1
|
Pervaiz A, Saleem T, Kanwal K, Raza SM, Iqbal S, Zepp M, Georges RB, Berger MR. Expression profiling of anticancer genes in colorectal cancer patients and their in vitro induction by riproximin, a ribosomal inactivating plant protein. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04410-6. [PMID: 36251065 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic expression of anticancer genes (ACGs) imposes antineoplastic effects on transformed cells. Clinically, reduced expression of these genes has been linked with poor prognosis, metastasis and chemo/radiotherapy resistance in cancers. Identifying expression pattern of ACGs is crucial to establish their prognostic and therapeutic relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition to the clinical perspective, naturally occurring compounds can be explored in parallel for inducing ACGs to achieve cancer cell-specific death. METHODOLOGY Expression profiles of three ACGs (NOXA, PAR-4, TRAIL) were identified via real-time PCR in CRC clinical isolates. Time lapse-based expression modifications in ACGs were studied in a CRC liver metastasis animal model using microarray methodology. Effects of a purified plant protein (riproximin) on selected ACGs were identified in three primary and metastatic CRC cell lines by real-time PCR. Lastly, importance of the ACGs in a cellular environment was highlighted via bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS ACGs (except NOXA) were persistently downregulated in clinical isolates when comparing the overall mean expression values with normal mucosa levels. In vivo studies showed a prominent inhibition of NOXA and PAR-4 genes in implanted CRC cells during rat liver colonization. TRAIL showed deviation from this theme while showing marked induction during the early period of liver colonization (days 3 and 6 after CRC cell implantation). Riproximin exhibited substantial potential of inducing ACGs at transcriptome levels in selected CRC cell lines. Bioinformatic analysis showed that vital molecular/functional aspects of a cell are associated with the presence of ACGs. CONCLUSION ACGs are downregulated in primary and metastatic phase of CRC. Riproximin effectively induces ACGs in CRC cells and can be exploited for clinical investigations over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Pervaiz
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Talha Saleem
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kinzah Kanwal
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mohsin Raza
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Iqbal
- Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michael Zepp
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Immundiagnostik, Bensheim, Germany
| | - Rania B Georges
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Immundiagnostik, Bensheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Semlali A, Beji S, Ajala I, Rouabhia M. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinols on human oral cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105200. [PMID: 34146926 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabinoids, including delta-8- and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have a palliative care impact and may therefore be beneficial against cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC on oral cancer cell behaviors. DESIGN The Ca9-22 oral cancer cells were cultured in the presence or not of various concentrations of Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC for different times. The cultures were then used to measure cell viability/proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and inhibition of signaling pathways MAP-Kinase, NF-κB, and β-catenin. RESULTS Both cannabinoids were found to decrease cell viability/proliferation by blocking the cell cycle progression from the S to the G2/M phase and enhancing their apoptosis and autophagy. Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC also suppressed the migration/invasion by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, such as E-cadherin, in addition to decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing glutathione (GSH) and the expression of mtMP. Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC also downregulated cyclin D1, p53, NOXA, PUMAα, and DRAM expressions but increased p21 and H2AX expression. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that cannabinoids (Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC) were able to decrease oral cancer cell growth through various mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress. These results suggest a potential use of these molecules as a therapy against oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarra Beji
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ikram Ajala
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lazić D, Scheurer A, Ćoćić D, Milovanović J, Arsenijević A, Stojanović B, Arsenijević N, Milovanović M, Rilak Simović A. A new bis-pyrazolylpyridine ruthenium(III) complex as a potential anticancer drug: in vitro and in vivo activity in murine colon cancer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7686-7704. [PMID: 33982702 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized the ruthenium(iii) pincer-type complex [RuCl3(H2Lt-Bu] (H2Lt-Bu = 2,6-bis(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine, 1) by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the mass spectrometry (MS) method ESI Q-TOF. For comparison reasons, we also studied ruthenium(iii) terpyridine complexes of the general formula [Ru(N-N-N)Cl3], where N-N-N = 4'-chloro-terpyridine (Cl-tpy; 2) or 4'-chlorophenyl-terpyridine (Cl-Ph-tpy; 3). A kinetic study of the substitution reactions of 1-3 with biomolecules showed that the rate constants depend on the properties of the spectator ligand and the nature of the entering nucleophile. The DNA/HSA binding study showed that in comparison to complex 1 (bis-pyrazolylpyridine), the other two (2 and 3) terpyridine complexes had a slightly better binding affinity to calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), while in the case of human serum albumin (HSA), complex 1 exhibited the strongest quenching ability. We demonstrated that 1 possesses significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells and in vivo antitumor activity in murine heterotopic colon carcinoma. Complex 1 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death in CT26 cells. Additionally, 1 showed antiproliferative activity, as evaluated by the detection of the expression levels of the Ki67 protein. