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da Silva MACN, Tessmann JW, Borges KRA, Wolff LAS, Botelho FD, Vieira LA, Morgado-Diaz JA, Franca TCC, Barbosa MDCL, Nascimento MDDSB, Rocha MR, de Carvalho JE. Açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seed Oil Exerts a Cytotoxic Role over Colorectal Cancer Cells: Insights of Annexin A2 Regulation and Molecular Modeling. Metabolites 2023; 13:789. [PMID: 37512496 PMCID: PMC10384432 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart., is a native plant from the Amazonian and is rich in several phytochemicals with anti-tumor activities. The aim was to analyze the effects of açaí seed oil on colorectal adenocarcinoma (ADC) cells. In vitro analyses were performed on CACO-2, HCT-116, and HT-29 cell lines. The strains were treated with açaí seed oil for 24, 48, and 72 h, and cell viability, death, and morphology were analyzed. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interaction between the major compounds in açaí seed oil and Annexin A2. The viability assay showed the cytotoxic effect of the oil in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Acai seed oil induced increased apoptosis in CACO-2 and HCT-116 cells and interfered with the cell cycle. Western blotting showed an increased expression of LC3-B, suggestive of autophagy, and Annexin A2, an apoptosis regulatory protein. Molecular docking confirmed the interaction of major fatty acids with Annexin A2, suggesting a role of açaí seed oil in modulating Annexin A2 expression in these cancer cell lines. Our results suggest the anti-tumor potential of açaí seed oil in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and contribute to the development of an active drug from a known natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Custódio Neto da Silva
- Faculty of Medical Science, Post-graduation in Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Nucleum of Basic and Applied Immunology, Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Josiane Weber Tessmann
- Cell Structure and Dynamics Group, Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Kátia Regina Assunção Borges
- Nucleum of Basic and Applied Immunology, Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Laís Araújo Souza Wolff
- Nucleum of Basic and Applied Immunology, Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Diniz Botelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Leandro Alegria Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Jose Andres Morgado-Diaz
- Cell Structure and Dynamics Group, Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitansheho 62, 500-03 Kralove, Czechia
| | - Maria do Carmo Lacerda Barbosa
- Nucleum of Basic and Applied Immunology, Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Ramos Rocha
- Cell Structure and Dynamics Group, Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil
| | - João Ernesto de Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Post-graduation in Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
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2
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Giraud J, Foroutan M, Boubaker-Vitre J, Grillet F, Homayed Z, Jadhav U, Crespy P, Breuker C, Bourgaux JF, Hazerbroucq J, Pignodel C, Brulin B, Shivdasani RA, Jay P, Hollande F, Pannequin J. Progastrin production transitions from Bmi1 +/Prox1 + to Lgr5 high cells during early intestinal tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:101001. [PMID: 33360299 PMCID: PMC7772574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of progastrin is a signature event of early malignant transformation in the colon. In the healthy epithelium, progastrin is produced by a subset of enteroendocrine cells expressing both Bmi1 and Prox1. LGR5-high intestinal stem cells are a primary source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas.
Progastrin is an unprocessed soluble peptide precursor with a well-described tumor-promoting role in colorectal cancer. It is expressed at small levels in the healthy intestinal mucosa, and its expression is enhanced at early stages of intestinal tumor development, with high levels of this peptide in hyperplastic intestinal polyps being associated with poor neoplasm-free survival in patients. Yet, the precise type of progastrin-producing cells in the healthy intestinal mucosa and in early adenomas remains unclear. Here, we used a combination of immunostaining, RNAscope labelling and retrospective analysis of single cell RNAseq results to demonstrate that progastrin is produced within intestinal crypts by a subset of Bmi1+/Prox1+/LGR5low endocrine cells, previously shown to act as replacement stem cells in case of mucosal injury. In contrast, our findings indicate that intestinal stem cells, specified by expression of the Wnt signaling target LGR5, become the main source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas. Collectively our results suggest that the previously identified feed-forward mechanisms between progastrin and Wnt signaling is a hallmark of early neoplastic transformation in mouse and human colonic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giraud
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Foroutan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - F Grillet
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Z Homayed
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - U Jadhav
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Crespy
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - C Breuker
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Bourgaux
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - J Hazerbroucq
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - C Pignodel
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - B Brulin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - R A Shivdasani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Jay
