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Aziz N, Hong YH, Kim HG, Kim JH, Cho JY. Tumor-suppressive functions of protein lysine methyltransferases. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2475-2497. [PMID: 38036730 PMCID: PMC10766653 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) play crucial roles in histone and nonhistone modifications, and their dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of cancer. While the majority of studies have focused on the oncogenic functions of PKMTs, extensive evidence has indicated that these enzymes also play roles in tumor suppression by regulating the stability of p53 and β-catenin, promoting α-tubulin-mediated genomic stability, and regulating the transcription of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Despite their contradictory roles in tumorigenesis, many PKMTs have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, PKMT inhibitors may have unintended negative effects depending on the specific cancer type and target enzyme. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively summarize the tumor-suppressive effects of PKMTs and to provide new insights into the development of anticancer drugs targeting PKMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhao Z, Hu Y, Shen X, Lao Y, Zhang L, Qiu X, Hu J, Gong P, Cui H, Lu S, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Fan H. HBx represses RIZ1 expression by DNA methyltransferase 1 involvement in decreased miR-152 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2811-2818. [PMID: 28339081 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mainly suspected to promote hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development by epigenetic alteration. The HBV X protein (HBx) plays a key role in the molecular pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC. However, the mechanism of HBx-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. RIZ1 gene, a candidate HCC suppressor gene, is frequently found to be hypermethylated and downregulated in HCC. In the present study, we show that the expression of RIZ1 was downregulated in 65% HCC tissues. Decreased expression of RIZ1 was restored by 5'-Aza in MHCC-97H HCC cell lines. HBx recombinant transfection increased DNMT1 expression level and suppressed RIZ1 expression. Moreover, knockdown of DNMT1 by siRNA restored RIZ1 expression in HCC cell SMMC-7721 and reduced methylated CpG sites of RIZ1. ChIP results showed that DNMT1 protein could bind to RIZ1 promoter, and this interaction was further enhanced with the transfected HBX recombinant. Moreover, miR-152 was decreased and involved in upregulation of DNMT1 in HBx transfected cells, at least partly, contributed to the epigenetic inactivation of RIZ1. Taken together, our data found that HBx repressed RIZ1 expression via DNMT1, which offered a new mechanism of RIZ1 inactivation in HCC, except for the widely known DNA methylation. These results enriched the epigenetic mechanism by which HBx contributes to pathogenesis of HBV-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujiang Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yingbin Lao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Southeast University, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Pihai Gong
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - He Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Menghan Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University and The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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3
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Phookphan P, Navasumrit P, Waraprasit S, Promvijit J, Chaisatra K, Ngaotepprutaram T, Ruchirawat M. Hypomethylation of inflammatory genes (COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3) and increased urinary 8-nitroguanine in arsenic-exposed newborns and children. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:36-47. [PMID: 28025110 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life exposure to arsenic increases risk of developing a variety of non-malignant and malignant diseases. Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis may be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms and pathways leading to inflammation. Our previous study reported that prenatal arsenic exposure leads to increased mRNA expression of several genes related to inflammation, including COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3. This study aimed to investigate the effects of arsenic exposure on promoter DNA methylation and mRNA expression of these inflammatory genes (COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3), as well as the generation of 8-nitroguanine, which is a mutagenic DNA lesion involved in inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Prenatally arsenic-exposed newborns had promoter hypomethylation of COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3 in cord blood lymphocytes (p<0.01). A follow-up study in these prenatally arsenic-exposed children showed a significant hypomethylation of these genes in salivary DNA (p<0.01). In vitro experiments confirmed that arsenite treatment at short-term high doses (10-100μM) and long-term low doses (0.5-1μM) in human lymphoblasts (RPMI 1788) caused promoter hypomethylation of these genes, which was in concordance with an increase in their mRNA expression. Additionally, the level of urinary 8-nitroguanine was significantly higher (p<0.01) in exposed newborns and children, by 1.4- and 1.8-fold, respectively. Arsenic accumulation in toenails was negatively correlated with hypomethylation of these genes and positively correlated with levels of 8-nitroguanine. These results indicated that early-life exposure to arsenic causes hypomethylation of COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3, increases mRNA expression of these genes, and increases 8-nitroguanine formation. These effects may be linked to mechanisms of arsenic-induced inflammation and cancer development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaphan Phookphan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Post-graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Post-graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand
| | - Somchamai Waraprasit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeerawan Promvijit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krittinee Chaisatra
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand.
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Ge P, Yu X, Wang ZC, Lin J. Aberrant Methylation of the 1p36 Tumor Suppressor Gene RIZ1 in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4071-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Calcagno DQ, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M, Burbano RR. Cancer type-specific epigenetic changes: gastric cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:79-101. [PMID: 25421656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major cause of mortality despite declining rate in the world. Epigenetic alterations contribute significantly to the development and progression of gastric tumors. Epigenetic refers to the number of modifications of the chromatin structure that affect gene expression without altering the primary sequence of DNA, and these changes lead to transcriptional activation or silencing of the gene. Over the years, the study of epigenetic processes has increased, and novel therapeutic approaches have emerged. This chapter summarizes the main epigenomic mechanisms described recently involved in gastric carcinogenesis, focusing on the roles that aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications (histone acetylation and methylation), and miRNAs (oncogenic and tumor suppressor function of miRNA) play in the onset and progression of gastric tumors. Clinical implications of these epigenetic alterations in GC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua dos Mundurucus, 4487, Guamá, CEP 66073-000 Belém, PA, Brazil,
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Van Rechem C, Whetstine JR. Examining the impact of gene variants on histone lysine methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:1463-76. [PMID: 24859469 PMCID: PMC4752941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a boom in the amount of genome-wide sequencing data that has uncovered important and unappreciated links between certain genes, families of genes and enzymatic processes and diseases such as cancer. Such studies have highlighted the impact that chromatin modifying enzymes could have in cancer and other genetic diseases. In this review, we summarize characterized mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and histones. We primarily focus on variants with strong disease correlations and discuss how they could impact histone lysine methylation dynamics and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Van Rechem
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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7
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Shi J, Qu YP, Hou P. Pathogenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13804-13819. [PMID: 25320518 PMCID: PMC4194564 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major public health issue as the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent advances have improved our understanding of its molecular pathogenesis, as best exemplified by elucidating the fundamental role of several major signaling pathways and related molecular derangements. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these signaling pathways, such as gene mutations, copy number variants, aberrant gene methylation and histone modification, nucleosome positioning, and microRNAs. Some of these genetic/epigenetic alterations represent effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GC. This information has now opened unprecedented opportunities for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this cancer. The pathogenetic mechanisms of GC are the focus of this review.
