC affects the transcription of cell cycle, proliferation and transformation genes, and impairs cell cycle progression and soft agar colony formation. These findings indicate that Cath-D acts as a nuclear transcriptional cofactor of TRPS1 to regulate ER+ BCC proliferation and transformation in a non-proteolytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bach
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Montcourrier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Salwa Sebti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Orsetti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gongora
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Pattingre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Ibing
- Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pascal Roger
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Laetitia K Linares
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Functional Genomic Plateform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Christian Gespach
- INSERM U938, Molecular and Clinical Oncology, Paris 6 University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Arodola OA, Soliman MES. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ligand-Induced Flap Conformational Changes in Cathepsin-D-A Comparative Study. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2643-57. [PMID: 27038253 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The flap region in aspartic proteases is a unique structural feature to this class of enzymes, and found to have a profound impact on protein overall structure, function, and dynamics. Understanding the structure and dynamic behavior of the flap regions is crucial in the design of selective inhibitors against aspartic proteases. Cathepsin-D, an aspartic protease enzyme, has been implicated in a long list of degenerative diseases as well as breast cancer progression. Presented herein, for the first time, is a comprehensive description of the conformational flap dynamics of cathepsin-D using a comparative 50 ns "multiple" molecular dynamics simulations. Diverse collective metrics were proposed to accurately define flap dynamics. These are distance d1 between the flap tips residues (Gly79 and Met301); dihedral angle ϕ; in addition to TriCα angles Gly79-Asp33-Asp223, θ1 , and Gly79-Asp223-Met301, θ2 . The maximum distance attained throughout the simulation was 17.42 and 11.47 Å for apo and bound cathepsin-D, respectively, while the minimum distance observed was 8.75 and 6.32 Å for apo and bound cathepsin-D, respectively. The movement of the flap as well as the twist of the active pocket can properly be explained by measuring the angle, θ1 , between Gly79-Asp33-Met301 and correlating it with the distance Cα of the flap tip residues. The asymmetrical opening of the binding cavity was best described by the large shift of -6.26° to +20.94° in the dihedral angle, ϕ, corresponding to the full opening of the flap at a range of 31-33 ns. A wide-range of post-dynamic analyses was also applied in this report to supplement our findings. We believe that this report would augment current efforts in designing potent structure-based inhibitors against cathepsin-D in the treatment of breast cancer and other degenerative diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2643-2657, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayide A Arodola
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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23
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Enzymatically active cathepsin D sensitizes breast carcinoma cells to TRAIL. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10685-96. [PMID: 26867770 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD), a ubiquitously expressed lysosomal aspartic protease, is upregulated in human breast carcinoma and many other tumor types. CD has been repeatedly reported to act as key mediator of apoptosis induced by various chemotherapeutics. However, there is still controversy over the role of enzymatic/proteolytic versus protein-protein interaction activities of CD in apoptotic signaling. The elucidation of molecular mechanism responsible for the effect of CD in the chemotherapy-induced cell death is crucial for development of an appropriate strategy to target this protease in cancer treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism behind the CD-mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. For this purpose, MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells with an increased level of wt CD (CD) or mutant enzymatically inactive CD (ΔCD) were subjected to TRAIL and the frequency of apoptosis was determined. Our results show that CD facilitates the TRAIL-induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in enzymatic activity-dependent manner. Moreover, the importance of endosomal/lysosomal acidification in this process was documented. Analysis of the potential substrates specifically cleaved by CD during the TRAIL-induced apoptosis confirmed caspase-8 and Bid proteins as the CD targets. Moreover, in search for protein regulators of apoptosis that can be cleaved by CD at physiologically relevant pH, we identified the Bcl-2 protein as a suitable candidate. The modulatory role of CD in cell response to TRAIL was also confirmed in another breast cancer cell line SKBR3. These experiments identified the CD enzymatic activity as a new factor affecting sensitivity of breast cancer cells to TRAIL.