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - F Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - J Pannequin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Xiao L, Jin H, Duan W, Hou Y. Roles of N-terminal Annexin A2 phosphorylation sites and miR-206 in colonic adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 253:117740. [PMID: 32376265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is closely associated with tumor malignancy and its N-terminus includes a vital domain for its function. The aims are to explore the correlation between the sites (Tyr23, Ser1, Ser11 and Ser25) in the domain and its roles. MAIN METHODS We re-expressed ANXA2 with mutated sites in ANXA2-deleted human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line caco2 (ANXA2-/-caco2). A series of analyses were used to determine the correlation of each site with ANXA2 activation, cell malignancy enhancement and motility-associated microstructural development. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate ANXA2-targeted miRNAs. KEY FINDINGS The in vitro results showed that all single and multiple mutations of the ANXA2 N-terminal sites inhibited ANXA2 phosphorylation at different levels and subsequently inhibited the proliferation, motility, and polymerization of F-actin and β-tubulin in caco2 cells. Motility-associated microstructures were significantly remodeled when these sites were mutated. The forced expression of miR-206 significantly suppressed the proliferation, motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of caco2 cells. The in vivo results showed that all the ANXA2 N-terminal site mutations and forced expression of miR-206 significantly inhibited tumor growth. Overall, this study demonstrated that the sites of the ANXA2 N-terminus, especially Tyr23, play crucial roles in maintaining the high malignancy of colonic adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, miR-206 targets ANXA2 and plays a role as a cancer suppressor in colonic adenocarcinoma. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provided evidence that further elucidates the molecular mechanism of ANXA2 and its roles in colonic adenocarcinoma and suggested potential targets of ANXA2 for colonic adenocarcinoma therapy by using miR-206 as a novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Yingchun Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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4
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Jin G, Sakitani K, Wang H, Jin Y, Dubeykovskiy A, Worthley DL, Tailor Y, Wang TC. The G-protein coupled receptor 56, expressed in colonic stem and cancer cells, binds progastrin to promote proliferation and carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40606-40619. [PMID: 28380450 PMCID: PMC5522213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human progastrin increases colonic mucosal proliferation and colorectal cancer progression in mice. The G-protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is known to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and stem cell biology, but its expression in the gut has not been studied. We hypothesized that the promotion of colorectal cancer by progastrin may be mediated in part through GPR56. Here, we found that GPR56 expresses in rare colonic crypt cells that lineage trace colonic glands consistent with GPR56 marking long-lived colonic stem-progenitor cells. GPR56 was upregulated in transgenic mice overexpressing human progastrin. While recombinant human progastrin promoted the growth and survival of wild-type colonic organoids in vitro, colonic organoids cultured from GPR56−/− mice were resistant to progastrin. We found that progastrin directly bound to, and increased the proliferation of, GPR56-expressing colon cancer cells in vitro, and proliferation was increased in cells that expressed both GPR56 and the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R). In vivo, deletion of GPR56 in the mouse germline abrogated progastrin-dependent colonic mucosal proliferation and increased apoptosis. Loss of GPR56 also inhibited progastrin-dependent colonic crypt fission and colorectal carcinogenesis in the azoxymethane (AOM) mouse model of colorectal cancer. Overall, we found that progastrin binds to GPR56 expressing colonic stem cells, which in turn promotes their expansion, and that this GPR56-dependent pathway is an important driver and potential new target in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Research Institute, Yanbian University Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Dubeykovskiy
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Christensen M, H�gdall C, Jochumsen K, H�gdall E. Annexin A2 and cancer: A systematic review. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:5-18. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H�gdall
- Department of Gynaecology, Juliane Maria Centre (JMC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jochumsen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Estrid H�gdall
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Protein phosphorylation and its role in the regulation of Annexin A2 function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2515-2529. [PMID: 28867585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a multifunctional protein involved in endocytosis, exocytosis, membrane domain organisation, actin remodelling, signal transduction, protein assembly, transcription and mRNA transport, as well as DNA replication and repair. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current knowledge of the role of phosphorylation in the functional regulation of AnxA2 is reviewed. To provide a more comprehensive treatment of this topic, we also address in depth the phosphorylation process in general and discuss its possible conformational effects. Furthermore, we discuss the apparent limitations of the methods used to investigate phosphoproteins, as exemplified by the study of AnxA2. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AnxA2 is subjected to complex regulation by post-translational modifications affecting its cellular functions, with Ser11, Ser25 and Tyr23 representing important phosphorylation sites. Thus, Ser phosphorylation of AnxA2 is involved in the recruitment and docking of secretory granules, the regulation of its association with S100A10, and sequestration of perinuclear, translationally inactive mRNP complexes. By contrast, Tyr phosphorylation of AnxA2 regulates its role in actin dynamics and increases its association with endosomal compartments. Modification of its three main phosphorylation sites is not sufficient to discriminate between its numerous functions. Thus, fine-tuning of AnxA2 function is mediated by the joint action of several post-translational modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AnxA2 participates in malignant cell transformation, and its overexpression and/or phosphorylation is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Thus, tight regulation of AnxA2 function is an integral aspect of cellular homeostasis. The presence of AnxA2 in cancer cell-derived exosomes, as well as the potential regulation of exosomal AnxA2 by phosphorylation or other PTMs, are topics of great interest.
