1
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Abdallah MG, Teoh VSI, Dutta B, Yokomizo T, Osato M. Childhood hematopoietic stem cells constitute the permissive window for RUNX1-ETO leukemogenesis. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:830-838. [PMID: 37129801 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a very rare event at the cellular level, although it is a common disease at the body level as one third of humans die of cancer. A small subset of cells in the body harbor the cellular features that constitute a permissive window for a particular genetic change to induce cancer. The significance of a permissive window is ironically best shown by a large number of failures in generating the animal model for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21). Over the decades, the RUNX1-ETO fusion gene created by t(8;21) has been introduced into various types of hematopoietic cells, largely at adult stage, in mice; however, all the previous attempts failed to generate tractable AML models. In stark contrast, we recently succeeded in inducing AML with the clinical features seen in human patients by specifically introducing RUNX1-ETO in childhood hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This result in mice is consistent with adolescent and young adult (AYA) onset in human t(8;21) patients, and suggests that childhood HSCs constitute the permissive window for RUNX1-ETO leukemogenesis. If loss of a permissive window is induced pharmacologically, cancer cells might be selectively targeted. Such a permissive window modifier may serve as a novel therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gaber Abdallah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vania Swee Imm Teoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Dutta
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Department of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kumamoto Kenhoku Hospital, Tamana, Japan.
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2
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Li J, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Advances in molecular characterization of myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:891214. [PMID: 36035173 PMCID: PMC9399805 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS) has a unique molecular landscape that differs from other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. ML-DS is often preceded by a myeloproliferative neoplastic condition called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) that disrupts megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation. Over the last two decades, many genetic and epigenetic changes in TAM and ML-DS have been elucidated. These include overexpression of molecules and micro-RNAs located on chromosome 21, GATA1 mutations, and a range of other somatic mutations and chromosomal alterations. In this review, we summarize molecular changes reported in TAM and ML-DS and provide a comprehensive discussion of these findings. Recent advances in the development of CRISPR/Cas9-modified induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease models are also highlighted. However, despite significant progress in this area, we still do not fully understand the pathogenesis of ML-DS, and there are no targeted therapies. Initial diagnosis of ML-DS has a favorable prognosis, but refractory and relapsed disease can be difficult to treat; therapeutic options are limited in Down syndrome children by their stronger sensitivity to the toxic effects of chemotherapy. Because of the rarity of TAM and ML-DS, large-scale multi-center studies would be helpful to advance molecular characterization of these diseases at different stages of development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
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3
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Hamaguchi Y, Kondoh T, Fukuda M, Yamasaki K, Yoshiura KI, Moriuchi H, Morii M, Muramatsu M, Minami T, Osato M. Leukopenia, macrocytosis, and thrombocytopenia occur in young adults with Down syndrome. Gene 2022; 835:146663. [PMID: 35690282 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common congenital disorder caused by trisomy 21. Due to the increase in maternal age with population aging and advances in medical treatment for fatal complications in their early childhood, the prevalence and life expectancy of DS individuals have greatly increased. Despite this rise in the number of DS adults, their hematological status remains poorly examined. Here, we report that three hematological abnormalities, leukopenia, macrocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, develop as adult DS-associated features. Multi- and uni-variate analyses on hematological data collected from 51 DS and 60 control adults demonstrated that young adults with DS are at significantly higher risk of (i) myeloid-dominant leukopenia, (ii) macrocytosis characterized by high mean cell volume (MCV) of erythrocytes, and (iii) lower platelet counts than the control. Notably, these features were more pronounced with age. Further analyses on DS adults would provide a deeper understanding and novel research perspectives for multiple aging-related disorders in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan; Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kondoh
- The Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical and Welfare Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuda
- The Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical and Welfare Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences and Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Morii
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Masashi Muramatsu