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24
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Su S, Zhu X, Lin L, Chen X, Wang Y, Zi J, Dong Y, Xie Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhu J, Xu D, Xu N, Lou X, Liu S. Lowering Endogenous Cathepsin D Abundance Results in Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Cell Senescence. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 16:1217-1232. [PMID: 26657266 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is reportedly to be closely associated with tumor development, migration, and invasion, but its pathological mechanism is not fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate phenotypic changes and molecular events in response to cathepsin D knockdown. Lowering endogenous cathepsin D abundance (CR) induced senescence in HeLa cells, leading to reduced rate of cell proliferation and impaired tumorigenesis in a mouse model. Quantitative proteomics revealed that compared with control cells (EV), the abundances of several typical lysosomal proteases were decreased in the lysosomal fraction in CR cells. We further showed that cathepsin D knockdown caused increased permeability of lysosomal membrane and reactive oxygen species accumulation in CR cells, and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species by antioxidant was able to rescue cell senescence. Despite the increased reactive oxygen species, the proteomic data suggested a global reduction of redox-related proteins in CR cells. Subsequent analysis indicated that the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of groups of antioxidant enzymes, was down-regulated by cathepsin D knockdown. Importantly, Nrf2 overexpression significantly reduced cell senescence. Although transient oxidative stress promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, we showed that the Nrf2 protein exited nucleus if oxidative stress persisted. In addition, when cathepsin D was transiently knocked down, the cathepsin-related events followed a sequential order, including lysosomal leakage during the early stage, followed by oxidative stress augmentation, and ultimately Nrf2 down-regulation and senescence. Our results suggest the roles of cathepsin D in cancer cells in maintaining lysosomal integrity, redox balance, and Nrf2 activity, thus promoting tumorigenesis. The MS Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002844.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Su
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Xu Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Liang Lin
- ¶Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518083
| | - Xianwei Chen
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Yang Wang
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Jin Zi
- ¶Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518083
| | - Yusheng Dong
- ‖Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China, 101318
| | - Yingying Xie
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Ju Zhang
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Dan Xu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- **Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, 100021
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101;
| | - Siqi Liu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101; .,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
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25
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Hensler M, Vančurová I, Becht E, Palata O, Strnad P, Tesařová P, Čabiňaková M, Švec D, Kubista M, Bartůňková J, Špíšek R, Sojka L. Gene expression profiling of circulating tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from breast cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1102827. [PMID: 27141386 PMCID: PMC4839342 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that are released from a tumor into the bloodstream. The presence of CTCs in peripheral blood has been associated with metastasis formation in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, the molecular characterization of CTCs may improve diagnostics and support treatment decisions. We performed gene expression profiling to evaluate the enriched CTCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of breast cancer patients using an expression panel of 55 breast cancer-associated genes. The study revealed several significantly differentially expressed genes in the CTC-positive samples, including a few that were exclusively expressed in these cells. However, the expression of these genes was barely detectable in the PBMC samples. Some genes were differentially expressed in PBMCs, and the expression of these genes was correlated with tumor grade and the formation of metastasis. In this study, we have shown that the enriched CTCs of breast cancer patients overexpress genes involved in proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as genes that play important roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process that may occur in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Vančurová
- Sotio, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Etienne Becht
- Laboratory of Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, UMRS 1138 INSERM, Cordeliers Research Center , Paris, France
| | | | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Tesařová
- Oncology Clinic, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Čabiňaková
- Oncology Clinic, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Švec
- TATAA Biocenter, Göteborg, Sweden; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- TATAA Biocenter, Göteborg, Sweden; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Bartůňková
- Sotio, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Sojka
- Sotio, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Vezenkov LL, Sanchez CA, Bellet V, Martin V, Maynadier M, Bettache N, Lisowski V, Martinez J, Garcia M, Amblard M, Hernandez JF. Structure-Activity Relationships of JMV4463, a Vectorized Cathepsin D Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Properties: The Unique Role of the AMPA-Based Vector. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir L. Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Clément A. Sanchez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Virginie Bellet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marcel Garcia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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27