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Dong SW, Li D, Xu C, Sun P, Wang YG, Zhang P. Alteration in gene expression profile and oncogenicity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by RIZ1 upregulation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6170-6177. [PMID: 24115813 PMCID: PMC3787346 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i37.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1 (RIZ1) upregulation in gene expression profile and oncogenicity of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line TE13.
METHODS: TE13 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)/RIZ1 and pcDNA3.1(+). Changes in gene expression profile were screened and the microarray results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Nude mice were inoculated with TE13 cells to establish ESCC xenografts. After two weeks, the inoculated mice were randomly divided into three groups. Tumors were injected with normal saline, transfection reagent pcDNA3.1(+) and transfection reagent pcDNA3.1(+)/RIZ1, respectively. Tumor development was quantified, and changes in gene expression of RIZ1 transfected tumors were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.
RESULTS: DNA microarray data showed that RIZ1 transfection induced widespread changes in gene expression profile of cell line TE13, with 960 genes upregulated and 1163 downregulated. Treatment of tumor xenografts with RIZ1 recombinant plasmid significantly inhibited tumor growth, decreased tumor size, and increased expression of RIZ1 mRNA compared to control groups. The changes in gene expression profile were also observed in vivo after RIZ1 transfection. Most of the differentially expressed genes were associated with cell development, supervision of viral replication, lymphocyte costimulatory and immune system development in esophageal cells. RIZ1 gene may be involved in multiple cancer pathways, such as cytokine receptor interaction and transforming growth factor beta signaling.
CONCLUSION: The development and progression of esophageal cancer are related to the inactivation of RIZ1. Virus infection may also be an important factor.
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Sarris M, Nikolaou K, Talianidis I. Context-specific regulation of cancer epigenomes by histone and transcription factor methylation. Oncogene 2013; 33:1207-17. [PMID: 23503463 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression or activity of histone lysine methylases and demethylases in cancer lead to aberrant chromatin modification patterns, which contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation via cancer-specific deregulation of gene expression programs or the induction of genome instability. Several transcription factors that regulate growth-associated genes undergo lysine methylation, expanding the repertoire of regulatory targets modulated by histone-methylating enzymes during tumorigenesis. In certain specific tumor types or specific physiological conditions, these enzymes may trigger chromatin structure and/or transcription factor activity changes that result in opposite effects on cancer initiation or progression. The mechanisms of such context-specific dual functions and those involved in the crosstalk between factor and histone modifications are subject to extensive research, which is beginning to shed light into this novel level of complexity of cancer-related epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - K Nikolaou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - I Talianidis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
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10
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Khaenam P, Niibori A, Okada S, Jearanaikoon P, Araki N, Limpaiboon T. Contribution of RIZ1 to regulation of proliferation and migration of a liver fluke-related cholangiocarcinoma cell. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4007-11. [PMID: 23098508 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma-interacting zinc finger gene (RIZ1) is a tumor suppressor gene which is highly inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in patients with liver fluke-related cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Epigenetic aberration of this gene might withdraw the ability to restrain tumor cell proliferation and migration. We aimed to define the role of RIZ1 on cell proliferation and migration in CCA cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down the expression of RIZ1 in a CCA-derived cell line in which cell proliferation and cell migration were performed. RESULTS A predominant nuclear localization of RIZ1 was observed. Reduction of RIZ1 by siRNA augmented cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION The result suggested that RIZ1 might play a role in regulating cell proliferation and migration in CCA. Reduction of RIZ1 expression may aggravate the progression of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong Khaenam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Dong SW, Zhang P, Liu YM, Cui YT, Wang S, Liang SJ, He Z, Sun P, Wang YG. Study on RIZ1 gene promoter methylation status in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:576-82. [PMID: 22363126 PMCID: PMC3280405 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i6.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the promoter region methylation status of retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1 (RIZ1) in the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and tissues and verify the relationship between methylation of RIZ1 and oncogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis etc of ESCC.
METHODS: Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to investigate the promoter region methylation status of RIZ1 in 6 ESCC cell lines. One cell line where RIZ1 promoter region methylation was detected was selected for the next study, where the cell line was treated with 5-aza-CdR. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate its influence on the transcription of RIZ1. Experiments using frozen pathological specimens from 47 ESCC patients were performed using the same MSP methodology.