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that 1 reduced primary tumour growth and the number and growth of lung and liver metastases, significantly prolonging the treated mice's survival rate. This study highlighted that 1 does not show hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Our data demonstrated the considerable antitumor activity of the ruthenium(iii) pincer complex against CT26 tumour cells and implicated further investigations of its role as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for colon carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Lazić
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kraujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Andreas Scheurer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Bojana Stojanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. and Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Marija Milovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kosmidou V, Vlassi M, Anagiotos K, Raftopoulou S, Kalogerakou E, Skarmalioraki S, Aggeli C, Choreftaki T, Zografos G, Pintzas A. Noxa upregulation and 5-gene apoptotic biomarker panel in colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13353. [PMID: 32682341 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOXA and MCL1 are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, where Noxa selectively binds to MCL1 and prevents it from inhibiting apoptosis. Both factors are considered as potential tumour biomarkers, while MCL1 has attracted interest as target in cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of NOXA and MCL1 in 160 CRC tumour samples, to investigate their significance, also in combination with IAPs, DR5 expression and KRAS gene mutations in CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh frozen colorectal tissue was obtained from patients undergoing surgery for CRC. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed for the determination of mRNA expression levels. Protein expression was determined immunohistochemically. Differences in the mRNA expression profile were evaluated with the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Mann-Whitney U test and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS NOXA was found to be overexpressed in CRC tumours (P < .0001), even from early stage. Moreover, NOXA/MCL1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumour samples compared to normal pairs (P < .0001). ROC curve analysis showed that both NOXA expression and its combination with Mcl1 expression have fair discriminatory value between CRC and normal colorectal tissue. Combinatorial ROC analysis revealed the most significant discriminatory value of NOXA, MCL1 with cIAP1 and cIAP2 (AUC = 0.834, P < .0001) as a 5-gene panel of markers. CONCLUSION Noxa, Mcl1, DR5, cIAP1 and cIAP2 mRNA expressions are significantly deregulated in CRC and could provide a panel of markers with significant discriminatory value between CRC and normal colorectal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Kosmidou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Vlassi
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Anagiotos
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Kalogerakou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Salomi Skarmalioraki
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Aggeli
- 3rd Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Theodosia Choreftaki
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akbari F, Peymani M, Salehzadeh A, Ghaedi K. Integrative in silico and in vitro transcriptomics analysis revealed new lncRNAs related to intrinsic apoptotic genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:546. [PMID: 33292233 PMCID: PMC7653898 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is connected to deregulation of apoptosis while the effect of lncRNAs, as critical regulatory molecules, on this pathway is not clear well. The present study aimed to identify differential expression of genes and their related lncRNAs which are significantly associated with intrinsic apoptotic pathway in CRC. Methods The connection between CRC and apoptosis was investigated by literature reviews and the genes were enriched by using Enrichr. At the next step, differential expression of enriched genes were evaluated between normal and tumor populations in data sets and were downloaded from GEO. Then, meta-analysis and probe re-annotation were performed. For lncRNAs selection through the highest expression correlation with each of candidate genes, mRNA-lncRNA interaction of screened genes and all of lncRNAs were visualized using Cytoscape. Identified differential expression genes and lncRNAs were validated using TCGA-COAD and the obtained data were confirmed by in vitro studies in the presence of Ag@Glu-TSC nanoparticle as an apoptotic inducer. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction effect of Ag@Glu-TSC on Caco-2 cells was determined via MTT and Annexin V/PI, respectively. The expression of genes and lncRNAs were assayed in presence of mentioned nanoparticle. Finally, the expression level of desired genes and lncRNAs were proven in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Results After detection of 48 genes associated with intrinsic apoptosis in CRC according to literature, Enrichr screened 12 common genes involved in this pathway. Among them, 6 genes including BCL2, BCL2L11, BAD, CASP7, CASP9, and CYCS expression reduced in tumor tissue compared to normal according to meta-analysis studies and RNA-seq TCGA data. Afterwards, association of 8 lncRNAs comprising CDKN2B-AS1, LOC102724156, HAGLR, ABCC13, LOC101929340, LINC00675, FAM120AOS, PDCD4-AS1 with more than 5 candidate genes were identified. In vitro studies revealed that four selected lncRNAs including, CDKN2B-AS1, LOC102724156, HAGLR and FAM120AOS were significantly increased in the presence of in optimum concentration of Ag@Glu/TSC and decreased in tumor tissues versus adjacent normal tissues. Conclusion This study developed a new data mining method to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs which are involved in regulation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in CRC quickly using published gene expression profiling microarrays. Moreover, we could validate a number of these regulators in the cellular and laboratory disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Akbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Ali Salehzadeh
- Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
PUMA and NOXA Expression in Tumor-Associated Benign Prostatic Epithelial Cells Are Predictive of Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113187. [PMID: 33138186 PMCID: PMC7692508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that treatment decisions in prostate cancer (PC) are often based on risk, there remains a need to find clinically relevant prognostic biomarkers to stratify PC patients. We evaluated PUMA and NOXA expression in benign and tumor regions of the prostate using immunofluorescence techniques and determined their prognostic significance in PC. METHODS PUMA and NOXA expression levels were quantified on six tissue microarrays (TMAs) generated from radical prostatectomy samples (n = 285). TMAs were constructed using two cores of benign tissue and two cores of tumor tissue from each patient. Association between biomarker expression and biochemical recurrence (BCR) at 3 years was established using log-rank (LR) and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association between BCR and extreme levels (low or high) of PUMA expression in benign epithelial cells (LR = 8.831, p = 0.003). Further analysis revealed a significant association between high NOXA expression in benign epithelial cells and BCR (LR = 14.854, p < 0.001). The combination of extreme PUMA and high NOXA expression identified patients with the highest risk of BCR (LR = 16.778, p < 0.001) in Kaplan-Meier and in a multivariate Cox regression analyses (HR: 2.935 (1.645-5.236), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The combination of PUMA and NOXA protein expression in benign epithelial cells was predictive of recurrence following radical prostatectomy and was independent of PSA at diagnosis, Gleason score and pathologic stage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is essential for tissue homeostasis. De-regulation of the balance between proliferation and apoptosis contributes to tumor initiation. Particularly in the colon where apoptosis is a crucial process in intestinal turnover, inhibition of apoptosis facilitates transformation and tumor progression. The BCL-2 family of proteins are key regulators of apoptosis and have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, progression and resistance to therapy. In this review we outline the current knowledge on the BCL-2 family-regulated intrinsic apoptosis pathway and mechanisms by which it is de-regulated in CRC. We further review BH3 mimetics as a therapeutic opportunity to target this pathway and evaluate their potential for CRC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanthi Ramesh
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Silencing lncRNA LOC101928963 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis in Spinal Cord Glioma Cells by Binding to PMAIP1. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:485-495. [PMID: 31670198 PMCID: PMC6838552 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely highlighted due to their involvement in various types of cancers, including glioma; however, the exact mechanism and function by which they operate in regard to spinal cord glioma remain poorly understood. LOC101928963 was screened out for its differential expression in spinal cord glioma by microarray analysis. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the modulatory effects of LOC101928963 on spinal cord glioma by binding to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1). The expression of LOC101928963 and LOC101928963 was characterized in spinal cord glioma tissues, and their interaction was examined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Cells with LOC101928963 that exhibited elevated or suppressed levels of PMAIP1 were established to substantiate the mechanism between LOC101928963 and PMAIP1. qRT-PCR and western blot methods were subsequently applied to determine the expression of cell-proliferation- and apoptosis-related genes in response to the alterations of LOC101928963 and PMAIP1. Glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Decreased cell apoptosis and PMAIP1 expression, as well as overexpressed LOC101928963, were exhibited among spinal cord glioma tissues. LOC101928963 overexpression was observed to promote cell proliferation and cell-cycle entry and inhibit the process of apoptosis. PMAIP1, a target of LOC101928963, displayed a downregulated level following the elevation of LOC101928963. The present results strongly emphasize the neutralization effect of PMAIP1 overexpression on spinal cord glioma progression induced by the overexpression of LOC101928963. The data obtained during the study highlighted the inhibitory role of LOC101928963 silencing in spinal cord glioma through the increase in PMAIP1, which suggests a potential target in the treatment of spinal cord glioma.