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Kim BH, Kim YJ, Kim MH, Na YR, Jung D, Seok SH, Kim J, Kim HJ. Identification of FES as a Novel Radiosensitizing Target in Human Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:265-273. [PMID: 31573955 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The identification of novel targets for developing synergistic drug-radiation combinations would pave the way to overcome tumor radioresistance. We conducted cell-based screening of a human kinome siRNA library to identify a radiation-specific kinase that has a synergistic toxic effect with radiation upon inhibition and is not essential for cell survival in the absence of radiation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Unbiased RNAi screening was performed by transfecting A549 cells with a human kinome siRNA library followed by irradiation. Radiosensitizing effects of a target gene and involved mechanisms were examined. RESULTS We identified the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase FES (FEline Sarcoma oncogene) as a radiosensitizing target. The expression of FES was increased in response to irradiation. Cell viability and clonogenic survival after irradiation were significantly decreased by FES knockdown in lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. In contrast, FES depletion alone did not significantly affect cell proliferation without irradiation. An inducible RNAi mouse xenograft model verified in vivo radiosensitizing effects. FES-depleted cells showed increased apoptosis, DNA damage, G2-M phase arrest, and mitotic catastrophe after irradiation. FES depletion promoted radiation-induced reactive oxygen species formation, which resulted in phosphorylation of S6K and MDM2. The radiosensitizing effect of FES knockdown was partially reversed by inhibition of S6K activity. Consistent with the increase in phosphorylated MDM2, an increase in nuclear p53 levels was observed, which appears to contribute increased radiosensitivity of FES-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS We uncovered that inhibition of FES could be a potential strategy for inducing radiosensitization in cancer. Our results provide the basis for developing novel radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hyuck Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwok E, Everingham S, Zhang S, Greer PA, Allingham JS, Craig AW. FES Kinase Promotes Mast Cell Recruitment to Mammary Tumors via the Stem Cell Factor/KIT Receptor Signaling Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:881-91. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Delfino F, Shaffer J, Smithgall T. The KRAB-associated co-repressor KAP-1 is a coiled-coil binding partner, substrate and activator of the c-Fes protein tyrosine kinase. Biochem J 2006; 399:141-50. [PMID: 16792528 PMCID: PMC1570157 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The c-Fes protein tyrosine kinase is implicated in the differentiation of a number of cell types including neuronal, endothelial and myeloid cells. Structurally, Fes consists of a unique N-terminal region, followed by SH2 (Src homology domain 2) and kinase domains. Two coiled-coil (CC) domains (CC1 and CC2) located within the unique N-terminal region are critical regulators of Fes activity in vivo and may function to recruit Fes activators and/or substrates. A yeast two-hybrid screen, utilizing a K-562 cell cDNA library and the Fes CC2 domain as bait, identified an interacting clone encoding the CC domain and B-box motifs (residues 114-357) of the transcriptional co-repressor KRAB-associated protein (KAP)-1. KAP-1(114-357) interacted with full-length Fes in yeast, and the KAP-1 CC domain was sufficient to bind the Fes N-terminal region in Sf-9 cells. Co-expression of Fes with full-length KAP-1 in human 293T cells stimulated Fes autophosphorylation and led to KAP-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Association of endogenous Fes and KAP-1 was also observed in HL-60 myeloid leukaemia cells. Together, these data identify a novel Fes-KAP-1 interaction, and suggest a dual role for KAP-1 as both a Fes activator and downstream effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Delfino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M. Shaffer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Tagliafico E, Tenedini E, Manfredini R, Grande A, Ferrari F, Roncaglia E, Bicciato S, Zini R, Salati S, Bianchi E, Gemelli C, Montanari M, Vignudelli T, Zanocco-Marani T, Parenti S, Paolucci P, Martinelli G, Piccaluga PP, Baccarani M, Specchia G, Torelli U, Ferrari S. Identification of a molecular signature predictive of sensitivity to differentiation induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2006; 20:1751-8. [PMID: 16932344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts are immature committed myeloid cells unable to spontaneously undergo terminal maturation, and characterized by heterogeneous sensitivity to natural differentiation inducers. Here, we show a molecular signature predicting the resistance or sensitivity of six myeloid cell lines to differentiation induced in vitro with retinoic acid or vitamin D. The identified signature was further validated by TaqMan assay for the prediction of response to an in vitro differentiation assay performed on 28 freshly isolated AML blast populations. The TaqMan assay successfully predicts the in vitro resistance or responsiveness of AML blasts to differentiation inducers. Furthermore, performing a meta-analysis of publicly available microarray data sets, we also show the accuracy of our prediction on known phenotypes and suggest that our signature could become useful for the identification of patients eligible for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tagliafico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Boland R, Buitrago C, De Boland AR. Modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation signalling pathways by 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2005; 16:280-7. [PMID: 16002300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormonally active vitamin D(3), 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), interacts with the classic vitamin D nuclear receptor that regulates gene transcription and with a putative cell membrane receptor that mediates rapid biological responses. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) actions on target tissues regulate: mineral metabolism and intracellular Ca(2+); protein kinase cascades leading to cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis; muscle growth and contractility; and the immune system. There is evidence for underlying 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation signalling in bone, intestine, muscle, epidermal and cancer cells. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases-1/2, p38 and/or c-jun N-terminal kinase pathways play important roles in mediating 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) actions. Studies to elucidate key regulatory metabolic steps and crosstalk sites in these pathways would enhance our understanding of the significance of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades in normal 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Boland
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Carlson A, Yates KE, Slamon DJ, Gasson JC. Spatial and temporal changes in the subcellular localization of the nuclear protein-tyrosine kinase, c-Fes. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:225-34. [PMID: 15812239 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as a mechanism to control cellular events in the nucleus. The c-Fes protein-tyrosine kinase is an important regulator of cell growth and differentiation in several cell types, and is found in the nucleus of hematopoietic cells. In this study, we showed nuclear localization of c-Fes in both hematopoietic (K562, TF-1, HEL, U937, and HL-60) and nonhematopoietic cell lines (293T, CaOv3, TfxH, MG-63, HeLa, DU-145) by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. c-Fes showed striking changes in subcellular localization at specific stages of mitosis. In interphase cells, the intranuclear distribution of c-Fes was diffuse with occasional bright foci. Some c-Fes was present in the cytosol after breakdown of the nuclear membrane, in prometaphase. At prometaphase and metaphase c-Fes was also associated with the chromosomes, in a punctate pattern that partially overlapped with the centromere. Further comparison with proteins that are known components of the kinetochore suggested that some c-Fes protein was located at the centromeric alpha-satellite DNA, between the kinetochores. At anaphase and telophase, c-Fes was entirely cytoplasmic and no protein was found associated with the chromosomes. The timing of c-Fes' appearance at the centromere coincides with the period of kinetochore assembly. These data suggest that c-Fes is recruited to the kinetochore during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carlson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Carlson A, Berkowitz JM, Browning D, Slamon DJ, Gasson JC, Yates KE. Expression of c-Fes Protein Isoforms Correlates with Differentiation in Myeloid Leukemias. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:311-6. [PMID: 15869408 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular fes gene encodes a 93-kilodalton protein-tyrosine kinase (p93) that is expressed in both normal and neoplastic myeloid cells. Increased c-Fes expression is associated with differentiation in normal myeloid cells and cell lines. Our hypothesis was that primary leukemia cells would show a similar pattern of increased expression in more differentiated cells. Therefore, we compared c-Fes expression in cells with an undifferentiated, blast phenotype (acute myelogenous leukemia--AML) to cells with a differentiated phenotype (chronic myelogenous leukemia--CML). Instead of differences in p93 expression levels, we found complex patterns of c-Fes immunoreactive proteins that corresponded with differentiation in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. The "blast" pattern consisted of c-Fes immunoreactive proteins p93, p74, and p70; the "differentiated" pattern showed two additional c-Fes immunoreactive proteins, p67 and p62. Using mRNA from mouse and human cell lines, we found deletion of one or more exons in the c-fes mRNA. Those deletions predicted truncation of conserved domains (CDC15/FCH and SH2) involved in protein-protein interactions. No deletions were found, however, within the kinase domain. We infer that alternative splicing generates a family of c-Fes proteins. This may be a mechanism to direct the c-Fes kinase domain to different subcellular locations and/or substrates at specific stages of myeloid cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- HL-60 Cells
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogenes
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carlson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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