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Lie-A-Ling M, Marinopoulou E, Lilly AJ, Challinor M, Patel R, Lancrin C, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Regulation of RUNX1 dosage is crucial for efficient blood formation from hemogenic endothelium. Development 2018; 145:dev149419. [PMID: 29530939 PMCID: PMC5868988 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During ontogeny, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells arise from hemogenic endothelium through an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition that is strictly dependent on the transcription factor RUNX1. Although it is well established that RUNX1 is essential for the onset of hematopoiesis, little is known about the role of RUNX1 dosage specifically in hemogenic endothelium and during the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Here, we used the mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation system to determine if and how RUNX1 dosage affects hemogenic endothelium differentiation. The use of inducible Runx1 expression combined with alterations in the expression of the RUNX1 co-factor CBFβ allowed us to evaluate a wide range of RUNX1 levels. We demonstrate that low RUNX1 levels are sufficient and necessary to initiate an effective endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Subsequently, RUNX1 is also required to complete the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and to generate functional hematopoietic precursors. In contrast, elevated levels of RUNX1 are able to drive an accelerated endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, but the resulting cells are unable to generate mature hematopoietic cells. Together, our results suggest that RUNX1 dosage plays a pivotal role in hemogenic endothelium maturation and the establishment of the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Elli Marinopoulou
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Andrew J Lilly
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Mairi Challinor
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Christophe Lancrin
- EMBL Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Campus Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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5
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RUNX transcription factors at the interface of stem cells and cancer. Biochem J 2017; 474:1755-1768. [PMID: 28490659 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of normal haematopoiesis and its functional disruption by point mutations, deletions or translocations is a major causative factor leading to leukaemia. In the majority of cases, genetic changes in RUNX1 are linked to loss of function classifying it broadly as a tumour suppressor. Despite this, several recent studies have reported the need for a certain level of active RUNX1 for the maintenance and propagation of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, suggesting an oncosupportive role of RUNX1. Furthermore, in solid cancers, RUNX1 is overexpressed compared with normal tissue, and RUNX factors have recently been discovered to promote growth of skin, oral, breast and ovarian tumour cells, amongst others. RUNX factors have key roles in stem cell fate regulation during homeostasis and regeneration of many tissues. Cancer cells appear to have corrupted these stem cell-associated functions of RUNX factors to promote oncogenesis. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the role of RUNX genes in stem cells and as oncosupportive factors in haematological malignancies and epithelial cancers.
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6
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RUNX1 haploinsufficiency results in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor hypersensitivity. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e379. [PMID: 26745853 PMCID: PMC4742622 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX1/AML1 is among the most commonly mutated genes in human leukemia. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX1 causes familial platelet disorder with predisposition to myeloid malignancies (FPD/MM). However, the molecular mechanism of FPD/MM remains unknown. Here we show that murine Runx1+/− hematopoietic cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), leading to enhanced expansion and mobilization of stem/progenitor cells and myeloid differentiation block. Upon G-CSF stimulation, Runx1+/− cells exhibited a more pronounced phosphorylation of STAT3 as compared with Runx1+/+ cells, which may be due to reduced expression of Pias3, a key negative regulator of STAT3 signaling, and reduced physical sequestration of STAT3 by RUNX1. Most importantly, blood cells from a FPD patient with RUNX1 mutation exhibited similar G-CSF hypersensitivity. Taken together, Runx1 haploinsufficiency appears to predispose FPD patients to MM by expanding the pool of stem/progenitor cells and blocking myeloid differentiation in response to G-CSF.
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7
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Yamamoto K, Tsuzuki S, Minami Y, Yamamoto Y, Abe A, Ohshima K, Seto M, Naoe T. Functionally deregulated AML1/RUNX1 cooperates with BCR-ABL to induce a blastic phase-like phenotype of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74864. [PMID: 24098673 PMCID: PMC3787010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients in the chronic phase (CP) of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have been treated successfully following the advent of ABL kinase inhibitors, but once they progress to the blast crisis (BC) phase the prognosis becomes dismal. Although mechanisms underlying the progression are largely unknown, recent studies revealed the presence of alterations of key molecules for hematopoiesis, such as AML1/RUNX1. Our analysis of 13 BC cases revealed that three cases had AML1 mutations and the transcript levels of wild-type (wt.) AML1 were elevated in BC compared with CP. Functional analysis of representative AML1 mutants using mouse hematopoietic cells revealed the possible contribution of some, but not all, mutants for the BC-phenotype. Specifically, K83Q and R139G, but neither R80C nor D171N mutants, conferred upon BCR-ABL-expressing cells a growth advantage over BCR-ABL-alone control cells in cytokine-free culture, and the cells thus grown killed mice upon intravenous transfer. Unexpectedly, wt.AML1 behaved similarly to K83Q and R139G mutants. In a bone marrow transplantation assay, K83Q and wt.AML1s induced the emergence of blast-like cells. The overall findings suggest the roles of altered functions of AML1 imposed by some, but not all, mutants, and the elevated expression of wt.AML1 for the disease progression of CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Phenotype