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Darband SG, Kaviani M, Mihanfar A, Aghazadeh Attari J, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. DNA damage response and repair in colorectal cancer: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:34-52. [PMID: 30055507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, a key factor involved in maintaining genome integrity and stability, consists of several kinase-dependent signaling pathways, which sense and transduce DNA damage signal. The severity of damage appears to determine DNA damage responses, which can include cell cycle arrest, damage repair and apoptosis. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that defection in signaling through this network is thought to be an underlying mechanism behind the development and progression of various types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this review, colorectal cancer and its molecular pathology as well as DNA damage response is briefly introduced. Finally, the involvement of key components of this network in the initiation/progression, prognosis, response to treatment and development of drug resistance is comprehensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Ghazizadeh Darband
- Danesh Pey Hadi Co., Health Technology Development Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ainaz Mihanfar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trefoil factor 3 mediates resistance to apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells by a regulatory RNA axis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2660. [PMID: 28277538 PMCID: PMC5386576 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
12
|
Hanisch C, Sharbati J, Kutz-Lohroff B, Huber O, Einspanier R, Sharbati S. TFF3-dependent resistance of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT-29/B6 to apoptosis is mediated by miR-491-5p regulation of lncRNA PRINS. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16106. [PMID: 28149533 PMCID: PMC5279457 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a double-edged cytokine associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory-related cancers being also able to induce cancer cell death. In the process of tumour development or metastasis, cancer cells can become resistant to TNF-α. In trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) overexpressing colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29/B6), we observed enhanced resistance against TNF-α/interferon gamma-induced apoptosis. TFF3 is a secreted small peptide that supports intestinal tissue repair but is also involved in intestinal tumour progression and scattering. We hypothesised that TFF3 rescues intestinal epithelial cancer cells from TNF-α-induced apoptosis by involving regulatory RNA networks. In silico-based expression analysis revealed TFF3-mediated regulation of selected microRNAs as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), whereas miR-491-5p was identified to target the lncRNA ‘psoriasis susceptibility-related RNA gene induced by stress’ (PRINS). RNA interference-based gain- and loss-of-function experiments examined miR-491-PRINS axis to exert the TFF3-mediated phenotype. Chemical inhibition of selected pathways showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT accounts for TFF3-mediated downregulation of miR-491-5p and accumulation of PRINS. Moreover, we showed that PRINS colocalises with PMAIP1 (NOXA) in nuclei of HT-29/B6 possessing inhibitory effects. Immunoprecipitation experiments proved molecular interaction of PMAIP1 with PRINS. Our study provides an insight into RNA regulatory networks that determine resistance of colorectal cancer cells to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hanisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Lise Meitner School of Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kutz-Lohroff
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kushitani K, Amatya VJ, Mawas AS, Miyata Y, Okada M, Takeshima Y. Use of Anti-Noxa Antibody for Differential Diagnosis between Epithelioid Mesothelioma and Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia. Pathobiology 2016; 83:33-40. [PMID: 26735863 DOI: 10.1159/000442092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The histological differential diagnosis between epithelioid mesothelioma (EM) and reactive mesothelial hyperplasia (RMH) is not always straightforward. The aim of the present study was to search for new immunohistochemical markers to distinguish EM from RMH. METHODS We evaluated and compared the expression of apoptosis-related genes in EM and RMH by real-time RT-PCR array analysis followed by clustering of significant gene expression. Immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis of Noxa expression in 81 cases of EM and 55 cases of RMH were performed and compared with the utility of other previously reported antibodies such as Desmin, EMA, GLUT-1, IMP-3 and CD146. RESULTS Noxa mRNA expression levels were found to be increased in EM when compared to RMH by RT-PCR array analysis. In the immunohistochemical analysis, Noxa showed sensitivity of 69.0%, specificity of 93.6% and positive predictive value of 93.0% as a positive marker of EM in distinguishing it from RMH, and these values were almost similar to IMP-3. CONCLUSION Noxa is a marker with relatively high specificity, and can be used to distinguish EM from RMH. It would be a valuable addition to the current antibody panel used for the differential diagnosis of EM and RMH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kushitani