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French CL, Ye F, Revetta F, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Washington MK, Deane NG, Beauchamp RD, Weaver AM. Linking patient outcome to high throughput protein expression data identifies novel regulators of colorectal adenocarcinoma aggressiveness. F1000Res 2015; 4:99. [PMID: 26097693 PMCID: PMC4457132 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6388.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in cancer systems biology is how to use molecular data to predict the biological behavior of tumors from individual patients. While genomics data have been heavily used, protein signaling data are more directly connected to biological phenotype and might predict cancer phenotypes such as invasion, metastasis, and patient survival. In this study, we mined publicly available data for colorectal adenocarcinoma from the Cancer Genome Atlas and identified protein expression and signaling changes that are statistically associated with patient outcome. Our analysis identified a number of known and potentially new regulators of colorectal cancer. High levels of insulin growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) were associated with both recurrence and death, and this was validated by immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray for a secondary patient dataset. Interestingly, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) was the protein most frequently associated with death in our analysis, and GATA3 expression was significantly decreased in tumor samples from stage I-II deceased patients. Experimental studies using engineered colon cancer cell lines show that exogenous expression of GATA3 decreases three-dimensional colony growth and invasiveness of colon cancer cells but does not affect two-dimensional proliferation. These findings suggest that protein data are useful for biomarker discovery and identify GATA3 as a regulator of colorectal cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi L French
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Frank Revetta
- Department of Pathology,Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology,Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Natasha G Deane
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Department of Pathology,Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA ; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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28
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Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Goossens W, Margaryan NV, Hendrix MJC. Cleavage of Histone 3 by Cathepsin D in the involuting mammary gland. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103230. [PMID: 25054204 PMCID: PMC4108390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-lactational regression of mammary gland is a complex multi-step process designed to conserve the biological function of the gland for next pregnancy. This developmental stage is a biological intrigue with great relevance to breast cancer research, and thus has been the subject of intensive scrutiny. Multipronged studies (microarray, proteomics profiling, animal knock-out models) have provided a repertoire of genes critical to involution. However, the caveat of these approaches remains in their failure to reveal post-translational modification(s), an emerging and critical aspect of gene regulation in developmental processes and mammary gland remodeling. The massive surge in the lysosomal enzymes concurrent with the onset of involution has been known for decades, and considered essential for “clearance” purposes. However, functional significance of these enzymes in diverse biological processes distinct from their proteolytic activity is just emerging. Studies from our laboratory had indicated specific post-translational modifications of the aspartyl endopeptidase Cathepsin D (CatD) at distinct stages mammary gland development. This study addresses the biological significance of these modifications in the involution process, and reveals that post-translational modifications drive CatD into the nucleus to cleave Histone 3. The cleavage of Histone 3 has been associated with cellular differentiation and could be critical instigator of involution process. From functional perspective, deregulated expression and increased secretion of CatD are associated with aggressive and metastatic phenotype of breast cancer. Thus unraveling CatD’s physiological functions in mammary gland development will bridge the present gap in understanding its pro-tumorigenic/metastatic functions, and assist in the generation of tailored therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William Goossens
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Naira V. Margaryan
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary J. C. Hendrix
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Weichhaus M, Segaran P, Renaud A, Geerts D, Connelly L. Osteoprotegerin expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells promotes metastasis. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1112-25. [PMID: 24976340 PMCID: PMC4302663 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that has been well characterized as a negative regulator of bone remodeling. OPG is also expressed in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. In vitro studies suggest that OPG exerts tumor-promoting effects by binding to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), thereby preventing induction of apoptosis. However, the in vivo effect of OPG expression by primary breast tumors has not been characterized. We knocked down OPG expression in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 human breast cancer cells using shRNA and siRNA to investigate impact on metastasis in the chick embryo model. We observed a reduction in metastasis with OPG knockdown cells. We found that lowering OPG expression did not alter sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis; however, the OPG knockdown cells had a reduced level of invasion. In association with this we observed reduced expression of the proteases Cathepsin D and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 upon OPG knockdown, indicating that OPG may promote metastasis via modulation of protease expression and invasion. We conclude that OPG has a metastasis-promoting effect in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weichhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii