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7
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Laval M, Marshall KM, Sachinidis J, Scott A, Eutick M, Baldwin GS. Complexes of gastrin with In 3+, Ru 3+ or Ga 3+ ions are not recognised by the cholecystokinin 2 receptor. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:999-1006. [PMID: 28702751 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin (Gamide) binds trivalent metal ions, including indium (In), ruthenium (Ru) and gallium (Ga), with high affinity. Complexes of gastrin with chelated isotopes of In and Ga have previously been used for the location of tumours expressing the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R). The aim of the present study was to purify the complexes of Gamide with radioactive isotopes of In, Ru or Ga and to investigate their ability to bind to the CCK2R. The radioactive Gamide complexes were purified on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges or by anion exchange HPLC. Binding to the CCK2R was assessed with a stably transfected clone of the gastric carcinoma cell line AGS. The 106Ru-Gamide complex could be eluted from the C18 cartridge; the 111In-Gamide and 68Ga-Gamide complexes bound irreversibly. All three complexes were successfully purified by anion exchange HPLC. The failure to detect binding of the 111In-Gamide, 106Ru-Gamide and 68Ga-Gamide complexes to the CCK2R suggests that formation of these complexes will not be useful for the detection of tumours expressing this receptor, but may instead provide alternative ways to block the actions of Gamide as a growth factor or a stimulant of gastric acid secretion. The complexes between the hormone gastrin and radioactive 111In, 106Ru or 68Ga ions were purified by anion exchange HPLC using a NaCl gradient. The failure to detect binding of the complexes to the cholecystokinin 2 receptor suggests that metal ion treatment may provide novel approaches to block the biological actions of gastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - John Sachinidis
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mal Eutick
- Phebra Pty. Ltd, Hunters Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
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8
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Wang Y, Deng J, Guo G, Tong A, Peng X, Chen H, Xu J, Liu Y, You C, Zhou L. Clinical and prognostic role of annexin A2 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. J Neurooncol 2016; 131:21-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kita K, Sugita K, Sato C, Sugaya S, Sato T, Kaneda A. Extracellular Release of Annexin A2 is Enhanced upon Oxidative Stress Response via the p38 MAPK Pathway after Low-Dose X-Ray Irradiation. Radiat Res 2016; 186:79-91. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14277.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan and
| | - Katsuo Sugita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chihomi Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan and
| | - Shigeru Sugaya
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan and
| | - Tetsuo Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan and
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan and
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10
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Giraud J, Failla LM, Pascussi JM, Lagerqvist EL, Ollier J, Finetti P, Bertucci F, Ya C, Gasmi I, Bourgaux JF, Prudhomme M, Mazard T, Ait-Arsa I, Houhou L, Birnbaum D, Pélegrin A, Vincent C, Ryall JG, Joubert D, Pannequin J, Hollande F. Autocrine Secretion of Progastrin Promotes the Survival and Self-Renewal of Colon Cancer Stem–like Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3618-28. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Annexin A2 Coordinates STAT3 to Regulate the Invasion and Migration of Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:3521453. [PMID: 27274723 PMCID: PMC4870365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3521453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the expression of STAT3 and Anxa 2 in CRC specimens and to investigate the effects of STAT3 and Anxa 2 signaling on the proliferation, invasion, and migration in CRC Caco-2 cells. Results demonstrated that both Anxa 2 and STAT3 were highly expressed in CRC specimens in both mRNA and protein levels, with or without phosphorylation (Tyrosine 23 in Anxa 2 and Tyrosine 705 in STAT3). And the upregulated Anxa 2 promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyrosine 705) in CRC Caco-2 cells. The upregulated Anxa 2 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Caco-2 cells in vitro. Moreover, the STAT3 knockdown also repressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, the overexpressed Annexin A2 regulated the proliferation, invasion, and migration in CRC cells in an association with STAT3.
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12
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Cortés A, Sotillo J, Muñoz-Antolí C, Martín-Grau C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Resistance against Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) secondary infections in mice is not dependent on the ileal protein production. J Proteomics 2016; 140:37-47. [PMID: 27040117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode, which has been widely employed to investigate the factors determining the rejection of intestinal helminths. Protein production patterns of intestinal epithelial cells are related to the infection-induced changes that determine the course of E. caproni infections. Herein, we compare the protein production profiles in the ileum of four experimental groups of mice: control; infected; dewormed and reinfected. Worm burdens were significantly lower in secondary infections, confirming the generation of partial resistance to homologous secondary infections in mice. However, quantitative comparison by 2D-DIGE showed that the protein production profile is similar in control and dewormed mice, and after primary and secondary E. caproni infections. These results showed that, unexpectedly, protein production changes in E. caproni infections are not responsible of resistance development. Fifty-one protein spots were differentially produced between control/treated and infected/reinfected mice and 37 of them were identified by mass spectrometry. The analysis of differentially abundant proteins indicate that cell metabolism and the regulation of proliferation and cell death are the most affected processes after primary and secondary E. caproni infections. These results provide new insights into the proteins involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis after intestinal infection. SIGNIFICANCE Intestinal helminthiases are highly prevalent parasitic infections with about 1 billion people infected worldwide. In this scenario, better understanding of host-parasite relationships is needed to elucidate the factors that determine intestinal helminth rejection. The intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni has been broadly employed in this field, with resistance against secondary homologous infections reported in mice. In this paper, new insights are provided in the regulation of tissue homeostasis after intestinal infection. The unexpected lack of an altered pattern of ileal protein production associated to resistance development suggests that this resistance depends on rapid changes, affecting the early establishment of worms, rather than the activation of later effector mechanisms. These results may contribute to the development of new control tools for the management of these parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antolí
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Martín-Grau