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sarker-Nag A, Hutcheon AEK, Karamichos D. Mitochondrial Profile and Responses to TGF-β Ligands in Keratoconus. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:900-7. [PMID: 26430764 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1078361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Keratoconus (KC) is a complex corneal dystrophy with multifactorial etiology. Previous studies have shown evidence of mitochondrial abnormalities in KC; however, the exact cause of these abnormalities remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify if transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms play a role in the regulation of mitochondrial proteins in human KC cells (HKC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human corneal fibroblasts (HCF) and HKC were isolated and cultured for 4 weeks in three different conditions: (a) CONTROL MEM + 10%FBS, (b) MEM + 10%FBS + TGF-β1 and (c) MEM + 10%FBS + TGF-β3. All samples were processed for mitochondrial damage analysis using real-time PCR. RESULTS We quantified and analyzed 84 mitochondrial and five housekeeping genes in HCFs and HKCs. Our data showed that when TGF-β1 and/or TGF-β3 were compared with control in HCFs, nine genes were significantly different; however, no genes were significantly regulated by the TGF-β isoforms in HKCs. Significant differences were also seen in seven genes when HFCs were compared with HKCs, in all three conditions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data support the growing consensus that mitochondrial dysfunction is a key player in KC disease. These in vitro data show clear links between mitochondrial function and TGF-β isoforms, with TGF-β1 severely disrupting KC-mitochondrial function, while TGF-β3 maintained it, thus suggesting that TGF-β may play a role in KC-disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhee Sarker-Nag
- a Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Audrey E K Hutcheon
- b Schepens Eye Research Institute/MEE and Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- a Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Department of Cell Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Phase II Clinical Trial of First or Second-Line Treatment with Bortezomib in Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:1466-70. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318260dfb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Sakakibara-Konishi J, Oizumi S, Kikuchi J, Kikuchi E, Mizugaki H, Kinoshita I, Dosaka-Akita H, Nishimura M. Expression of Bim, Noxa, and Puma in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:286. [PMID: 22788963 PMCID: PMC3438016 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BH3-only members of the Bcl-2 protein family have been proposed to play a key role in the control of apoptosis and in the initiation of the apoptotic pathways. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Bim, Noxa, and Puma in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A total of 135 surgically resected NSCLCs were immunohistochemically assessed for Bim, Noxa, and Puma expression. The immunoscores were determined, and then its correlation with either the clinicopathological variables or the survival outcomes were analyzed. Results Immunohistochemical reactivity for Bim, Noxa, and Puma was detected in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Bim expression was associated with several clinicopathological factors, including sex (p < 0.001), smoking habit (p = 0.03), pathological histology (p = 0.001), pathological T stage (p = 0.03), pathological disease stage (p = 0.02), and differentiation of tumor (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant correlation between low Bim expression and squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.04), in addition to a correlation between high Bim expression and well differentiated tumors (p = 0.02). Analysis of cellular biological expression demonstrated a link between low Bim expression and high Ki67. While Noxa expression was also shown to be correlated with both smoking habit (p = 0.02) and the pathological histology (p = 0.03), there was no strong association observed between the expression and the clinical features when they were examined by a multivariate logistic regression analysis. No correlations were noted between Puma expression and any of the variables. Our analyses also indicated that the expression levels of the BH3-only proteins were not pertinent to the survival outcome. Conclusions The current analyses demonstrated that Bim expression in the NSCLCs was associated with both squamous cell carcinoma histology and tumor proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sakakibara-Konishi