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Maynadier M, Vezenkov LL, Amblard M, Martin V, Gandreuil C, Vaillant O, Gary-Bobo M, Basile I, Hernandez JF, Garcia M, Martinez J. Dipeptide mimic oligomer transporter mediates intracellular delivery of Cathepsin D inhibitors: a potential target for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2013; 171:251-7. [PMID: 23899821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Implication of the intracellular proteolytic activity of Cathepsin D (CathD), a lysosomal aspartyl-protease overexpressed in numerous solid tumors, has been evidenced on tumor growth. Its intracellular inhibition by potent inhibitors such as pepstatin constitutes a relevant but challenging molecular target. Indeed the potential of pepstatin as a therapeutic molecule is hampered by its too low intracellular penetration. We addressed this limitation by designing and developing a bioconjugate combining a pepstatin derivative with a new vector of cell penetration (CPNP) specifically targeting the endolysosomal compartment. We showed that this pepstatin conjugate (JMV4463) exhibited high anti-proliferative effect on tumor cell cultures via intracellular CathD inhibition and altered cell cycle associated with apoptotic events in vitro. When tested in mice xenografted with breast cancer cells, JMV4463 delayed tumor emergence and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Sun H, Lou X, Shan Q, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xie Y, Xu N, Liu S. Proteolytic characteristics of cathepsin D related to the recognition and cleavage of its target proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65733. [PMID: 23840360 PMCID: PMC3688724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) plays an important role in both biological and pathological processes, although the cleavage characteristics and substrate selection of CD have yet to be fully explored. We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the CD cleavage sites in bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that the hydrophobic residues at P1 were not only a preferential factor for CD cleavage but that the hydrophobicity at P1’ also contributed to CD recognition. The concept of hydrophobic scores of neighbors (HSN) was proposed to describe the hydrophobic microenvironment of CD recognition sites. The survey of CD cleavage characteristics in several proteins suggested that the HSN was a sensitive indicator for judging the favorable sites in peptides for CD cleavage, with HSN values of 0.5–1.0 representing a likely threshold. Ovalbumin (OVA), a protein resistant to CD cleavage in its native state, was easily cleaved by CD after denaturation, and the features of the cleaved peptides were quite similar to those found in BSA, where a higher HSN value indicated greater cleavability. We further conducted two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to find more proteins that were insensitive to CD cleavage in CD-knockdown cells. Based on an analysis of secondary and three-dimensional structures, we postulated that intact proteins with a structure consisting of all α-helices would be relatively accessible to CD cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
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Asuvapongpatana S, Saewu A, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Vanichviriyakit R, Weerachatyanukul W. Localization of cathepsin D in mouse reproductive tissues and its acquisition onto sperm surface during epididymal sperm maturation. Acta Histochem 2013. [PMID: 23177142 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sperm maturation in the epididymis involves multiple complex events, that include the adsorption of epididymal secretory proteins, re-organization and removal of sperm surface ligands. In this study, we investigated the existence and distribution of cathepsin D (CAT-D) transcripts and proteins in mouse reproductive tissues and proposed a transfer mechanism of CAT-D to the sperm surface. CAT-D transcripts were highly expressed in cultured Sertoli cells, but not in germ cells. The transcriptional level was relatively higher in the caput epididymis (CP) than in the cauda epididymis (CD). At the translational level, CAT-D was detected in testicular somatic cells and in the principal and basal cells in the CP. The expression of CAT-D was fairly specific to the clear cells in the CD. All forms of CAT-D were detected in ultracentrifuged epididymosomes. In conjunction with the expression levels in epididymal epithelium and epididymosomes, CAT-D expression level on the sperm surface was relatively high in CP sperm, but gradually declined toward the CD. Overall, our results indicated that CAT-D was not inherent to sperm themselves, but rather of epididymal origin and was presumably transported to the sperm surface via epididymosomes.
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Pruitt FL, He Y, Franco OE, Jiang M, Cates JM, Hayward SW. Cathepsin D acts as an essential mediator to promote malignancy of benign prostatic epithelium. Prostate 2013; 73:476-88. [PMID: 22996917 PMCID: PMC3594371 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal-epithelial interactions are important in both development and prostate cancer. Stromal changes have been shown to be powerful prognostic indicators of prostate cancer progression and of patient death helping to define lethal versus indolent phenotypes. The specific molecular underpinnings of these interactions are incompletely understood. We investigated whether stromal cathepsin D (CathD) overexpression affects prostate tumorigenesis through a paracrine mechanism. METHODS Normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF) were retrovirally transduced to overexpress cyclin D1 (CD1) and were designated NPF(CD1) . Cathepsin D expression was knocked down using shRNA in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and NPF(CD1) . We analyzed these stromal cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and tissue recombination. RESULTS An examination of human prostate tissue revealed significantly increased stromal staining of CathD in malignant prostate tissue. Overexpression of CD1 in normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF(CD1) ) produced a phenotype similar to, but more moderate than, CAF in a tissue recombination model. Knockdown studies revealed that CathD is required for NPF(CD1) motility and invasive growth in vitro. BPH-1 cell proliferation was found to be induced when cultured with NPF(CD1) conditioned medium, this effect was inhibited when CathD was knocked down in NPF(CD1) cells. Overexpression of CathD in prostate stromal cells induced malignancy in adjacent epithelium, and this transformation was inhibited when stromal CathD expression was knocked down in CAF. CONCLUSIONS The study presented here demonstrates increased CathD expression is seen in human CAF. The upregulation of CD1 results in concomitant increases in CathD expression. Elevated CathD expression in the stroma contributes to tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddie L. Pruitt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yue He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Justin M. Cates