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Marshall KM, Laval M, Sims I, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Retro-inverso forms of gastrin5-12 are as biologically active as glycine-extended gastrin in vitro but not in vivo. Peptides 2015; 74:16-22. [PMID: 26471904 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-amidated gastrin peptides such as glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) are biologically active in vitro and in vivo and have been implicated in the development of gastric and colonic cancers. Previous studies have shown that the truncated form of Ggly, the octapeptide LE5AY, was still biologically active in vitro, and that activity was dependent on ferric ion binding but independent of binding to the cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor. The present work was aimed at creating more stable gastrin-derived 'super agonists' using retro-inverso technology. The truncated LE5AY peptide was synthesized using end protecting groups in three forms with l-amino acids (GL), d-amino acids (GD) or retro-inverso (reverse order with d-amino acids; GRI). All of these peptides bound ferric ions with a 2:1 (Fe: peptide) ratio. As predicted, Ggly, GL and GRI were biologically active in vitro and increased cell proliferation in mouse gastric epithelial (IMGE-5) and human colorectal cancer (DLD-1) cell lines, and increased cell migration in DLD-1 cells. These activities were likely via the same mechanism as Ggly since no CCK1 or CCK2 binding was identified, and GD remained inactive in all assays. Surprisingly, unlike Ggly, GL and GRI were not active in vivo. While Ggly stimulated colonic crypt height and proliferation rates in gastrin knockout mice, GL and GRI did not. The apparent lack of activity may be due to rapid clearance of these smaller peptides. Nevertheless further work designing and testing retro-inverso gastrins is warranted, as it may lead to the generation of super agonists that could potentially be used to treat patients with gastrointestinal disorders with reduced mucosal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Ioulia Sims
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
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Baldwin GS, George GN, Pushie MJ. High Affinity Binding of Indium and Ruthenium Ions by Gastrins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140126. [PMID: 26457677 PMCID: PMC4601796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin binds two ferric ions with high affinity, and iron binding is essential for the biological activity of non-amidated forms of the hormone. Since gastrins act as growth factors in gastrointestinal cancers, and as peptides labelled with Ga and In isotopes are increasingly used for cancer diagnosis, the ability of gastrins to bind other metal ions was investigated systematically by absorption spectroscopy. The coordination structures of the complexes were characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Changes in the absorption of gastrin in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ga3+ were fitted by a 2 site model with dissociation constants (Kd) of 3.3 x 10−7 and 1.1 x 10−6 M. Although the absorption of gastrin did not change upon the addition of In3+ ions, the changes in absorbance on Fe3+ ion binding in the presence of indium ions were fitted by a 2 site model with Kd values for In3+ of 6.5 x 10−15 and 1.7 x 10−7 M. Similar results were obtained with Ru3+ ions, although the Kd values for Ru3+ of 2.6 x 10−13 and 1.2 x 10−5 M were slightly larger than observed for In3+. The structures determined by EXAFS all had metal:gastrin stoichiometries of 2:1 but, while the metal ions in the Fe, Ga and In complexes were bridged by a carboxylate and an oxygen with a metal-metal separation of 3.0–3.3 Å, the Ru complex clearly demonstrated a short range Ru—Ru separation, which was significantly shorter, at 2.4 Å, indicative of a metal-metal bond. We conclude that gastrin selectively binds two In3+ or Ru3+ ions, and that the affinity of the first site for In3+ or Ru3+ ions is higher than for ferric ions. Some of the metal ion-gastrin complexes may be useful for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S. Baldwin
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group Department of Geological Sciences, 114 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group Department of Geological Sciences, 114 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
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15
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Epigenetic changes and alternate promoter usage by human colon cancers for expressing DCLK1-isoforms: Clinical Implications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14983. [PMID: 26447334 PMCID: PMC4597220 DOI: 10.1038/srep14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DCLK1 specifically marks colon/pancreatic cancers in mice, and is expressed by human colon adenocarcinomas (hCRCs). Down-regulation of DCLK1 results in loss of cancer-stem-cells (CSCs), and inhibits spheroidal/xenograft growths from hCRC-cells. The 5'-promoter of DCLK1-gene is reportedly hypermethylated in hCRCs, resulting in loss of expression of DCLK1-transcripts, originating from 5'(α)-promoter (termed DCLK1-L, in here). However, in mouse colon-tumors, 5'-promoter of DCLK1-gene remains unchanged, and DCLK1-L, originating from 5'(α)-promoter, is expressed. We hypothesized that elevated levels of DCLK1-protein in hCRC-cells, may be transcribed/translated from an alternate-promoter. Several in silico and molecular biology approaches were used to test our hypothesis. We report for the first time that majority of hCRCs express short-transcripts of DCLK1 (termed DCLK1-S, in here) from an alternate β-promoter in IntronV of the gene, while normal-colons mainly express DCLK1-L from 5'(α)-promoter. We additionally report an important role of β-catenin and TCF4/LEF binding-sites for activating (α)-promoter, while activated NF-κBp65 (bound to NF-κB-cis-element), activates (β)-promoter in cancer-cells. DCLK1-S expression was examined in a cohort of 92 CRC patients; high-expressors had significantly worse overall-survival compared to low-expressors. Our novel findings' regarding usage of alternate (β)-promoter by hCRCs, suggests that DCLK1-S may represent an important target for preventing/inhibiting colon-cancers, and for eliminating colon-CSCs.
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16
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Annexin A2 and S100A10 in the mammalian oviduct. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:567-77. [PMID: 26329302 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In many mammals, upon entry into the female reproductive tract, a subpopulation of sperm is stored in the oviduct forming a functional reservoir. In the oviducts of pig and cow, Annexin A2 (AnxA2) has been linked to the binding of sperm. This protein may exist as a monomer or bound to S100A10 and both forms are associated with different biological functions. S100A10 has not yet been reported in the oviduct. The objective of this work is to analyze for the presence of S100A10 in the oviduct and to advance the study of AnxA2 and S100A10 in this organ. This work shows the presence of both proteins, AnxA2 and S100A10, in the oviduct of human, pig, cow, cat, dog and rabbit. At least in pig, AnxA2 is found devoid of S100A10 in the outer surface of the apical plasma membrane of oviductal epithelial cells, indicating that it binds to sperm as a monomer or in association with proteins different from S100A10. In the apical cytoplasm of pig oviductal epithelial cells, AnxA2 is associated with S100A10. In primary culture of porcine oviductal cells, the expression of ANXA2 is increased by progesterone, while the expression of S100A10 is increased by progesterone and estradiol. The widespread detection of both proteins in the oviduct of mammals indicates a probable conserved function in this organ. In summary, S100A10 and AnxA2 are widespread in the mammalian oviduct but AnxA2 binds sperm in vivo devoid of S100A10 and may be related to reservoir formation.