- Plasmids/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiya Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Akihiro Abe
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Keita M, Bachvarova M, Morin C, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Trinh XB, Bachvarov D. The RUNX1 transcription factor is expressed in serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma and contributes to cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:972-86. [PMID: 23442798 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have identified the RUNX1 gene as hypomethylated and overexpressed in post-chemotherapy (CT) primary cultures derived from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients, when compared with primary cultures derived from matched primary (prior to CT) tumors. Here we show that RUNX1 displays a trend of hypomethylation, although not significant, in omental metastases compared with primary EOC tumors. Surprisingly, RUNX1 displayed significantly higher expression not only in metastatic tissue, but also in high-grade primary tumors and even in low malignant potential tumors. The RUNX1 expression levels were almost identical in primary tumors and omental metastases, suggesting that RUNX1 hypomethylation might have a limited impact on its overexpression in advanced (metastatic) stage of the disease. Knockdown of the RUNX1 expression in EOC cells led to sharp decrease of cell proliferation and induced G 1 cell cycle arrest. Moreover, RUNX1 suppression significantly inhibited EOC cell migration and invasion. Gene expression profiling and consecutive network and pathway analyses confirmed these findings, as numerous genes and pathways known previously to be implicated in ovarian tumorigenesis, including EOC tumor invasion and metastasis, were found to be downregulated upon RUNX1 suppression, while a number of pro-apoptotic genes and some EOC tumor suppressor genes were induced. Taken together, our data are indicative for a strong oncogenic potential of the RUNX1 gene in EOC progression and suggest that RUNX1 might be a novel EOC therapeutic target. Further studies are needed to more completely elucidate the functional implications of RUNX1 and other members of the RUNX gene family in ovarian tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Keita
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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9
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Zheng W, Wang Y, Chang T, Huang H, Yee JK. Significant differences in genotoxicity induced by retrovirus integration in human T cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Gene 2013; 519:142-9. [PMID: 23376452 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retrovirus is frequently used in the genetic modification of mammalian cells and the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via cell reprogramming. Vector-induced genotoxicity could induce profound effect on the physiology and function of these stem cells and their differentiated progeny. We analyzed retrovirus-induced genotoxicity in somatic cell Jurkat and two iPSC lines. In Jurkat cells, retrovirus frequently activated host gene expression and gene activation was not dependent on the distance between the integration site and the transcription start site of the host gene. In contrast, retrovirus frequently down-regulated host gene expression in iPSCs, possibly due to the action of chromatin silencing that spreads from the provirus to the nearby host gene promoter. Our data raises the issue that some of the phenotypic variability observed among iPSC clones derived from the same parental cell line may be caused by retrovirus-induced gene expression changes rather than by the reprogramming process itself. It also underscores the importance of characterizing retrovirus integration and carrying out risk assessment of iPSCs before they can be applied in basic research and clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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The use of mouse models for understanding the biology of down syndrome and aging. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2012; 2012:717315. [PMID: 22461792 PMCID: PMC3296169 DOI: 10.1155/2012/717315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is a complex condition caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21. The biology of aging may be different in individuals with Down syndrome; this is not well understood in any organism. Because of its complexity, many aspects of Down syndrome must be studied either in humans or in animal models. Studies in humans are essential but are limited for ethical and practical reasons. Fortunately, genetically altered mice can serve as extremely useful models of Down syndrome, and progress in their production and analysis has been remarkable. Here, we describe various mouse models that have been used to study Down syndrome. We focus on segmental trisomies of mouse chromosome regions syntenic to human chromosome 21, mice in which individual genes have been introduced, or mice in which genes have been silenced by targeted mutagenesis. We selected a limited number of genes for which considerable evidence links them to aspects of Down syndrome, and about which much is known regarding their function. We focused on genes important for brain and cognitive function, and for the altered cancer spectrum seen in individuals with Down syndrome. We conclude with observations on the usefulness of mouse models and speculation on future directions.
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11
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Abstract
Down syndrome is associated with a markedly increased risk of childhood leukemias, and identification of chromosome 21 sequences that have a role in leukemogenesis may provide insights into critical pathways and suggest targets for therapy and prevention. A study in this issue of Oncogene, defines human chromosome 21 sequences that alter hematopoiesis and induce expression of leukemia-associated markers.