RESULTS: Promoter methylation of RIZ1 gene was detected in TE13, CaEs17 and EC109 cell lines and the cell line TE13 was chosen for further study. The expression of RIZ1 mRNA in TE-13 was up-regulated after treatment with 5-aza-CdR. The rate of methylation in carcinomas tissues was significantly higher than those in matched neighboring normal and distal ending normal tissue, and the deviation of data was statistically significant (χ2 = 24.136, P < 0.01). Analysis of the gender, age familial history, tumour deviation, tumour saturation, lymph gland displacement and clinical staging of 47 samples from ESCC patients showed that the fluctuation of data was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION: Promoter methylation may play an important role in the epigenetic silencing of RIZ1 gene expression in human ESCC. RIZ1 is considered to be a potential tumor suppressor gene and may be a biological parameter for testing early stage human ESCC.
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Yu J, Liu P, Cui X, Sui Y, Ji G, Guan R, Sun D, Ji W, Liu F, Liu A, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Jin Y, Bai J, Geng J, Xue Y, Qi J, Lee KY, Fu S. Identification of novel subregions of LOH in gastric cancer and analysis of the HIC1 and TOB1 tumor suppressor genes in these subregions. Mol Cells 2011; 32:47-55. [PMID: 21533545 PMCID: PMC3855460 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified 3 overlapping regions showing loss of heterozygosity (LOH, R(1)-R(3) from 11 to 30 cM) on chromosome 17 in 45 primary gastric cancers (GCs). The data indicated the presence of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) on chromosome 17 involved in GC. Among the putative TSGs in these regions, HIC1 (in SR(1)) and TOB1 (in SR(3)) remain to be examined in GC. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and western blot, we evaluated the expression and regulation status for HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC. We narrowed down the deletion intervals on chromosome 17 and defined five smaller LOH subregions, SR(1)-SR(5) (0.54 to 3.42 cM), in GC. We found that HIC1 had downregulated expression in 86% (91/106) and was methylated in 87% (26/30) of primary GCs. Of the primary GCs showing downregulation of HIC1 protein, 75% (18/24) had methylated HIC1 gene. TOB1 was either absent or expressed at reduced levels in 75% (73/97) of the GC samples. In addition, a general reduction was found in total and the ratio of unphosphorylated to phosphorylated TOB1 protein levels in the differentiated GC cell lines. Further analysis revealed significant simultaneous downregulation of both HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC tissue microarray samples (67%, 52/78) and in primary GCs (65%, 11/17). These results indicate that silencing of HIC1 and TOB1 expression is a common occurrence in GC and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcui Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Sui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rongwei Guan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fangli Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - An Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiping Qi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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13
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Genomic and epigenetic profiles of gastric cancer: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surg Today 2010; 41:24-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Varier RA, Timmers HTM. Histone lysine methylation and demethylation pathways in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:75-89. [PMID: 20951770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic changes leading to the development of human cancer are accompanied by alterations in the structure and modification status of chromatin, which represent powerful regulatory mechanisms for gene expression and genome stability. These epigenetic alterations have sparked interest into deciphering the regulatory pathways and function of post-translational modifications of histones during the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review we describe and summarize the current knowledge of several histone lysine methyltransferase and demethylase pathways relevant to cancer. Mechanistic insight into histone modifications will pave the way for the development and therapeutic application of "epidrugs" in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika A Varier
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Potential utility of HOP homeobox gene promoter methylation as a marker of tumor aggressiveness in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:3263-75. [PMID: 20228841 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HOP homeobox (HOPX) is an unusual homeobox gene encoding three spliced transcript variants, among which the only HOPX-beta promoter harbors CpG islands. The characteristics of its promoter methylation was analyzed using bisulfite sequencing and quantitative-methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (Q-MSP), and the effects of HOPX expression were also examined. HOPX-beta expression was silenced in all gastric cancer cell lines tested; its expression could be restored by treatment with demethylating agent. On Q-MSP, HOPX-beta hypermethylation (cut-off value of 3.55) was found in 84% (67 out of 80) of primary tumor tissues and 10% (8 out of 80) of the corresponding normal tissues and could discriminate normal from tumor tissues (P<0.0001). The prognosis of the advanced cases with HOPX-beta hypermethylation was as poor as those with stage IV disease when cut-off value was set at 11.28. This finding was validated in an independent cohort of 90 advanced gastric cancers. The HOPX-beta hypermethylation was also an independent prognostic factor (P=0.029) on multivariate analysis. Exogenous HOPX expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion as well as enhanced apoptosis. Taken together, HOPX-beta promoter methylation is a frequent and cancer-specific event in gastric cancer. Quantitative assessment of HOPX-beta methylation has great clinical potential as a marker of tumor aggressiveness.