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Bruijn MT, Raats DAE, Hoogwater FJH, van Houdt WJ, Cameron K, Medema JP, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O. Oncogenic KRAS sensitises colorectal tumour cells to chemotherapy by p53-dependent induction of Noxa. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1254-64. [PMID: 20354524 PMCID: PMC2856010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) currently form the backbone of conservative treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Tumour responses to these agents are highly variable, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our previous results have indicated that oncogenic KRAS in colorectal tumour cells sensitises these cells to chemotherapy. Methods: FACS analysis was used to determine cell-cycle distribution and the percentage of apoptotic and mitotic cells. A multiplexed RT–PCR assay was used to identify KRAS-controlled apoptosis regulators after exposure to 5-FU or oxaliplatin. Lentiviral expression of short-hairpin RNAs was used to suppress p53 or Noxa. Results: Oncogenic KRAS sensitised colorectal tumour cells to oxaliplatin and 5-FU in a p53-dependent manner and promoted p53 phosphorylation at Ser37 and Ser392, without affecting p53 stabilisation, p21 induction, or cell-cycle arrest. Chemotherapy-induced expression of the p53 target gene Noxa was selectively enhanced by oncogenic KRAS. Suppression of Noxa did not affect p21 induction or cell-cycle arrest, but reduced KRAS/p53-dependent apoptosis after exposure to chemotherapy in vitro and in tumour xenografts. Noxa suppression did not affect tumour growth per se, but strongly reduced the response of these tumours to chemotherapy. Conclusion: Oncogenic KRAS determines the cellular response to p53 activation by oxaliplatin or 5-FU, by facilitating apoptosis induction through Noxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T de Bruijn
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ploner C, Kofler R, Villunger A. Noxa: at the tip of the balance between life and death. Oncogene 2009; 27 Suppl 1:S84-92. [PMID: 19641509 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among all Bcl2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins known to date, APR/PMAIP1/Noxa, albeit showing weak proapoptotic potential on its own, appears to be crucial in fine-tuning cell death decisions by targeting the prosurvival molecule Mcl1 for proteasomal degradation. This event appears critical for cell death induction along the mitochondrial Bcl2-regulated apoptosis pathway in response to factor deprivation or DNA damage, presumably by sensitizing the cell toward the action of additional BH3-only protein family members. This review aims to summarize the function of Noxa in normal physiology, stress-induced cell death and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ploner
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Apoptosis signaling proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1795:117-29. [PMID: 19167459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer related mortality in the Western world. In recent years, combination 5-fluorouracil based adjuvant chemotherapy as first line treatment of this disease has led to improved disease free and overall survival. However drug resistance, both innate and acquired, remains an obstacle in the effective treatment of this disease. Apoptotic pathways are frequently altered in both tumor progression and drug resistance; therefore proteins associated with this pathway may have potential as prognostic biomarkers for this disease. Identification of clinical biomarkers that are able to identify patients who are more likely to respond to specific chemotherapy will lead to more personalized, effective, and less toxic therapy. This review focuses on the current status of apoptosis related proteins as biomarkers for colorectal cancer and discusses the possible application of systems approaches in this context.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Immunohistochemical detection of BH3-only proteins in ameloblastic tumors. Oral Dis 2008; 14:550-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
Diallo JS, Aldejmah A, Mouhim AF, Péant B, Fahmy MA, Koumakpayi IH, Sircar K, Bégin LR, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. NOXA and PUMA Expression Add to Clinical Markers in Predicting Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer Patients in a Survival Tree Model. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7044-52. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Tumor cell-selective regulation of NOXA by c-MYC in response to proteasome inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19488-93. [PMID: 18042711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708380104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome controls a plethora of survival factors in all mammalian cells analyzed to date. Therefore, it is puzzling that proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib can display a preferential toxicity toward malignant cells. In fact, proteasome inhibitors have the salient feature of promoting a dramatic induction of the proapoptotic protein NOXA in a tumor cell-restricted manner. However, the molecular determinants that control this specific regulation of NOXA are unknown. Here, we show that the induction of NOXA by bortezomib is directly dependent on the oncogene c-MYC. This requirement for c-MYC was found in a variety of tumor cell types, in marked contrast with dispensable roles of p53, HIF-1alpha, and E2F-1 (classical proteasomal targets that can regulate NOXA mRNA under stress). Conserved MYC-binding sites identified at the NOXA promoter were validated by ChIP and reporter assays. Down-regulation of the endogenous levels of c-MYC abrogated the induction of NOXA in proteasome-defective tumor cells. Conversely, forced expression of c-MYC enabled normal cells to accumulate NOXA and subsequently activate cell death programs in response to proteasome blockage. c-MYC is itself a proteasomal target whose levels or function are invariably up-regulated during tumor progression. Our data provide an unexpected function of c-MYC in the control of the apoptotic machinery, and reveal a long sought-after oncogenic event conferring sensitivity to proteasome inhibition.