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12
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De Vita S, Canzonetta C, Mulligan C, Delom F, Groet J, Baldo C, Vanes L, Dagna-Bricarelli F, Hoischen A, Veltman J, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Nizetic D. Trisomic dose of several chromosome 21 genes perturbs haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation in Down's syndrome. Oncogene 2010; 29:6102-14. [PMID: 20697343 PMCID: PMC3007620 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have 20–50-fold higher incidence of all leukaemias (lymphoid and myeloid), for reasons not understood. As incidence of many solid tumours is much lower in DS, we speculated that disturbed early haematopoietic differentiation could be the cause of increased leukaemia risk. If a common mechanism is behind the risk of both major leukaemia types, it would have to arise before the bifurcation to myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Using the transchromosomic system (mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)) bearing an extra human chromosome 21 (HSA21)) we analyzed the early stages of haematopoietic commitment (mesodermal colony formation) in vitro. We observed that trisomy 21 (T21) causes increased production of haemogenic endothelial cells, haematopoietic stem cell precursors and increased colony forming potential, with significantly increased immature progenitors. Transchromosomic colonies showed increased expression of Gata-2, c-Kit and Tie-2. A panel of partial T21 ESCs allowed us to assign these effects to HSA21 sub-regions, mapped by 3.5 kbp-resolution tiling arrays. The Gata-2 increase on one side, and c-Kit and Tie-2 increases on the other, could be attributed to two different, non-overlapping HSA21 regions. Using human-specific small interfering RNA silencing, we could demonstrate that an extra copy of RUNX1, but not ETS-2 or ERG, causes an increase in Tie-2/c-Kit levels. Finally, we detected significantly increased levels of RUNX1, C-KIT and PU.1 in human foetal livers with T21. We conclude that overdose of more than one HSA21 gene contributes to the disturbance of early haematopoiesis in DS, and that one of the contributors is RUNX1. As the observed T21-driven hyperproduction of multipotential immature precursors precedes the bifurcation to lymphoid and myeloid lineages, we speculate that this could create conditions of increased chance for acquisition of pre-leukaemogenic rearrangements/mutations in both lymphoid and myeloid lineages during foetal haematopoiesis, contributing to the increased risk of both leukaemia types in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Vita
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Paediatrics, London, UK
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13
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AML1 is overexpressed in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and mediates JAK2V617F-independent overexpression of NF-E2. Blood 2010; 116:254-66. [PMID: 20339092 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2 is overexpressed in the majority of patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Concomitantly, 95% of these patients carry the JAK2(V617F) mutation. Although NF-E2 levels correlate with JAK2(V671F) allele burden in some PV cohorts, the molecular mechanism causing aberrant NF-E2 expression has not been described. Here we show that NF-E2 expression is also increased in patients with essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis independent of the presence of the JAK2(V617F) mutation. Characterization of the NF-E2 promoter revealed multiple functional binding sites for AML1/RUNX-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated AML1 binding to the NF-E2 promoter in vivo. Moreover, AML1 binding to the NF-E2 promoter was significantly increased in granulocytes from PV patients compared with healthy controls. AML1 mRNA expression was elevated in patients with PV, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis both in the presence and absence of JAK2(V617F). In addition, AML1 and NF-E2 expression were highly correlated. RNAi-mediated suppression of either AML1 or of its binding partner CBF-beta significantly decreased NF-E2 expression. Moreover, expression of the leukemic fusion protein AML/ETO drastically decreased NF-E2 protein levels. Our data identify NF-E2 as a novel AML1 target gene and delineate a role for aberrant AML1 expression in mediating elevated NF-E2 expression in MPN patients.
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14
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Stem cell exhaustion due to Runx1 deficiency is prevented by Evi5 activation in leukemogenesis. Blood 2009; 115:1610-20. [PMID: 20008790 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-232249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX1/AML1 gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human leukemia. Conditional deletion of Runx1 in adult mice results in an increase of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which serve as target cells for leukemia; however, Runx1(-/-) mice do not develop spontaneous leukemia. Here we show that maintenance of Runx1(-/-) HSCs is compromised, progressively resulting in HSC exhaustion. In leukemia development, the stem cell exhaustion was rescued by additional genetic changes. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis revealed Evi5 activation as a cooperating genetic alteration and EVI5 overexpression indeed prevented Runx1(-/-) HSC exhaustion in mice. Moreover, EVI5 was frequently overexpressed in human RUNX1-related leukemias. These results provide insights into the mechanism for maintenance of pre-leukemic stem cells and may provide a novel direction for therapeutic applications.