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Khaenam P, Jearanaikoon P, Pairojkul C, Bhudhisawasdi V, Limpaiboon T. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of RIZ1 and the correlation to clinicopathological parameters in liver fluke-related cholangiocarcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:385-390. [PMID: 22993552 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma interacting zinc finger (RIZ1) gene is adjacent to D1S228 where microsatellite instability has been associated with poor patient survival in liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenesis and pathogenesis of CCA is necessary to improve patient survival. Therefore, we determined the genetic and epigenetic alterations of RIZ1 in 81 CCA samples and 69 matched non-tumor tissues. Methylation was found in 31 of 81 (38%) tumor samples and in 5 of 69 (7%) matched non-tumor tissues. Frameshift mutations (2 of 81) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (14 of 81) were not common. Statistical analysis found no significant correlation between RIZ1 alterations and clinicopathological features, but RIZPro704 LOH was associated with patient survival in the multivariate analysis. RIZ1 hypermethylation may be one of the crucial molecular events contributing to cholangiocarcinogenesis, and RIZPro704 LOH may adversely impact patient survival. The biological function of RIZ1 in CCA should be further investigated in order to verify its potential role in regulating this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong Khaenam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School ; Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Wu D, Tian Y, Gong W, Zhu H, Zhang Z, Wang M, Wang S, Tan M, Wu H, Zhang Z. Genetic variants in the Runt-related transcription factor 3 gene contribute to gastric cancer risk in a Chinese population. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1688-94. [PMID: 19552756 PMCID: PMC11159149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a well known gene for its functions in gastric cancer suppression, but the effect of its genetic variations on the risk of gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, ten tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) of the RUNX3 gene were selected and genotyped in a hospital-based case-control study of 312 gastric cancer patients and 329 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. In the single-locus analysis, three RUNX3 intronic tSNPs associated with significantly increased risk of gastric cancer were observed: the SNP3 rs11249206 CC genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-2.99), compared with the TT genotype; the SNP7 rs760805 AA genotype (adjusted OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.14-2.92), compared with the TT genotype; and the SNP8 rs2236852 GG genotype (adjusted OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.05-2.72), compared with the AA genotype. In the combined analyses of these three tSNPs, we found that the combined genotypes with four to six variant (risk) alleles (i.e. SNP3 C, SNP7 A, and SNP8 G alleles) were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer compared with those with one to three variant (risk) alleles (adjusted OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.41-2.85), and this increased risk was more pronounced among subgroups of age > or =65 years, never smokers, and never drinkers. However, no significant association was observed in the clinicopathological features analyses. In conclusion, the RUNX3 genetic variants may modulate the risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Further larger and functional studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Epigenetic changes in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:229-49. [PMID: 18840073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.3.121806.151442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is as much an epigenetic disease as it is a genetic disease, and epigenetic alterations in cancer often serve as potent surrogates for genetic mutations. Normal epigenetic modifications of DNA encompass three types of changes: chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, and genomic imprinting, each of which is altered in cancer cells. This review addresses the various epigenetic modifications that are pervasive among human tumors and traces the history of cancer epigenetics from the first observations of altered global methylation content to the recently proposed epigenetic progenitor model, which provides a common unifying mechanism for cancer development.
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Cheng Y, Kim JW, Liu W, Dunn TA, Luo J, Loza MJ, Kim ST, Zheng SL, Xu J, Isaacs WB, Chang BL. Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of TNFRSF10C in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:327-35. [PMID: 19035483 PMCID: PMC2795318 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNFRSF10C, is located on 8p21.3, one of the most frequently deleted loci in the genome of prostate cancer (PCa). Hypermethylation of TNFRSF10C promoter CpG island (CGI) had been reported in many tumors including PCa. However, the interplay between somatic deletion and promoter hypermethylation of TNFRSF10C on PCa development has not been investigated. METHODS Methylation status of promoter CGI and deletion status of the TNFRSF10C locus was investigated by bisulfite sequencing and Affymetrix SNP array, respectively, in 59 pairs of PCa tumor and matched normal samples with three PCa cell lines. TNFRSF10C gene expression changes in relation to cancer-associated genetic/epigenetic changes in clinical specimens, and change of TNFRSF10C expression before and after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in the PC3 PCa cell line was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS We found that TNFRSF10C promoter CGI was differentially methylated in 46 of 59 primary cancers (78.0%). Hemizygous deletion at TNFRSF10C was found in 44 of the 59 prostate tumors (74.5%). Interestingly, in 94.9% of the tumors (56 out of 59), TNFRSF10C was either hemizygously deleted or its promoter CGI hypermethylated. Deletion and/or methylation of the TNFRSF10C gene were correlated with decreased mRNA expression of the gene in clinical specimens. Demethylation of the TNFRSF10C promoter CGI was accompanied by transcriptional re-activation of TNFRSF10C in the PCa cell line PC3. CONCLUSION We found a notably high frequency of promoter CGI methylation and deletion of TNFRSF10C in PCa tissues. Our results indicated that inactivation of TNFRSF10C by chromosomal deletion and promoter methylation may play an important role in PCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Wennuan Liu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Thomas A Dunn
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew J Loza
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Siqun Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Bao-Li Chang, Ph.D., Center for Human Genomics, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, Phone: (336)713-7148, Fax: (336)713-7566, , or Dr. William B. Isaacs, Ph.D., Marburg 115, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, Phone: (410)955-2518, Fax: (410)955-0833,