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Liu Z, Chen C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Long J, Long X, Fang W. Proteomic features of potential tumor suppressor NESG1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proteomics 2012; 12:3416-25. [PMID: 22997098 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously defined the recently revised NESG1 gene as a potential tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we further used proteomics technology to globally examine NESG1-controlled proteins in NPC cells. Twenty-six proteins were found to be deregulated by NESG1 using proteomics analysis while enolase 1 (alpha) (ENO1), heat shock protein 90 kDa beta (Grp94), member 1 (HSP90B1), and cathepsin D (CTSD) proteins were differentially expressed by Western blot. Interestingly, a-enolase (ENO1), an overexpressed gene in NPC, was confirmed as a NESG1-regulated protein in NPC cells. Overexpressed ENO1 not only restored cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, but also antagonized the regulation of NESG1 to cell-cycle regulators p21 and CCNA1 expression as well as induced the expression of C-Myc, pRB, and E2F1 in NESG1-ovexpressed NPC cells. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that NESG1 expression is negatively correlated with ENO1 expression in NPC tissues. Our observations suggest that ENO1 downregulation plays an important role in NESG1-induced growth inhibition of NPC cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Laurent‐Matha V, Huesgen PF, Masson O, Derocq D, Prébois C, Gary‐Bobo M, Lecaille F, Rebière B, Meurice G, Oréar C, Hollingsworth RE, Abrahamson M, Lalmanach G, Overall CM, Liaudet‐Coopman E. Proteolysis of cystatin C by cathepsin D in the breast cancer microenvironment. FASEB J 2012; 26:5172-81. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-205229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laurent‐Matha
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
| | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- Centre for Blood ResearchUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Olivier Masson
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
| | - Danielle Derocq
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
| | - Christine Prébois
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
| | - Magali Gary‐Bobo
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM U1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Faculté de MédecineUniversité François RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Bertrand Rebière
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237MontpellierFrance
| | | | - Cédric Oréar
- Functional Genomic PlatformInstitut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Magnus Abrahamson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical ChemistryLund UniversityUniversity HospitalLundSweden
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM U1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Faculté de MédecineUniversité François RabelaisToursFrance
| | | | - Emmanuelle Liaudet‐Coopman
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896, Université Montpellier1MontpellierFrance
- Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'Aurelle Paul LamarqueMontpellierFrance
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Mimae T, Tsuta K, Maeshima AM, Okada M, Asamura H, Kondo T, Tsuda H. Cathepsin D as a potential prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:534-40. [PMID: 22824147 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified cathepsin D as a possible marker for lung adenocarcinoma (AD). The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between cathepsin D expression and clinicopathological findings or prognosis. We conducted immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess 150 AD tissues. For these 150 tumors, TTF-1 expression, EGFR and KRAS gene mutations, and ALK rearrangements had already been examined. Cathepsin D expression was detected in 44% (66 of 150, IHC score ≥1+) and 27.3% (41 of 150, IHC score ≥2+). Cathepsin D-positive (IHC score ≥2+) tumors were more poorly differentiated than cathepsin D-negative ones, while all lepidic predominant invasive adenocarcinomas showed no cathepsin D expression. Univariate analysis revealed a poor prognosis for cathepsin D-positive lung AD patients with an IHC score ≥2+ (P=0.044). Cathepsin D expression was more frequent in TTF-1-negative than in TTF-1-positive ADs (P=0.034), and more frequent in ADs with EGFR wild genotype than mutant EGFR (P<0.001). Regarding AD patients with ALK rearrangements, 4 were positive for Cathepsin D, while 2 were negative. Cathepsin D expression is indicated to be a possible prognostic marker for lung AD and to correlate with a more poorly differentiated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mimae
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Saraswat-Ohri S, Vetvicka V. New insights into procathepsin D in pathological and physiological conditions. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:222-6. [PMID: 22558598 PMCID: PMC3337741 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Procathepsin D is a major glycoprotein that is secreted from numerous types of cancer cells including breast, lung and prostrate carcinomas. It affects multiple stages of tumorigenesis that include proliferation, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis. Previous studies showed that the mitogenic effect of procathepsin D on cancer cells was mediated through its propeptide or activation peptide. Recent studies have also implicated the possible use of procathepsin D/activation peptide as a marker of cancer progression. Considering the broad range of functions of procathepsin D, the present review summarizes the three major potentials of procathepsin D-cancer progression, tumor marker and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Knopfová L, Beneš P, Pekarčíková L, Hermanová M, Masařík M, Pernicová Z, Souček K, Smarda J. c-Myb regulates matrix metalloproteinases 1/9, and cathepsin D: implications for matrix-dependent breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:15. [PMID: 22439866 PMCID: PMC3325857 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The c-Myb transcription factor is essential for