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15
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Ng CEL, Ito Y, Osato M. Retroviral integration sites (RIS) mark cis-regulatory elements. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 71:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a tumor suppressor of cancer and appears to be an important component of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ss)-induced tumor suppression pathway. Surprisingly, we found that RUNX3 expression level in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues, which is one of the most common types of human cancer, was higher than that in normal tissues by a previously published microarray dataset in our preliminary study. Therefore, here we examined the oncogenic role of RUNX3 in HNSCC. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Frequent RUNX3 expression and its correlation with malignant behavior were observed in HNSCC. Ectopic RUNX3 overexpression promoted cell growth and inhibited serum starvation-induced apoptosis and chemotherapeutic drug induced apoptosis in HNSCC cells. These findings were confirmed by RUNX3 knockdown. Moreover, RUNX3 overexpression enhanced tumorsphere formation. RUNX3 expression level was well correlated with the methylation status in HNSCC cells. Moreover, RUNX3 expression was low due to the methylation of its promoter in normal oral epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that i) RUNX3 has an oncogenic role in HNSCC, ii) RUNX3 expression observed in HNSCC may be caused in part by demethylation during cancer development, and iii) RUNX3 expression can be a useful marker for predicting malignant behavior and the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in HNSCC.
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Enhanced expression of p210BCR/ABL and aberrant expression of Zfp423/ZNF423 induce blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2009; 113:4702-10. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-088724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic disorder originating from p210BCR/ABL-transformed stem cells, which begins as indolent chronic phase (CP) but progresses into fatal blast crisis (BC). To investigate molecular mechanism(s) underlying disease evolution, CML-exhibiting p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice were crossed with BXH2 mice that transmit a replication-competent retrovirus. Whereas nontransgenic mice in the BXH2 background exclusively developed acute myeloid leukemia, p210BCR/ABL transgenic littermates developed nonmyeloid leukemias, in which inverse polymerase chain reaction detected 2 common viral integration sites (CISs). Interestingly, one CIS was transgene's own promoter, which up-regulated p210BCR/ABL expression. The other was the 5′ noncoding region of a transcription factor, Zfp423, which induced aberrant Zfp423 expression. The cooperative activities of Zfp423 and p210BCR/ABL were demonstrated as follows: (1) introduction of Zfp423 in p210BCR/ABL transgenic bone marrow (BM) cells increased colony-forming ability, (2) suppression of ZNF423 (human homologue of Zfp423) in ZNF423-expressing, p210BCR/ABL-positive hematopoietic cells retarded cell growth, (3) mice that received a transplant of BM cells transduced with Zfp423 and p210BCR/ABL developed acute leukemia, and (4) expression of ZNF423 was found in human BCR/ABL-positive cell lines and CML BC samples. These results demonstrate that enhanced expression of p210BCR/ABL and deregulated expression of Zfp423/ZNF423 contribute to CML BC.
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18
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Kuo YH, Zaidi SK, Gornostaeva S, Komori T, Stein GS, Castilla LH. Runx2 induces acute myeloid leukemia in cooperation with Cbfbeta-SMMHC in mice. Blood 2009; 113:3323-32. [PMID: 19179305 PMCID: PMC2665897 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The core-binding factor (CBF) is a master regulator of developmental and differentiation programs, and CBF alterations are frequently associated with acute leukemia. The role of the CBF member RUNX2 in hematopoiesis is poorly understood. Genetic evidence suggests that deregulation of Runx2 may cause myeloid leukemia in mice expressing the fusion oncogene Cbfb-MYH11. In this study, we show that sustained expression of Runx2 modulates Cbfbeta-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC)-mediated myeloid leukemia development. Expression of Runx2 is high in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and decreases during myeloid differentiation. Sustained Runx2 expression hinders myeloid progenitor differentiation capacity and represses expression of CBF targets Csf1R, Mpo, Cebpd, the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a, and myeloid markers Cebpa and Gfi1. In addition, full-length Runx2 cooperates with Cbfbeta-SMMHC in leukemia development in transplantation assays. Furthermore, we show that the nuclear matrix-targeting signal and DNA-binding runt-homology domain of Runx2 are essential for its leukemogenic activity. Conversely, Runx2 haplo-insufficiency delays the onset and reduces the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia. Together, these results indicate that Runx2 is expressed in the stem cell compartment, interferes with differentiation and represses CBF targets in the myeloid compartment, and modulates the leukemogenic function of Cbfbeta-SMMHC in mouse leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/physiology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Kuo
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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19
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Worming out the biology of Runx. Dev Biol 2007; 313:492-500. [PMID: 18062959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Runx family transcription factors have risen to prominence over the last few years because of the increasing evidence implicating them as key regulators of the choice between cell proliferation and differentiation during development and carcinogenesis. Runx factors have been found to be involved in diverse developmental processes, ranging from hematopoiesis to neurogenesis, and are increasingly being linked with various human cancers. In this review, we examine the case for Runx factors as key regulators of cell proliferation in various developmental situations, a role that predisposes Runx mutations as causative agents in oncogenesis. We discuss the evidence that Runx factors regulate, and are regulated by, core components of the cell cycle machinery, and focus our attention on the solo Runx gene, rnt-1, in Caenorhabditis elegans, an organism that we feel has much to offer the Runx field.