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Kim JW, Cheng Y, Liu W, Li T, Yegnasubramanian S, Zheng SL, Xu J, Isaacs WB, Chang BL. Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of LPL gene in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:734-8. [PMID: 19004026 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is in chromosome 8p22, site of one of the most common somatic deletions in prostate tumors. Additionally, a CpG island (CGI) was identified in the LPL promoter region. To test the hypothesis that LPL is a tumor suppressor gene, which is inactivated by somatic deletion and hypermethylation in prostate cancer, we evaluated somatic DNA deletion and methylation status at LPL in 56 pairs of DNA samples isolated from prostate cancer tissues and matching normal controls and 11 prostate cell lines. We found that the DNA in 21 of 56 primary cancers (38%) was methylated in the LPL promoter CGI, whereas no methylation was detected in any normal samples. In addition, we found a hemizygous deletion at LPL in 38 of the 56 tumors (68%). When the results of deletion and methylation were considered together, we found LPL promoter CGI methylation occurred in 45% of LPL deleted tumors and in 22% of LPL retained tumors. Within several clinical characteristics tested, the preoperative PSA levels were found to be significantly higher in subjects with LPL promoter CGI methylation compared with subjects without LPL promoter methylation (p=0.0012). Additionally, demethylation of the LPL promoter CGI was accompanied by transcriptional reactivation of LPL in the prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3. In summary, we report a novel finding that the LPL gene is commonly methylated in prostate tumors, and our results suggest that biallelic inactivation of LPL by chromosomal deletion and promoter hypermethylation may play a role in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Cheng YW, Pincas H, Bacolod MD, Schemmann G, Giardina SF, Huang J, Barral S, Idrees K, Khan SA, Zeng Z, Rosenberg S, Notterman DA, Ott J, Paty P, Barany F. CpG island methylator phenotype associates with low-degree chromosomal abnormalities in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6005-13. [PMID: 18829479 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant promoter methylation and genomic instability occur frequently during colorectal cancer development. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) has been shown to associate with microsatellite instability, and BRAF mutation and is often found in the right-side colon. Nevertheless, the relative importance of CIMP and chromosomal instability (CIN) for tumorigenesis has yet to be thoroughly investigated in sporadic colorectal cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined CIMP in 161 primary colorectal cancers and 66 matched normal mucosae using a quantitative bisulfite/PCR/ligase detection reaction (LDR)/Universal Array assay. The validity of CIMP was confirmed in a subset of 60 primary tumors using MethyLight assay and five independent markers. In parallel, CIN was analyzed in the same study cohort using Affymetrix 50K Human Mapping arrays. RESULTS The identified CIMP-positive cancers correlate with microsatellite instability (P = 0.075) and the BRAF mutation V600E (P = 0.00005). The array-based high-resolution analysis of chromosomal aberrations indicated that the degree of aneuploidy is spread over a wide spectrum among analyzed colorectal cancers. Whether CIN was defined by copy number variations in selected microsatellite loci (criterion 1) or considered as a continuous variable (criterion 2), CIMP-positive samples showed a strong correlation with low-degree chromosomal aberrations (P = 0.075 and P = 0.012, respectively). Similar correlations were observed when CIMP was determined by MethyLight assay (P = 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSION CIMP-positive tumors generally possess lower chromosomal aberrations, which may only be revealed using a genome-wide approach. The significant difference in the degree of chromosomal aberrations between CIMP-positive and the remainder of samples suggests that epigenetic (CIMP) and genetic (CIN) abnormalities may arise from independent molecular mechanisms of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Alteration in transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway is one of the main causes of pancreatic cancer. The human runt-related transcription factor 3 gene (RUNX3) is an important component of this pathway. RUNX3 locus 1p36 is commonly deleted in a variety of human cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we examined genetic and epigenetic alterations of RUNX3 in human pancreatic cancer. Thirty-two patients with pancreatic cancer were investigated in this study. We examined the methylation status of RUNX3 promoter region, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 1p36, and conducted a mutation analysis. The results were compared with clinicopathological data. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in 20 (62.5%) of 32 pancreatic cancer tissues, confirmed by sequence of bisulphite-treated DNA. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in 11 (34.3%) of 32 pancreatic cancers. In comparison with clinicopathological data, hypermethylation showed a relation with a worse prognosis (P=0.0143). Hypermethylation and LOH appear to be common mechanisms for inactivation of RUNX3 in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, RUNX3 may be an important tumour suppressor gene related to pancreatic cancer.
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Cho YG, Choi BJ, Kim CJ, Song JH, Zhang C, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Genetic analysis of the DBC2 gene in gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 2007; 47:366-71. [PMID: 17906984 DOI: 10.1080/02841860701644094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The DBC2 (Deleted in breast cancer, RhoBTB2) has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene that has growth inhibitory function. To investigate whether genetic alterations of the DBC2 gene are involved in the development of gastric cancer, we analyzed mutations and allelic loss in the DBC2 gene in 95 primary gastric cancers by PCR-SSCP, sequencing and LOH analysis. In the mutational analysis, we found one missense somatic mutation (CGG-->TGG, R275W) in the BTB/POZ domain of the gene in a patient with advanced gastric cancer and lymph node metastasis. In addition, we found one known polymorphism and three novel polymorphisms in the coding region of DBC2, which showed an amino acid change, and was detected in both the cancer cells and corresponding normal cells. On LOH analysis, 62 cases were heterozygous for at least one marker and 18 cases (29.0%) showed allelic loss at these markers. In conclusion, the mutations and allelic loss in the DBC2 gene are uncommon in gastric cancers in Korean patients. Further studies to identify the target gene at 8q21 responsible for the development of gastric cancer should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Watanabe Y, Toyota M, Kondo Y, Suzuki H, Imai T, Ohe-Toyota M, Maruyama R, Nojima M, Sasaki Y, Sekido Y, Hiratsuka H, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Itoh F, Tokino T. PRDM5 identified as a target of epigenetic silencing in colorectal and gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4786-94. [PMID: 17699856 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ) domain proteins (PRDM) are a subfamily of the kruppel-like zinc finger gene products that play key roles during cell differentiation and malignant transformation. The aim of the present study was to begin to examine the involvement of epigenetic alteration of PRDM expression in gastric and colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used real-time PCR to assess expression of PRDM1-17. In addition, we used bisulfite PCR to assess DNA methylation and chromatin immunoprecipitation to assess histone modification in colorectal and gastric cancer cell lines lacking PRDM5 expression. RESULTS Among