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Intracellular annexin A2 regulates NF-κB signaling by binding to the p50 subunit: implications for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1606. [PMID: 25611381 PMCID: PMC4669756 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression is highly upregulated in many types of cancer. Although cell surface localization of ANXA2 has been reported to have a critical role in the progression and metastasis of a variety of tumors, including pancreatic cancer, the biological role of intracellular ANXA2 is not fully understood. Herein the role of intracellular ANXA2 was investigated in a pancreatic cancer cell line. We first determined whether ANXA2 is involved in NF-κB signaling pathways. ANXA2 bound to the p50 subunit of NF-κB in a calcium-independent manner, and the ANXA2–p50 complex translocated into the nucleus. Furthermore, ANXA2 increased the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in both the resting and activated states and upregulated the transcription of several target genes downstream of NF-κB, including that encoding interleukin (IL)-6, which contributes to anti-apoptotic signaling. In Mia-Paca2 cells, we determined the effects of wild-type ANXA2 and an ANXA2 mutant, Y23A, which suppresses the cell surface localization, on upregulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity and secretion of IL-6. Both wild-type and Y23A ANXA2 induced anti-apoptotic effects in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α or gemcitabine. Based on these results, we suggest that ANXA2 mediates resistance to gemcitabine by directly increasing the activity of NF-κB. Collectively, these data may provide additional information about the biological role of ANXA2 in pancreatic cancer and suggest that ANXA2 is a potential biomarker for the drug resistance phenotype and a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Kantara C, O’Connell M, Luthra G, Gajjar A, Sarkar S, Ullrich R, Singh P. Methods for detecting circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs) as a novel approach for diagnosis of colon cancer relapse/metastasis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:100-12. [PMID: 25347154 PMCID: PMC4281282 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be resistant to currently available therapies and may be responsible for relapse of cancer in patients. Measuring circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients has emerged as a non-invasive diagnostic procedure for screening patients who may be at high risk for developing metastatic cancers or relapse of the cancer disease. However, accurate detection of CTCs has remained a problem, as epithelial-cell markers used to date are not always reliable for detecting CTCs, especially during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As CSCs are required to initiate metastatic tumors, our goal was to optimize and standardize a method for identifying circulating CSCs (CCSCs) in patients, using established CSC markers. Here, we report for the first time the detection of CCSCs in the blood of athymic nude mice, bearing metastatic tumors, and in the blood of patients positive for colonic adenocarcinomas. Using a simple and non-expensive method, we isolated a relatively pure population of CSCs (CD45-/CK19+), free of red blood cells and largely free of contaminating CD45+ white blood cells. Enriched CCSCs from patients with colon adenocarcinomas had a malignant phenotype and co-expressed CSC markers (DCLK1/LGR5) with CD44/Annexin A2. CSCs were not found in the blood of non-cancer patients, free of colonic growths. Enriched CCSCs from colon cancer patients grew primary spheroids, suggesting the presence of tumor-initiating cells in the blood of these patients. In conclusion, we have developed a novel diagnostic assay for detecting CSCs in circulation, which may more accurately predict the risk of relapse or metastatic disease in patients. As CSCs can potentially initiate metastatic growths, patients positive for CCSCs can be treated with inhibitory agents that selectively target CSCs, besides conventional treatments, to reduce the risk of relapse/metastatic disease for improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kantara
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, utmbHealth, Galveston, TX
| | - Malaney O’Connell
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, utmbHealth, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Robert Ullrich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, utmbHealth, Galveston, TX
| | - Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, utmbHealth, Galveston, TX
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Rehfeld JF. Do glycine-extended hormone precursors have clinical significance? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Half of the known peptide hormones are C-terminally amidated. Subsequent biogenesis studies have shown that the immediate precursor is a glycine-extended peptide. The clinical interest in glycine-extended hormones began in 1994, when it was suggested that glycine-extended gastrin stimulated cancer cell growth. Accompanying findings of gastrin gene expression in common cancers spurred the interest. The interest is now accompanied by skepticism, which is due to failure to demonstrate truly specific receptors for glycine-extended peptides and failure to demonstrate separate physiological and clinical effects of glycine-extended precursors for most other amidated hormones than gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK). The idea of glycine-extended peptides as independent messengers was interesting. But clinical science has to move ahead from ideas that cannot be supported at key points after decades of research.