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20
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21
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Yokomizo T, Takahashi S, Mochizuki N, Kuroha T, Ema M, Wakamatsu A, Shimizu R, Ohneda O, Osato M, Okada H, Komori T, Ogawa M, Nishikawa SI, Ito Y, Yamamoto M. Characterization of GATA-1(+) hemangioblastic cells in the mouse embryo. EMBO J 2006; 26:184-96. [PMID: 17159898 PMCID: PMC1782368 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangioblasts are thought to be one of the sources of hematopoietic progenitors, yet little is known about their localization and fate in the mouse embryo. We show here that a subset of cells co-expressing the hematopoietic marker GATA-1 and the endothelial marker VE-cadherin localize on the yolk sac blood islands at embryonic day 7.5. Clonal analysis demonstrated that GATA-1(+) cells isolated from E7.0-7.5 embryos include a common precursor for hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Moreover, this precursor possesses primitive and definitive hematopoietic bipotential. By using a transgenic complementation rescue approach, GATA-1(+) cell-derived progenitors were selectively restored in Runx1-deficient mice. In the rescued mice, definitive erythropoiesis was recovered but the rescued progenitors did not display multilineage hematopoiesis or intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters. These results provide evidence of the presence of GATA-1(+) hemangioblastic cells in the extra-embryonic region and also their functional contribution to hematopoiesis in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan. Tel.: +81 29 853 7516; Fax: +81 29 853 6965; E-mail:
| | - Naomi Mochizuki
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuroha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Asami Wakamatsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- JST-ERATO Environmental Response Project, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Oncology Research Institute, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hitoshi Okada
- Cancer Institute, Kami-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minetaro Ogawa
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Minatojima-minamicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
- Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-minamicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Oncology Research Institute, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- JST-ERATO Environmental Response Project, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for TARA, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan. Tel.: +81 29 853 6158; Fax: +81 29 853 7318; E-mail:
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22
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Huppi K, Volfovsky N, Mackiewicz M, Runfola T, Jones TL, Martin SE, Stephens R, Caplen NJ. MicroRNAs and genomic instability. Semin Cancer Biol 2006; 17:65-73. [PMID: 17113784 PMCID: PMC1839944 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new species of non-coding RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) has been identified that may regulate the expression of as many as one third to one half of all protein encoding genes. MicroRNAs are found throughout mammalian genomes, but an association between the location of these miRNAs and regions of genomic instability (or fragile sites) in humans has been suggested [1]. In this review we discuss the possible role of altered miRNA expression on human cancer and conduct an analysis correlating the physical location of murine miRNAs with sites of genetic alteration in mouse models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Huppi
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Horsley SW, Mackay A, Iravani M, Fenwick K, Valgeirsson H, Dexter T, Ashworth A, Kearney L. Array CGH of fusion gene-positive leukemia-derived cell lines reveals cryptic regions of genomic gain and loss. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:554-64. [PMID: 16523483 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukemia-derived cell lines containing characteristic chromosomal translocations and inversions have been instrumental in identifying fusion genes implicated in the pathogenesis of the corresponding leukemia. Although chimeric fusion genes usually provide early and essential steps in the development of leukemia, they are not in themselves sufficient, requiring additional genetic events. The nature of these secondary, cooperating genetic events is not known. The advent of genome wide microarray-based methods for assessing copy number changes made it possible to search for cytogenetically invisible regions of chromosome imbalance. We used BAC microarrays with a resolution of 1 Mb to determine whether cryptic regions of deletion or gain were associated with specific leukemia-associated fusion genes in a series of cell lines. To complement the array analysis, we also applied 24-color karyotyping by M-FISH. This revealed cryptic chromosomal translocations and regions of loss or gain in all the cell lines studied. The chromosomal origin of previously unidentified marker chromosomes was revealed. In all cases, chromosomes described as monosomic were shown to be involved in unbalanced translocations with concurrent loss and/or gain of chromosomal material. The extent of these amplified and deleted regions was more accurately defined. Finally, small regions of deletion and amplification, often including genes known to be involved in leukemia progression (for example MYC, TP53, CDKN2A, and KIT), were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon W Horsley