the 17 PRDM family genes tested, we found that PRDM5 is the most frequently silenced in colorectal and gastric cancer cell lines. Silencing of PRDM5 was mediated by either DNA methylation or trimethylation of Lys(27) of histone H3. Introduction of PRDM5 into cancer cells suppressed cell growth, suggesting that it acts as a tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal cancers. Methylation of PRDM5 was detected in 6.6% (4 of 61) of primary colorectal and 50.0% (39 of 78) of primary gastric cancers but not in noncancerous tissue samples collected from areas adjacent to the tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that epigenetic alteration of PRDM5 (e.g., methylation of its 5'-CpG island or trimethylation of Lys(27) of histone H3) likely plays a key role in the progression of gastrointestinal cancers and may be a useful molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Jeronimo C, Monteiro P, Henrique R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Costa I, Costa VL, Filipe L, Carvalho AL, Hoque MO, Pais I, Leal C, Teixeira MR, Sidransky D. Quantitative hypermethylation of a small panel of genes augments the diagnostic accuracy in fine-needle aspirate washings of breast lesions. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:27-34. [PMID: 17549626 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that comprehensive breast cancer methylation profiling might provide biomarkers for diagnostic assessment of suspicious breast lesions using fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-three gene promoters were surveyed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in bisulfite-modified DNA from 66 breast carcinomas (BCa), 31 fibroadenomas (FB) and 12 normal breast (NT) samples to define a set of genes differentially methylated in malignant and non-malignant tissues. This set was tested in 78 FNA washings obtained pre-operatively (66 malignant, 12 benign), with histopathological diagnosis. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified a gene panel which might distinguish cancer from non-cancerous lesions. Finally, this panel was validated in an independent series of FNA washings (45 cases) in which cytomorphology did not reach definitive diagnosis. RESULTS In tissue samples, 14-3-3-sigma, DAPK, CCND2, RASSF1A, CALCA, APC, HIN1, RARbeta2, TIG1, and GSTP1 methylation levels differed significantly among BCa, FB, and NT. ROC curve analysis identified a panel of four gene loci (CCND2, RASSF1A, APC, and HIN1) that discriminated BCa from benign lesions in a set of 78 FNA washings from histologically characterized breast lesions. When this panel was tested in the validation dataset of 45 FNA washings, breast cancer was identified with perfect specificity (100%) when 3 of 4 gene loci tested positive, providing estimated added information of 91% over cytomorphologic evaluation alone. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that multigene methylation analysis augments diagnostic accuracy of cytological assessment of suspicious breast lesions, and might be a valuable ancillary tool for breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jeronimo
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino Almeida, Porto, Portugal.
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Noda H, Miyaji Y, Nakanishi A, Konishi F, Miki Y. Frequent reduced expression of alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor caused by aberrant promoter methylation in gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:383-90. [PMID: 17242706 PMCID: PMC2360006 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that epigenetic inactivation of tumour-related genes by promoter methylation participates in the development of gastric cancer. We newly identified the frequently aberrant promoter methylation of alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1B) in colorectal cancer by methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) and examined the methylation status of the ADRA1B promoter in 34 paired samples of colorectal cancer and surrounding epithelial tissue, and 34 paired samples of gastric cancer and surrounding epithelial tissue. In colorectal cancers, only four of 34 (11.8%) tumours showed ADRA1B promoter methylation. In contrast, ADRA1B promoter methylation was detected in 24 of 34 (70.6%) gastric cancers and in 14 of 34 (41.2%) surrounding epithelial tissues. The frequency of ADRA1B promoter methylation was higher in gastric epithelial tissues with intestinal metaplasia (41.6%) than in those without intestinal metaplasia (25.0%). Reverse transcription–PCR detected reduced ADRA1B expression in 12 of 18 (66.7%) gastric cancers, and its promoter methylation was detected in 11 of these 12 (91.7%) gastric cancers with reduced ADRA1B expression. Thus, ADRA1B promoter is frequently methylated in gastric cancer. Our results suggest that the ADRA1B gene is an important tumour-related gene frequently involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Noda
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Omiya, Japan
| | - Y Miyaji
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - A Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - F Konishi
- Department of Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Omiya, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; E-mail:
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Jiao YF, Sugai T, Habano W, Uesugi N, Takagane A, Nakamura SI. Clinicopathological significance of loss of heterozygosity in intestinal- and solid-type gastric carcinomas: a comprehensive study using the crypt isolation technique. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:548-55. [PMID: 16474377 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinicopathological significance of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in gastric carcinoma remains poorly understood. We and other researchers have previously demonstrated that LOH is fairly common in intestinal- and solid-type gastric carcinomas, but rare in diffuse-type tumors. In this study, we investigated the relationship between clinicopathological variables and LOH status in intestinal- and solid-type gastric carcinomas. The crypt isolation technique was utilized to analyze LOH at 1p36, 3p14, 4p15, 5q21-22, 8p11-12, 9p21, 13q22, 17p13.1 18q21 and 22q13.31 in 113 intestinal- and solid-type gastric carcinomas using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Immunostaining with D2-40 and Elastica van Gieson staining were used to detect lymphatic invasion and vessel invasion, respectively. High LOH rates (49-71%) were observed in all chromosomal regions tested. 1p36 loss was significantly associated with advanced tumors and lymph node metastasis. 8p11-12 loss was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and vessel invasion. 17p13.1 (TP53) loss was significantly associated with vessel invasion. 22q13.31 loss was significantly associated with advanced tumors, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, vessel invasion and late TNM stage. No significant associations were observed between LOH at other chromosomal regions and aggressive behaviors. In addition, significantly higher LOH rates at 1p36, 9p21, 18q21 and 22q13.31 were observed in cardiac tumors compared with noncardiac tumors. These results suggest that in intestinal- and solid-type gastric carcinomas, LOH on 3p14, 4p15, 5q21-22, 9p21, 13q22 and 18q21 is associated with carcinogenesis, while LOH on 1p36, 8p11-12, 17p31.1 and 22q13.31 is associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Jiao
- Division of Pathology, Central Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru, Morioka, Japan