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20
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Hernández C, Barrachina MD, Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masiá D, Álvarez Á, Terrádez L, Nicolau MJ, Alós R, Esplugues JV, Calatayud S. Progastrin represses the alternative activation of human macrophages and modulates their influence on colon cancer epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98458. [PMID: 24901518 PMCID: PMC4047028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration is a negative prognostic factor for most cancers but gastrointestinal tumors seem to be an exception. The effect of macrophages on cancer progression depends on their phenotype, which may vary between M1 (pro-inflammatory, defensive) to M2 (tolerogenic, pro-tumoral). Gastrointestinal cancers often become an ectopic source of gastrins and macrophages present receptors for these peptides. The aim of the present study is to analyze whether gastrins can affect the pattern of macrophage infiltration in colorectal tumors. We have evaluated the relationship between gastrin expression and the pattern of macrophage infiltration in samples from colorectal cancer and the influence of these peptides on the phenotype of macrophages differentiated from human peripheral monocytes in vitro. The total number of macrophages (CD68+ cells) was similar in tumoral and normal surrounding tissue, but the number of M2 macrophages (CD206+ cells) was significantly higher in the tumor. However, the number of these tumor-associated M2 macrophages correlated negatively with the immunoreactivity for gastrin peptides in tumor epithelial cells. Macrophages differentiated from human peripheral monocytes in the presence of progastrin showed lower levels of M2-markers (CD206, IL10) with normal amounts of M1-markers (CD86, IL12). Progastrin induced similar effects in mature macrophages treated with IL4 to obtain a M2-phenotype or with LPS plus IFNγ to generate M1-macrophages. Macrophages differentiated in the presence of progastrin presented a reduced expression of Wnt ligands and decreased the number and increased cell death of co-cultured colorectal cancer epithelial cells. Our results suggest that progastrin inhibits the acquisition of a M2-phenotype in human macrophages. This effect exerted on tumor associated macrophages may modulate cancer progression and should be taken into account when analyzing the therapeutic value of gastrin immunoneutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernández
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación General Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Vicente Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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A network map of the gastrin signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:165-70. [PMID: 24584707 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Xiao L, Kovac S, Chang M, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, Patel O. Zinc ions upregulate the hormone gastrin via an E-box motif in the proximal gastrin promoter. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:29-42. [PMID: 24363439 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin and its precursors act as growth factors for the normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal mucosa. As the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride upregulates the gastrin gene, the effect of other metal ions on gastrin promoter activity was investigated. Gastrin mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, gastrin peptides by RIA, and gastrin promoter activity by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Exposure to Zn(2)(+) ions increased gastrin mRNA concentrations in the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum stimulation of 55 ± 14-fold at 100 μM (P<0.05). Significant stimulation was also observed with Cd(2)(+) and Cu(2)(+), but not with Ca(2)(+), Mg(2)(+), Ni(2)(+), or Fe(3)(+) ions. Activation of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is necessary but not sufficient for gastrin induction by Zn(2)(+). Deletional mutation of the gastrin promoter identified an 11 bp DNA sequence, which contained an E-box motif, as necessary for Zn(2)(+)-dependent gastrin induction. The fact that E-box binding transcription factors play a crucial role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with our observation that Zn(2)(+) ions upregulate the gastrin gene in AGS cells by an E-box-dependent mechanism, suggests that Zn(2)(+) ions may induce an EMT, and that gastrin may be involved in the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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23
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Annexin A2: its molecular regulation and cellular expression in cancer development. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:308976. [PMID: 24591759 PMCID: PMC3925611 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) orchestrates multiple biologic processes and clinical associations, especially in cancer progression. The structure of ANXA2 affects its cellular localization and function. However, posttranslational modification and protease-mediated N-terminal cleavage also play critical roles in regulating ANXA2. ANXA2 expression levels vary among different types of cancers. With some cancers, ANXA2 can be used for the detection and diagnosis of cancer and for monitoring cancer progression. ANXA2 is also required for drug-resistance. This review discusses the feasibility of ANXA2 which is active in cancer development and can be a therapeutic target in cancer management.
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24
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Jin G, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Worthley DL, Asfaha S, Yang X, Chen X, Si Y, Wang H, Tailor Y, Friedman RA, Wang TC. Progastrin stimulates colonic cell proliferation via CCK2R- and β-arrestin-dependent suppression of BMP2. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:820-30.e10. [PMID: 23891976 PMCID: PMC3829714 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Progastrin stimulates colonic mucosal proliferation and carcinogenesis through the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R)-partly by increasing the number of colonic progenitor cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which progastrin stimulates colonic cell proliferation. We investigated the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in progastrin induction of colonic cell proliferation via CCK2R. METHODS We performed microarray analysis to compare changes in gene expression in the colonic mucosa of mice that express a human progastrin transgene, gastrin knockout mice, and C57BL/6 mice (controls); the effects of progastrin were also determined on in vitro colonic crypt cultures from cholecystokinin 2 receptor knockout and wild-type mice. Human colorectal and gastric cancer cells that expressed CCK2R were incubated with progastrin or Bmp2; levels of β-arrestin 1 and 2 were knocked down using small interfering RNAs. Cells were analyzed for progastrin binding, proliferation, changes in gene expression, and symmetric cell division. RESULTS The BMP pathway was down-regulated in the colons of human progastrin mice compared with controls. Progastrin suppressed transcription of Bmp2 through a pathway that required CCK2R and was mediated by β-arrestin 1 and 2. In mouse colonic epithelial cells, down-regulation of Bmp2 led to decreased phosphorylation of Smads1/5/8 and suppression of inhibitor of DNA binding 4. In human gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines, CCK2R was necessary and sufficient for progastrin binding and induction of proliferation; these effects were blocked when cells were incubated with recombinant Bmp2. Incubation with progastrin increased the number of CD44(+), bromodeoxyuridine+, and NUMB(+) cells, indicating an increase in symmetric divisions of putative cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Progastrin stimulates proliferation in colons of mice and cultured human cells via CCK2R- and β-arrestin 1 and 2-dependent suppression of Bmp2 signaling. This process promotes symmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C. Benedikt Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiling Si
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Marshall KM, Patel O, Bramante G, Laval M, Yim M, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A. The C-terminal flanking peptide of progastrin induces gastric cell apoptosis and stimulates colonic cell division in vivo. Peptides 2013; 46:83-93. [PMID: 23742999 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Progastrin (PG) is processed into a number of smaller peptides including amidated gastrin (Gamide), non-amidated glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) and the C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP). Several groups have reported that PG, Gamide and Ggly are biologically active in vitro and in vivo, and are involved in the development of gastrointestinal cancers. CTFP is bioactive in vitro but little is known of its effects in vivo. This study investigated the bioactivity of CTFP in vivo in normal tissues using gastrin deficient (GASKO) mice and in two mouse models of cancer (SCID mice bearing xenograft tumors expressing normal or knocked-down levels of gastrin and a mouse model of hepatic metastasis). As with Ggly, CTFP treatment stimulated colonic proliferation in GASKO mice compared to control. CTFP also significantly increased apoptosis in the gastric mucosa of male GASKO mice. CTFP did not appear to effect xenograft growth or the incidence of liver metastases. This is the first demonstration that CTFP has specific biological activity in vivo in the colon and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Lvl 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia 3084.