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Salto-Tellez M, Peh BK, Ito K, Tan SH, Chong PY, Han HC, Tada K, Ong WY, Soong R, Voon DC, Ito Y. RUNX3 protein is overexpressed in human basal cell carcinomas. Oncogene 2006; 25:7646-9. [PMID: 16767156 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCC), which are the most common form of skin malignancy, are invariably associated with the deregulation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway. As such, BCC represent a unique model for the study of interactions of the Shh pathway with other genes and pathways. We constructed a tissue microarray (TMA) of 75 paired BCC and normal skin and analysed the expression of beta-catenin and RUNX3, nuclear effectors of the wingless-Int (Wnt) and bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-beta pathways, respectively. In line with previous reports, we observed varying subcellular expression pattern of beta-catenin in BCC, with 31 cases (41%) showing nuclear accumulation. In contrast, all the BCC cases tested by the TMA showed RUNX3 protein uniformly overexpressed in the nuclei of the cancer cells. Analysis by Western blotting and DNA sequencing indicates that the overexpressed protein is normal and full-length, containing no mutation in the coding region, implicating RUNX3 as an oncogene in certain human cancers. Our results indicate that although the deregulation of Wnt signalling could contribute to the pathogenesis of a subset of BCC, RUNX3 appears to be a universal downstream mediator of a constitutively active Shh pathway in BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salto-Tellez
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin Medical School, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Nagai R, Matsuura E, Hoshika Y, Nakata E, Nagura H, Watanabe A, Komatsu N, Okada Y, Doi T. RUNX1 suppression induces megakaryocytic differentiation of UT-7/GM cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:78-84. [PMID: 16674921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis. RUNX1 regulates both differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Several reports have shown that RUNX1 participates in megakaryopoiesis, which is a process that leads to formation of platelets. However, to date, the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated whether siRNA-mediated depletion of RUNX1 affected megakaryopoiesis of UT-7/GM cells. The depletion of RUNX1 in UT-7/GM cells resulted in up-regulation of the expression of megakaryocytic markers and polyploidization, while cell proliferation was down-regulated. Furthermore, the overexpression of RUNX1 decreased the activity of megakaryocytic gene promoters. These results suggest that RUNX1 down-regulates terminal differentiation of megakaryocytes and promotes proliferation of megakaryocytic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Choi Y, Elagib KE, Delehanty LL, Goldfarb AN. Erythroid inhibition by the leukemic fusion AML1-ETO is associated with impaired acetylation of the major erythroid transcription factor GATA-1. Cancer Res 2006; 66:2990-6. [PMID: 16540647 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human acute myeloid leukemias with the t(8;21) translocation express the AML1-ETO fusion protein in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and show impairment in erythroid differentiation. This clinical finding is reproduced in multiple murine and cell culture model systems in which AML1-ETO specifically interferes with erythroid maturation. Using purified normal human early hematopoietic progenitor cells, we find that AML1-ETO impedes the earliest discernable steps of erythroid lineage commitment. Correspondingly, GATA-1, a central transcriptional regulator of erythroid differentiation, undergoes repression by AML1-ETO in a nonconventional histone deacetylase-independent manner. In particular, GATA-1 acetylation by its transcriptional coactivator, p300/CBP, a critical regulatory step in programming erythroid development, is efficiently blocked by AML1-ETO. Fusion of a heterologous E1A coactivator recruitment module to GATA-1 overrides the inhibitory effects of AML1-ETO on GATA-1 acetylation and transactivation. Furthermore, the E1A-GATA-1 fusion, but not wild-type GATA-1, rescues erythroid lineage commitment in primary human progenitors expressing AML1-ETO. These results ascribe a novel repressive mechanism to AML1-ETO, blockade of GATA-1 acetylation, which correlates with its inhibitory effects on primary erythroid lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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27