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Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Hoque MO, Nomoto S, Carvalho AL, Costa VL, Oliveira J, Teixeira MR, Lopes C, Sidransky D. MT1G hypermethylation is associated with higher tumor stage in prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1274-8. [PMID: 15894685 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Zinc is involved in several physiologic processes, including cell growth and proliferation. Although in normal prostate tissue zinc levels are high, there is a marked decrease in prostate cancer. Metallothioneins control the bioavailability of zinc and one isoform, MT1G, was reported down-regulated in prostate cancer. Here, we investigated whether promoter methylation might cause MT1G silencing in prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The MT1G promoter was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR on prospectively collected tissue samples from 121 patients with prostate cancer, 39 paired high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (HGPIN), 29 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 13 normal prostate tissue samples from cystoprostatectomy specimens, and prostate cancer cell lines. The methylation levels were calculated and were correlated with clinical and pathologic variables. Reverse transcription-PCR was done in cell lines to assess MT1G mRNA expression before and after demethylating treatment. RESULTS MT1G promoter hypermethylation was found in 29 of 121 prostate cancer, 5 of 39 HGPIN, 3 of 29 benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 0 of 13 normal prostate tissue samples. No significant differences in methylation frequencies or levels were found (P = 0.057, for both). Methylation levels were found to correlate with tumor stage but not with Gleason grade. MT1G hypermethylation was more frequent in prostate cancer that spread beyond the prostate capsule. All prostate cancer cell lines tested showed MT1G promoter methylation, but no differences in expression were apparent after demethylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that MT1G promoter methylation is associated with tumor aggressiveness in prostate cancer and it might be a marker of locally advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Henrique
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Lo YC, Kurtz RB, Nickoloff JA. Analysis of chromosome/allele loss in genetically unstable yeast by quantitative real-time PCR. Biotechniques 2005; 38:685-6, 688, 690. [PMID: 15948291 DOI: 10.2144/05385bm01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lo
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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30
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Gibbons RJ. Histone modifying and chromatin remodelling enzymes in cancer and dysplastic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14 Spec No 1:R85-92. [PMID: 15809277 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes is central to the development of cancer. Although this inactivation was once considered to be secondary to intragenic mutations, it is now clear that silencing of these genes often occurs by epigenetic means. Hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with the tumour suppressor genes was the first manifestation of this phenomenon to be described. It is apparent, however, that this is one of a host of chromatin modifications which characterize gene silencing. Although we know little about what determines which loci are affected, our understanding of the nature of the epigenetic marks and how they are established has blossomed. There is no compelling evidence that cancer ever develops by purely epigenetic means, but it is apparent that perturbations in the apparatus which establish the epigenome may contribute to the development of cancer. This review will focus on the role of two classes of chromatin remodelling enzymes, those that alter histones by the addition or removal of acetyl and methyl groups and those of the SWI/SNF family of proteins that change the topology of the nucleosome and its DNA strand via the hydrolysis of ATP, and we shall examine the consequence of mutations in, or mis-expression of, these factors. In some cases, mutations in these factors appear to play a direct role in cancer development. However, their general role as important intermediaries involved in regulating gene expression makes them attractive therapeutic targets. In exciting developments, it has been shown that inhibition of these factors leads to the reversal of tumour suppressor gene silencing and the inhibition of cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gibbons
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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31
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Gologan A, Graham DY, Sepulveda AR. Molecular markers in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25:197-222. [PMID: 15749238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a known risk factor of gastric carcino-genesis. This article presents early molecular alterations associated with H. pylori chronic gastritis and advances in the molecular characterization of preneoplastic intestinal metaplasia (IM) and premalignant gastric mucosal lesions. H. pylori infection induces changes in gene expression, genomic instability and accumulation of gene mutations in the stomach epithelium. Mutations, including LOH and microsatellite instability, and gene hypermethylation are seen not only in gastric cancer, but are already detectable in IM and gastric dysplasia/adenoma. Recent reports using microarray expression analysis identified several gastric epithelial genes that are regulated by H. pylori. Among the many genes showing altered epithelial expression in response to H. pylori, some might be useful as markers to assess gastric cancer risk. Profiles of mutagenesis and gene expression in IM and dysplasia/adenoma have been characterized and represent potential markers of preneoplastic and premalignant lesions during gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gologan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH-A610, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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32
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Parrella P, Scintu M, Prencipe M, Poeta ML, Gallo AP, Rabitti C, Rinaldi M, Tommasi S, Paradiso A, Schittulli F, Valori VM, Toma S, Altomare V, Fazio VM. HIC1 promoter methylation and 17p13.3 allelic loss in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Cancer Lett 2005; 222:75-81. [PMID: 15837543 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The HIC1 gene is a transcriptional regulator commonly methylated in a variety of human cancer. Thirty-three invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and 21 matched normal breast tissues were analysed for HIC1 promoter methylation, and allelic loss of a 700 kb region spanning the gene locus. At least one genetic or epigenetic abnormality was found in 27 of the carcinomas tested (82%). Promoter methylation was demonstrated in 21 carcinomas (64%), and nine normal tissues (43%), whereas 18 malignant tumors (54%) showed allelic loss. Concomitant loss of heterozigosity and promoter hypermethylation in the region spanning HIC1 was detected in eight carcinomas (24%) suggesting that in this subset of tumors both copies of the gene are functionally lost. These observations support a role for the HIC1 gene in the pathogenesis of breast ductal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Parrella
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Oncology, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Padre Pio, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