the maintenance of stem-progenitor cells in bone marrow, colon epithelia, and neurogenic niches. c-Myb malfunction contributes to several types of malignancies including breast cancer. However, the function of c-Myb in the metastatic spread of breast tumors remains unexplored. In this study, we report a novel role of c-Myb in the control of specific proteases that regulate the matrix-dependent invasion of breast cancer cells. Results Ectopically expressed c-Myb enhanced migration and ability of human MDA-MB-231 and mouse 4T1 mammary cancer cells to invade Matrigel but not the collagen I matrix in vitro. c-Myb strongly increased the expression/activity of cathepsin D and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and significantly downregulated MMP1. The gene coding for cathepsin D was suggested as the c-Myb-responsive gene and downstream effector of the migration-promoting function of c-Myb. Finally, we demonstrated that c-Myb delayed the growth of mammary tumors in BALB/c mice and affected the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells in an organ-specific manner. Conclusions This study identified c-Myb as a matrix-dependent regulator of invasive behavior of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Knopfová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, and International Clinical Research Center, CBCE, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Cathepsin D is partly endocytosed by the LRP1 receptor and inhibits LRP1-regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Oncogene 2011; 31:3202-12. [PMID: 22081071 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aspartic protease cathepsin-D (cath-D) is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer that is overexpressed and hypersecreted by human breast cancer cells. Secreted pro-cath-D binds to the extracellular domain of the β-chain of the LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in fibroblasts. The LRP1 receptor has an 85-kDa transmembrane β-chain and a noncovalently attached 515-kDa extracellular α-chain. LRP1 acts by (1) internalizing many ligands via its α-chain, (2) activating signaling pathways by phosphorylating the LRP1β-chain tyrosine and (3) modulating gene transcription by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of its β-chain. LRP1 RIP involves two cleavages: the first liberates the LRP1 ectodomain to give a membrane-associated form, LRP1β-CTF, and the second generates the LRP1β-intracellular domain, LRP1β-ICD, that modulates gene transcription. Here, we investigated the endocytosis of pro-cath-D by LRP1 and the effect of pro-cath-D/LRP1β interaction on LRP1β tyrosine phosphorylation and/or LRP1β RIP. Our results indicate that pro-cath-D was partially endocytosed by LRP1 in fibroblasts. However, pro-cath-D and ectopic cath-D did not stimulate phosphorylation of the LRP1β-chain tyrosine. Interestingly, ectopic cath-D and its catalytically inactive (D231N)cath-D, and pro-(D231N)cath-D all significantly inhibited LRP1 RIP by preventing LRP1β-CTF production. Thus, cath-D inhibits LRP1 RIP independently of its catalytic activity by blocking the first cleavage. As cath-D triggers fibroblast outgrowth by LRP1, we propose that cath-D modulates the growth of fibroblasts by inhibiting LRP1 RIP in the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Wang J, Chen L, Li Y, Guan XY. Overexpression of cathepsin Z contributes to tumor metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24967. [PMID: 21966391 PMCID: PMC3178578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the oncogenic function and mechanism of Cathepsin Z (CTSZ) at 20q13.3, a frequently amplified region in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Real-time PCR were used to compare CTSZ expression between paired HCC tumor and non-tumor specimens. CTSZ gene was stably transfected into HCC line QGY-7703 cells and its role in tumorigenicity and cell motility was characterized by soft agar, wound-healing, transwell invasion and cell adhesion assay, and tumor xenograft mouse model. Western blot analysis was used to study expression of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).Upregulation of CTSZ was detected in 59/137 (43%) of primary HCCs, which was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.000). Functional study found that CTSZ could increase colony formation in soft agar and promote cell motility. Further study found that the metastatic effect of CTSZ was associated with its role in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by upregulating mesenchymal markers (fibronectin and vimentin) and downregulating epithelial markers (E-cadherin and α-catenin). In addition, CTSZ could also upregulate proteins associated with extracellular matrix remodeling such as MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9. Taken together, our data suggested that CTSZ was a candidate oncogene within the 20q13 amplicon and it played an important role in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yan GR, Xu SH, Tan ZL, Yin XF, He QY. Proteomics characterization of gastrokine 1-induced growth inhibition of gastric cancer cells. Proteomics 2011; 11:3657-64. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Masson O, Prébois C, Derocq D, Meulle A, Dray C, Daviaud D, Quilliot D, Valet P, Muller C, Liaudet-Coopman E. Cathepsin-D, a key protease in breast cancer, is up-regulated in obese mouse and human adipose tissue, and controls adipogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16452. [PMID: 21311773 PMCID: PMC3032791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aspartic protease cathepsin-D (cath-D) is overexpressed by human epithelial breast cancer cells and is closely correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. The adipocyte is one of the most prominent cell types in the tumor-microenvironment of breast cancer, and clinical studies have shown that obesity increases the incidence of breast cancer. Here, we provide the first evidence that cath-D expression is up-regulated in adipose tissue from obese human beings, as well as in adipocytes from the obese C57BI6/J mouse. Cath-D expression is also increased during human and mouse adipocyte differentiation. We show that cath-D silencing in 3T3-F442A murine preadipocytes leads to lipid-depleted cells after adipogenesis induction, and inhibits of the expression of PPARγ, HSL and aP2 adipocyte differentiation markers. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the key role of cath-D in the control of adipogenesis, and suggest that cath-D may be a novel target in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Masson