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Luo CH, Liu QQ, Zhang PF, Li MY, Chen ZC, Liu YF. Prognostic significance of annexin II expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:938-46. [PMID: 23529818 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discover common metastasis-related and prognostic markers in lung squamous carcinoma (LSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (AdC), two forms of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Quantitative proteomic analysis was performed between primary cancer tissues and matched lymph node metastatic tissues in LSC and AdC, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and statistic analysis were performed to investigate prognostic significance of metastasis-related protein annexin II expression in LSC and AdC. RESULTS Both in LSC and AdC, elevated expression of annexin II was identified in lymph node metastatic lung cancers compared to corresponding primary lung cancers. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of a bulk of clinical specimens indicated that annexin II over-expression was more frequently observed in matched lymph node metastatic tissues than corresponding primary cancer tissues. Statistical analysis showed that annexin II over-expression was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) and increased relapse rate (P < 0.05) and decreased overall survival (P < 0.05) in both two subtypes of NSCLC. Cox regression analysis indicated that annexin II over-expression was an important prognostic factor in both LSC and AdC. CONCLUSION Annexin II was identified as a common prognostic factor in both LSC and AdC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Luo
- The Department of Pathology, The Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Annexin A2 heterotetramer: structure and function. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6259-305. [PMID: 23519104 PMCID: PMC3634455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a pleiotropic calcium- and anionic phospholipid-binding protein that exists as a monomer and as a heterotetrameric complex with the plasminogen receptor protein, S100A10. Annexin A2 has been proposed to play a key role in many processes including exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane organization, ion channel conductance, and also to link F-actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Despite an impressive list of potential binding partners and regulatory activities, it was somewhat unexpected that the annexin A2-null mouse should show a relatively benign phenotype. Studies with the annexin A2-null mouse have suggested important functions for annexin A2 and the heterotetramer in fibrinolysis, in the regulation of the LDL receptor and in cellular redox regulation. However, the demonstration that depletion of annexin A2 causes the depletion of several other proteins including S100A10, fascin and affects the expression of at least sixty-one genes has confounded the reports of its function. In this review we will discuss the annexin A2 structure and function and its proposed physiological and pathological roles.
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Abstract
The role of the peptide hormone gastrin in stimulating gastric acid secretion is well established. Mature amidated gastrin is processed from larger peptide precursor forms. Increasingly these processing intermediates, such as glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly) and progastrin, have been shown to have biological activities of their own, often separate and complementary to gastrin. Although G-Gly is synthesized and secreted by gastric antral G-cells, the physiological functions of this putative mediator are unclear. Gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulate the secretion of somatostatin from gastric D-cells as part of the feedback control of gastric acid. In this study the effect of G-Gly and gastrin on the release of somatostatin from rabbit fundic D-cells was examined. D-cells were obtained by collagenase-EDTA digestion and elutriation and cultured for 48 hours. With a 2 hour exposure to the peptides, gastrin but not G-Gly stimulated somatostatin release. Treatment of D-cells for 24 hours with gastrin or G-Gly individually, significantly enhanced subsequent basal as well as CCK- and GLP-1-stimulated somatostatin release. Twenty four hours exposure to gastrin combined with G-Gly synergistically enhanced basal and agonist-stimulated somatostatin release and cellular somatostatin content. Gastrin and G-Gly may be important in the longer term regulation of D-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Lp Beales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK ; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK ; Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12, UK
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Ozorowski G, Milton S, Luecke H. Structure of a C-terminal AHNAK peptide in a 1:2:2 complex with S100A10 and an acetylated N-terminal peptide of annexin A2. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:92-104. [PMID: 23275167 PMCID: PMC3532133 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912043429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AHNAK, a large 629 kDa protein, has been implicated in membrane repair, and the annexin A2-S100A10 heterotetramer [(p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2))] has high affinity for several regions of its 1002-amino-acid C-terminal domain. (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is often localized near the plasma membrane, and this C2-symmetric platform is proposed to be involved in the bridging of membrane vesicles and trafficking of proteins to the plasma membrane. All three proteins co-localize at the intracellular face of the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The binding of AHNAK to (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) has been studied previously, and a minimal binding motif has been mapped to a 20-amino-acid peptide corresponding to residues 5654-5673 of the AHNAK C-terminal domain. Here, the 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of this 20-amino-acid peptide of AHNAK bound to the AnxA2-S100A10 heterotetramer (1:2:2 symmetry) is presented, which confirms the asymmetric arrangement first described by Rezvanpour and coworkers and explains why the binding motif has high affinity for (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2). Binding of AHNAK to the surface of (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) is governed by several hydrophobic interactions between side chains of AHNAK and pockets on S100A10. The pockets are large enough to accommodate a variety of hydrophobic side chains, allowing the consensus sequence to be more general. Additionally, the various hydrogen bonds formed between the AHNAK peptide and (p11)(2)(AnxA2)(2) most often involve backbone atoms of AHNAK; as a result, the side chains, particularly those that point away from S100A10/AnxA2 towards the solvent, are largely interchangeable. While the structure-based consensus sequence allows interactions with various stretches of the AHNAK C-terminal domain, comparison with other S100 structures reveals that the sequence has been optimized for binding to S100A10. This model adds new insight to the understanding of the specific interactions that occur in this membrane-repair scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Saskia Milton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Hartmut Luecke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Center