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is frequently the decisive event that delimits the frontier between survival and death. Thus mitochondrial membranes constitute the battleground on which opposing signals combat to seal the cell's fate. Local players that determine the propensity to MMP include the pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, proteins from the mitochondrialpermeability transition pore complex, as well as a plethora of interacting partners including mitochondrial lipids. Intermediate metabolites, redox processes, sphingolipids, ion gradients, transcription factors, as well as kinases and phosphatases link lethal and vital signals emanating from distinct subcellular compartments to mitochondria. Thus mitochondria integrate a variety of proapoptotic signals. Once MMP has been induced, it causes the release of catabolic hydrolases and activators of such enzymes (including those of caspases) from mitochondria. These catabolic enzymes as well as the cessation of the bioenergetic and redox functions of mitochondria finally lead to cell death, meaning that mitochondria coordinate the late stage of cellular demise. Pathological cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion, intoxication with xenobiotics, neurodegenerative diseases, or viral infection also relies on MMP as a critical event. The inhibition of MMP constitutes an important strategy for the pharmaceutical prevention of unwarranted cell death. Conversely, induction of MMP in tumor cells constitutes the goal of anticancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit "Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity," Université de Paris-Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang CL, Yokomise H, Miyatake A. Clinical significance of the p53 pathway and associated gene therapy in non-small cell lung cancers. Future Oncol 2007; 3:83-93. [PMID: 17280505 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many molecules, including several regulators and various target genes, are involved in the biological functions of p53, thus making the p53 pathway rather complicated. However, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that most human cancers have an abnormality in some of the molecules associated with the p53 pathway. Most non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have either mutations of p53, a reduced p14 alternate reading frame expression, a reduced herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease expression or a reduced p33 inhibitor of growth gene1b expression. As a result, the balance of expression of p53 target genes, such as p21, Bax and PUMA, regulates the biological behavior and determines the fate of tumor cells. To date, many studies on cancer gene therapy using these molecules associated with the p53 pathway have been performed to develop new strategies for treating NSCLC patients. Thus, the establishment of a comprehensive and simple evaluation protocol for the p53 pathway is required for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-long Huang
- Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Mikicho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thomadaki H, Scorilas A. BCL2 family of apoptosis-related genes: functions and clinical implications in cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:1-67. [PMID: 16531274 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500295626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most effective ways to combat different types of cancer is through early diagnosis and administration of effective treatment, followed by efficient monitoring that will allow physicians to detect relapsing disease and treat it at the earliest possible time. Apoptosis, a normal physiological form of cell death, is critically involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of programmed cell death mechanisms plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer as well as in the responses of tumours to therapeutic interventions. Many members of the BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2; Bcl-2) family of apoptosis-related genes have been found to be differentially expressed in various malignancies, and some are useful prognostic cancer biomarkers. We have recently cloned a new member of this family, BCL2L12, which was found to be differentially expressed in many tumours. Most of the BCL2 family genes have been found to play a central regulatory role in apoptosis induction. Results have made it clear that a number of coordinating alterations in the BCL2 family of genes must occur to inhibit apoptosis and provoke carcinogenesis in a wide variety of cancers. However, more research is required to increase our understanding of the extent to which and the mechanisms by which they are involved in cancer development, providing the basis for earlier and more accurate cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic intervention that targets the apoptosis pathways. In the present review, we describe current knowledge of the function and molecular characteristics of a series of classic but also newly discovered genes of the BCL2 family as well as their implications in cancer development, prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hellinida Thomadaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Michalak E, Villunger A, Erlacher M, Strasser A. Death squads enlisted by the tumour suppressor p53. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:786-98. [PMID: 15865934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
p53 is a tumour suppressor that is found mutated or functionally inactivated in more than half of all human cancers. p53 function is activated by DNA damage, hypoxia, expression of certain oncogenes, and many cytotoxic stimuli. p53 is a transcription factor that regulates expression of target genes which promote apoptotic cell death, cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and some other processes. In this review we summarise current knowledge of p53 target genes implicated in apoptosis signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Michalak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|