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Prébois
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Meulle
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Danielle Daviaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Service de diabétologie, Maladies métaboliques et nutrition, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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43
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Li G, Zhang XA, Wang H, Wang X, Meng CL, Chan CY, Yew DTW, Tsang KS, Li K, Tsai SN, Ngai SM, Han ZC, Lin MCM, He ML, Kung HF. Comparative proteomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, umbilical cord and placenta: implication in the migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:51-68. [PMID: 21901618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord (UC) and placenta (P) have been suggested as alternatives to bone marrow (BM) as sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for cell therapy, with both UC- and P-MSC possess immunophenotypic and functional characteristics similar to BM-MSC. However, under defined conditions, the migration capacity of BM- and P-MSC was found to be 5.9- and 3.2-folds higher than that of UC-MSC, respectively. By the use of 2-DE and combined MS and MS/MS analysis, six differentially expressed proteins were identified among these MSC samples, with five of them known to be involved in cell migration as migration enhancing or inhibiting proteins. Interestingly, the expression levels of those proteins reflect perfectly the migration capacity of corresponding MSC, which is also proved by in vitro overexpression and silencing techniques. Our study indicates that a bunch of migration-related proteins are pivotal in governing the migration capacity of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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44
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Masson O, Bach AS, Derocq D, Prébois C, Laurent-Matha V, Pattingre S, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pathophysiological functions of cathepsin D: Targeting its catalytic activity versus its protein binding activity? Biochimie 2010; 92:1635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Beaujouin M, Prébois C, Derocq D, Laurent-Matha V, Masson O, Pattingre S, Coopman P, Bettache N, Grossfield J, Hollingsworth RE, Zhang H, Yao Z, Hyman BT, van der Geer P, Smith GK, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pro-cathepsin D interacts with the extracellular domain of the beta chain of LRP1 and promotes LRP1-dependent fibroblast outgrowth. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3336-46. [PMID: 20826454 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts are crucial in cancer progression. We have previously shown that the aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer that is overexpressed and highly secreted by breast cancer cells, triggers mouse embryonic fibroblast outgrowth via a paracrine loop. Here, we show the requirement of secreted cath-D for human mammary fibroblast outgrowth using a three-dimensional co-culture assay with breast cancer cells that do or do not secrete pro-cath-D. Interestingly, proteolytically-inactive pro-cath-D remains mitogenic, indicating a mechanism involving protein-protein interaction. We identify the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1, LRP1, as a novel binding partner for pro-cath-D in fibroblasts. Pro-cath-D binds to residues 349-394 of the β chain of LRP1, and is the first ligand of the extracellular domain of LRP1β to be identified. We show that pro-cath-D interacts with LRP1β in cellulo. Interaction occurs at the cell surface, and overexpressed LRP1β directs pro-cath-D to the lipid rafts. Our results reveal that the ability of secreted pro-cath-D to promote human mammary fibroblast outgrowth depends on LRP1 expression, suggesting that pro-cath-D-LRP1β interaction plays a functional role in the outgrowth of fibroblasts. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that pro-cath-D secreted by epithelial cancer cells promotes fibroblast outgrowth in a paracrine LRP1-dependent manner in the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Beaujouin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
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46
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Schröder C, Schumacher U, Müller V, Wirtz RM, Streichert T, Richter U, Wicklein D, Milde-Langosch K. The transcription factor Fra-2 promotes mammary tumour progression by changing the adhesive properties of breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1650-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Glondu-Lassis M, Dromard M, Lacroix-Triki M, Nirdé P, Puech C, Knani D, Chalbos D, Freiss G. PTPL1/PTPN13 regulates breast cancer cell aggressiveness through direct inactivation of Src kinase. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5116-26. [PMID: 20501847 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPL1/PTPN13, the activity of which is decreased through allelic loss, promoter methylation, or somatic mutations in some tumors, has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene. Moreover, our recent clinical study identified PTPL1 expression level as an independent prognostic indicator of a favorable outcome for patients with breast cancer. However, how PTPL1 can affect tumor aggressiveness has not been characterized. Here, we first show that PTPL1 expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, is decreased in breast cancer and metastasis specimens compared with nonmalignant tissues. Second, to evaluate whether PTPL1 plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, RNA interference experiments were performed in poorly tumorigenic MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PTPL1 inhibition drastically increased tumor growth in athymic mice and also enhanced several parameters associated with tumor progression, including cell proliferation on extracellular matrix components and cell invasion. Furthermore, the inhibition of Src kinase expression drastically blocked the effects of PTPL1 silencing on cell growth. In PTPL1 knockdown cells, the phosphorylation of Src on tyrosine 419 is increased, leading to the activation of its downstream substrates Fak and p130cas. Finally, substrate-trapping experiments revealed that Src tyrosine 419 is a direct target of the phosphatase. Thus, by identification of PTPL1 as the first phosphatase able to inhibit Src through direct dephosphorylation in intact cells, we presently describe a new mechanism by which PTPL1 inhibits breast tumor aggressiveness.