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33
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Schulmann K, Sterian A, Berki A, Yin J, Sato F, Xu Y, Olaru A, Wang S, Mori Y, Deacu E, Hamilton J, Kan T, Krasna MJ, Beer DG, Pepe MS, Abraham JM, Feng Z, Schmiegel W, Greenwald BD, Meltzer SJ. Inactivation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 occurs early in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression and predicts progression risk. Oncogene 2005; 24:4138-48. [PMID: 15824739 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) are at increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Clinical neoplastic progression risk factors, such as age and the length of the esophageal BE segment, have been identified. However, improved molecular biomarkers predicting increased progression risk are needed for improved risk assessment and stratification. Using real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR, we screened 10 genes (HPP1, RUNX3, RIZ1, CRBP1, 3-OST-2, APC, TIMP3, p16, MGMT, p14) for promoter hypermethylation in 77 EAC, 93 BE, and 64 normal esophagus (NE) specimens. A subset of genes manifesting significant differences in methylation frequencies between BE and EAC was then analysed in 20 dysplastic specimens. All 10 genes except p14 were frequently methylated in EACs, with RUNX3, HPP1, CRBP1, RIZ1, and OST-2 representing novel methylation targets in EAC and/or BE. p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 displayed increasing methylation frequencies in BE vs EAC. Furthermore, these increases in methylation occurred early, at the interface between BE and low-grade dysplasia (LGD). To demonstrate the silencing effect of hypermethylation, we selected the EAC cells BIC1, in which the HPP1 promoter is natively methylated, and subjected them to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza-C) treatment. Real-time RT-PCR indicated increased HPP1 mRNA levels after 3 days of Aza-C treatment, as well as decreased levels of methylated HPP1 DNA. Hypermethylation of a subset of six genes (APC, TIMP3, CRBP1, p16, RUNX3, and HPP1) was then tested in a retrospective longitudinal study of 99 BE and nine LGD specimens obtained from 53 BE patients undergoing surveillance endoscopy. Only high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC were defined as progression end points. Two patient groups were compared: eight progressors (P) and 45 nonprogressors (NP), using Cox proportional hazards models to determine the relative progression risks of age, BE segment length, and methylation events. Multivariate analyses revealed that only hypermethylation of p16 (odds ratio (OR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.20), RUNX3 (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.08-2.81), and HPP1 (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.06-2.81) were independently associated with an increased risk of progression, whereas age, BE segment length, and hypermethylation of TIMP3, APC, or CRBP1 were not independent risk factors. In combined analyses, risk was detectable up to, but not earlier than, 2 years preceding neoplastic progression. Hypermethylation of p16, RUNX3, and HPP1 in BE or LGD may represent independent risk factors for the progression of BE to HGD or EAC. These findings have implications regarding risk stratification, early EAC detection, and the appropriate endoscopic surveillance interval for patients with BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schulmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Mori T, Nomoto S, Koshikawa K, Fujii T, Sakai M, Nishikawa Y, Inoue S, Takeda S, Kaneko T, Nakao A. Decreased expression and frequent allelic inactivation of the RUNX3 gene at 1p36 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2005; 25:380-8. [PMID: 15780064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.1059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alteration in transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway is one of the main causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The human runt-related transcription factor 3 gene (RUNX3) is an important component of this pathway. RUNX3 locus 1p36 is commonly deleted in a variety of human cancers, including HCC. Therefore, we examined genetic and epigenetic alterations of RUNX3 in human HCC. METHODS Five HCC cell lines and 41 patients with HCC were investigated in this study. We examined the expression of RUNX3 mRNA, methylation status of RUNX3 promoter region, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 1p36, and mutation analysis. These results were compared with clinicopathological data. RESULTS Promoter hypermethylation was detected in four (80%) of five HCC cell lines and 31 (75.6%) of 41 HCC tissues, confirmed by sequence of bisulfite-treated DNA. LOH was detected in 14 (37.8%) of 37 HCC. By comparison with clinicopathological data, hypermethylation was more common in hepatitis C virus antibody and formation of capsule-positive cases, and decrease of expression was correlated strongly with advanced stage and LOH-detected cases. CONCLUSION Hypermethylation and LOH appear to be common mechanisms for inactivation of RUNX3 in HCC. Therefore, RUNX3 may be an important tumor suppressor gene related to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Mori
- Department of Surgery II, Graduate School & Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Hoque MO, Carvalho AL, Oliveira J, Teixeira MR, Lopes C, Sidransky D. Frequent 14-3-3 σ Promoter Methylation in Benign and Malignant Prostate Lesions. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:264-9. [PMID: 15812243 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3Sigma is a putative tumor suppressor gene involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis following DNA damage. 14-3-3Sigma loss of expression has been reported is several human cancers, including prostate adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions, and promoter hypermethylation has been proposed as the mechanism underlying gene silencing. Here, we investigate the frequency and extent of 14-3-3sigma promoter methylation in benign and cancerous prostate tissues. We examined tumor tissue from 121 patients with prostate carcinoma (PCa), 39 paired high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (HGPIN), 29 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), as well as four prostate cancer cell lines using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP). The percentage of methylated alleles (PMA) was calculated and correlated with clinical and pathological parameters. RT-PCR was performed in the cell lines to assess 14-3-3sigma mRNA expression. PCa, HGPIN, BPH, and cancer cell lines showed ubiquitous 14-3-3sigma promoter methylation. However, the PMA of HGPIN was significantly lower than that of PCa or BPH (P < 0.0001), while PCa and BPH did not significantly differ. The PMA did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameter. All prostate cancer cell lines expressed 14-3-3sigmamRNA. 14-3-3Sigma promoter methylation is a frequent event in prostate tissues and cancer cell lines. Furthermore, there is a progressive accumulation of neoplastic cells with 14-3-3sigma methylated alleles from HGPIN to PCa, suggesting a role for this epigenetic event in prostate carcinogenesis. However, other mechanisms besides promoter methylation might be required for effective 14-3-3sigma downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Henrique
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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