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Liu Y, Gao L, Gelman IH. SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 attenuates expression of proliferative and angiogenic genes during suppression of v-Src-induced oncogenesis. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:105. [PMID: 16638134 PMCID: PMC1463002 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SSeCKS is a major protein kinase C substrate with kinase scaffolding and metastasis-suppressor activity whose expression is severely downregulated in Src- and Ras-transformed fibroblast and epithelial cells and in human prostate, breast, and gastric cancers. We previously used NIH3T3 cells with tetracycline-regulated SSeCKS expression plus a temperature-sensitive v-Src allele to show that SSeCKS re-expression inhibited parameters of v-Src-induced oncogenic growth without attenuating in vivo Src kinase activity. Methods We use cDNA microarrays and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis to identify changes in gene expression correlating with i) SSeCKS expression in the absence of v-Src activity, ii) activation of v-Src activity alone, and iii) SSeCKS re-expression in the presence of active v-Src. Results SSeCKS re-expression resulted in the attenuation of critical Src-induced proliferative and pro-angiogenic gene expression including Afp, Hif-1α, Cdc20a and Pdgfr-β, and conversely, SSeCKS induced several cell cycle regulatory genes such as Ptpn11, Gadd45a, Ptplad1, Cdkn2d (p19), and Rbbp7. Conclusion Our data provide further evidence that SSeCKS can suppress Src-induced oncogenesis by modulating gene expression downstream of Src kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Liu
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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28
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Xu G, Kanezaki R, Toki T, Watanabe S, Takahashi Y, Terui K, Kitabayashi I, Ito E. Physical association of the patient-specific GATA1 mutants with RUNX1 in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia accompanying Down syndrome. Leukemia 2006; 20:1002-8. [PMID: 16628190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the GATA1 gene on chromosome X have been found in almost all cases of transient myeloproliferative disorder and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) accompanying Down syndrome (DS). Although most GATA1 mutations lead to the expression of GATA1s lacking the N-terminal activation domain, we recently found two novel GATA1 proteins with defects in another N-terminal region. It has been suggested that loss of the N-terminal portion of GATA1 might interfere with physiological interactions with the critical megakaryocytic transcription factor RUNX1, and this would imply that GATA1s is not able to interact properly with RUNX1. However, the interaction domain of GATA1 remains controversial. In this study, we show that GATA1 binds to RUNX1 through its zinc-finger domains, and that the C-finger is indispensable for synergy with RUNX1. All of the patient-specific GATA1 mutants interacted efficiently with RUNX1 and retained their ability to act synergistically with RUNX1 on the megakaryocytic GP1balpha promoter, whereas the levels of transcriptional activities were diverse among the mutants. Thus, our data indicate that physical interaction and synergy between GATA1 and RUNX1 are retained in DS-AMKL, although it is still possible that increased RUNX1 activity plays a role in the development of leukemia in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xu
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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29
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Yamashita N, Osato M, Huang L, Yanagida M, Kogan SC, Iwasaki M, Nakamura T, Shigesada K, Asou N, Ito Y. Haploinsufficiency of Runx1/AML1 promotes myeloid features and leukaemogenesis in BXH2 mice. Br J Haematol 2006; 131:495-507. [PMID: 16281942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of RUNX1/AML1 is associated with familial platelet disorder with a predisposition to acute myeloid leukaemia (FPD/AML), but the causal relationship remains to be addressed experimentally. Mice heterozygous for the Runx1 null mutation, Runx1+/-, are considered to be genetically comparable with human FPD/AML patients but do not develop spontaneous leukaemia. To induce additional genetic alterations, retroviral insertional mutagenesis was employed with the use of BXH2 mice, which develop myeloid leukaemia because of the random integration of retrovirus present in the mouse. Heterozygous disruption of Runx1 in BXH2 mice resulted in a shortening of the latency period of leukaemia. In addition, BXH2-Runx1+/- mice exhibited more marked myeloid features than control mice. Moreover, the c-Kit gene, mutated in human RUNX leukaemias, was recurrently activated in BXH2-Runx1+/- mice, and a colony-forming assay revealed synergism between the Runx1+/- status and c-KIT overexpression. In conclusion, the BXH2-Runx1+/- system is a promising mouse model to investigate the mechanism of leukaemogenesis in FPD/AML.
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30
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Hao X, Shin MS, Zhou JX, Lee CH, Qi CF, Naghashfar Z, Hartley JW, Fredrickson TN, Ward JM, Morse HC. Histologic and molecular characterizations of megakaryocytic leukemia in mice. Leuk Res 2005; 30:397-406. [PMID: 16219351 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Six cases of megakaryocytic leukemia (MKL) were identified and analyzed for morphology and molecular features. MKL were composed of megakaryocyte lineage cells ranging from immature to quite mature cells. VWF, GATA1 and RUNX1 were strongly expressed in megakaryocytes in both normal spleen and MKL as analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Altered expression of Meis1, Pbx1 and Psen2 and Lef1 in MKL detected with oligonucleotide microarrays was confirmed by qPCR and IHC. This is the first report of spontaneous MKL in mice, defining VWF as a biomarker for diagnosis and suggesting possible involvement of a series of genes in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Hao
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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