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48
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Nirdé P, Derocq D, Maynadier M, Chambon M, Basile I, Gary-Bobo M, Garcia M. Heat shock cognate 70 protein secretion as a new growth arrest signal for cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 29:117-27. [PMID: 19802014 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies indicated that density-arrested cancer cells released an unidentified growth inhibitor whose secretion was prevented by overexpression of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (cath D). In this study, this growth inhibitor was purified by affinity chromatography and identified as the heat shock cognate 70 protein (hsc70) based on its peptide microsequencing and specific antibody recognition. Among intracellular proteins, including other heat shock proteins, only constitutive hsc70 was secreted in response to the high-cell density. Moreover, hsc70 secretion from cancer cells was generated by serum deprivation, whereas its cellular concentration did not change. Prevention of Hsc70 secretion by cath D overexpression was associated with the formation of multilayer cell cultures, thus indicating a loss of contact inhibition. In addition, we showed that supplementing the culture medium with purified hsc70 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range. Conversely, removal of this extracellular hsc70 from the medium by either retention on ADP-agarose or competition at the Hsc70 binding site restored cell proliferation. Hsc70 appears active in human breast cancer cells and hypersecreted by direct cath D inhibition. These results suggest a new role of this secreted hsc70 chaperone in cell proliferation that might account for the higher tumor growth of cancer cells overexpressing cath D.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nirdé
- IRCM, institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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49
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Byun HO, Han NK, Lee HJ, Kim KB, Ko YG, Yoon G, Lee YS, Hong SI, Lee JS. Cathepsin D and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 as promising markers of cellular senescence. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4638-47. [PMID: 19487283 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of premature senescence may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, biomarkers for senescent cancer cells are lacking. To identify such biomarkers, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of MCF7 human breast cancer cells undergoing cellular senescence in response to ionizing radiation (IR). IR-induced senescence was associated with up-regulation of cathepsin D (CD) and down-regulation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1beta2 (eEF1B2), as confirmed by Western blot. The other elongation factor, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha1 (eEF1A1), was also down-regulated. IR-induced senescence was associated with similar changes of CD and eEF1 (eEF1A1 and eEF1B2) levels in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line and the H460 lung cancer cell line. Up-regulation of CD and down-regulation of eEF1 seemed to be specific to senescence, as they were observed during cellular senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide or anticancer drugs (camptothecin, etoposide, or 50 ng doxorubicin) but not during apoptosis induced by Taxol or 10 microg doxorubicin or autophagy induced by tamoxifen. The same alterations in CD and eEF1A1 levels were observed during replicative senescence and Ras oncogene-induced senescence. Transient cell cycle arrest did not alter levels of eEF1 or CD. Chemical inhibition of CD (pepstatin A) and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CD and eEF1 revealed that these factors participate in cell proliferation. Finally, the senescence-associated alteration in CD and eEF1 levels observed in cell lines was also observed in IR-exposed xenografted tumors. These findings show that CD and eEF1 are promising markers for the detection of cellular senescence induced by a variety of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ok Byun
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Hernández NA, Correa E, Avila EP, Vela TA, Pérez VM. PAR1 is selectively over expressed in high grade breast cancer patients: a cohort study. J Transl Med 2009; 7:47. [PMID: 19538737 PMCID: PMC2704182 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protease-activated receptor (PAR1) expression is correlated with the degree of invasiveness in cell lines. Nevertheless it has never been directed involved in breast cancer patients progression. The aim of this study was to determine whether PAR1 expression could be used as predictor of metastases and mortality. Methods In a cohort of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma studied longitudinally since 1996 and until 2007, PAR1 over-expression was assessed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow citometry. Chi-square and log rank tests were used to determine whether there was a statistical association between PAR1 overexpression and metastases, mortality, and survival. Multivariate analysis was performed including HER1, stage, ER and nodes status to evaluate PAR1 as an independent prognostic factor. Results Follow up was 95 months (range: 2–130 months). We assayed PAR1 in a cohort of patients composed of 136 patients; we found PAR1 expression assayed by immunoblotting was selectively associated with high grade patients (50 cases of the study cohort; P = 0.001). Twenty-nine of 50 (58%) patients overexpressed PAR1, and 23 of these (46%) developed metastases. HER1, stage, ER and PAR1 overexpression were robustly correlated (Cox regression, P = 0.002, P = 0.024 and P = 0.002 respectively). Twenty-one of the 50 patients (42%) expressed both receptors (PAR1 and HER1 P = 0.0004). We also found a statistically significant correlation between PAR1 overexpression and increased mortality (P = 0.0001) and development of metastases (P = 0.0009). Conclusion Our data suggest PAR1 overexpression may be involved in the development of metastases in breast cancer patient and is associated with undifferentiated cellular progression of the tumor. Further studies are needed to understand PAR1 mechanism of action and in a near future assay its potential use as risk factor for metastasis development in high grade breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Hernández
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.
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