for Biomembrane Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chueca E, Lanas A, Piazuelo E. Role of gastrin-peptides in Barrett's and colorectal carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6560-70. [PMID: 23236230 PMCID: PMC3516208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i45.6560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin is the main hormone responsible for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion; in addition, gastrin and its derivatives exert proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on several cell types. Gastrin synthesis and secretion are increased in certain situations, for example, when proton pump inhibitors are used. The impact of sustained hypergastrinemia is currently being investigated. In vitro experiments and animal models have shown that prolonged hypergastrinemia may be related with higher cancer rates; although, this relationship is less clear in human beings. Higher gastrin levels have been shown to cause hyperplasia of several cell types; yet, the risk for developing cancer seems to be the same in normo- and hypergastrinemic patients. Some tumors also produce their own gastrin, which can act in an autocrine manner promoting tumor growth. Certain cancers are extremely dependent on gastrin to proliferate. Initial research focused only on the effects of amidated gastrins, but there has been an interest in intermediates of gastrin in the last few decades. These intermediates aren’t biologically inactive; in fact, they may exert greater effects on proliferation and apoptosis than the completely processed forms. In certain gastrin overproduction states, they are the most abundant gastrin peptides secreted. The purpose of this review is to examine the gastrin biosynthesis process and to summarize the results from different studies evaluating the production, levels, and effects of the main forms of gastrin in different overexpression states and their possible relationship with Barrett’s and colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Sato T, Kita K, Sugaya S, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Extracellular release of annexin II from pancreatic cancer cells and resistance to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis by supplementation of recombinant annexin II. Pancreas 2012; 41:1247-54. [PMID: 22750966 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31824f356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracellular microenvironment plays crucial roles in the development of cancers and chemoresistance. Pancreatic carcinoma is resistant to almost all chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we identified annexin II in the medium from pancreatic cancer cells as a protein released into the extracellular environment. METHODS Medium from 5-hour cultures of various cancer cells was collected. Proteins in the medium were detected by molecular mass analysis and immunoblotting. Anticancer drug sensitivity of cells preincubated with or without recombinant annexin II (rANX II) was measured using crystal violet assay and colony survival assay. Apoptosis-related molecules were analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS Recombinant ANX II supplementation in the medium confers resistance to anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine, in MiaPaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cells. In MiaPaCa-2 cells, rANX II supplementation resulted in suppression of caspase-3 activation associated with increased Bcl-2/Bax ratios. Suppression of cisplatin-induced cell death by rANX II supplementation was canceled by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first report to demonstrate that supplementation of rANX II in the medium increased resistance to anticancer drugs in pancreatic cancer cells. Recombinant ANX II exerts cell death-suppressive function by antagonizing cisplatin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Sato
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Singh P, Sarkar S, Kantara C, Maxwell C. Progastrin Peptides Increase the Risk of Developing Colonic Tumors: Impact on Colonic Stem Cells. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:277-289. [PMID: 23226720 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF, aberrant-crypt-foci; Hp, hyperplastic/dysplastic polyps) are believed to be precursors of sporadic colorectal-tumors (Ad, adenomas; AdCA, adenocarcinomas). ACF/Hp likely originate due to abnormal growth of colonic-crypts in response to aberrant queues in the microenvironment of colonic-crypts. Thus identifying factors which regulate homeostatic vs aberrant proliferation/apoptosis of colonocytes, especially stem/progenitor cells, may lead to effective preventative/treatment strategies. Based on this philosophy, role of growth-factors/peptide-hormones, potentially available in the circulation/microenvironment of colonic-crypts is being examined extensively. Since the time gastrins were discovered as trophic (growth) factors for gastrointestinal-cells, the effect of gastrins on the growth of normal/cancer cells has been investigated, leading to many discoveries. Seminal discoveries made in the area of gastrins and colon-cancer, as it relates to molecular pathways associated with formation of colonic tumors will be reviewed, and possible impact on diagnostic/preventative/treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston TX 77555
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Li Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Shen S, Yu H, Yang J, Su Z. Tumor suppressor gene NGX6 induces changes in protein expression profiles in colon cancer HT-29 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:584-90. [PMID: 22647848 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated gene 6 (NGX6; syn. transmembrane protein 8B, TMEM8B) is a recently identified tumor suppressor gene. The underlying mechanisms by which the gene inhibits tumor development are not completely known. To further understand the function of the gene's protein product NGX6, in the present study, we employed two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis to analyze the protein expression profiles of colon cancer HT-29 cells stably transfected with the gene NGX6. The differentially expressed proteins were selected and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 12 proteins were down-regulated and 4 were up-regulated in NGX6-transfected HT-29 cells, compared with vector-transfected HT-29 cells. The MS results were verified by western blot. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these proteins are involved in cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, cytoskeletal structure, metabolism, and signal transduction, suggesting that NGX6 may inhibit colon cancer through the regulation of these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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34
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Sarkar S, Kantara C, Ortiz I, Swiercz R, Kuo J, Davey R, Escobar K, Ullrich R, Singh P. Progastrin overexpression imparts tumorigenic/metastatic potential to embryonic epithelial cells: phenotypic differences between transformed and nontransformed stem cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E1088-99. [PMID: 22532325 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that overexpression of progastrin (PG) in embryonic epithelial cells (HEKmGAS cells) increased proliferation of the cells compared to that of control HEKC cells. Here, we report the novel finding that tumorigenic and metastatic potential of HEKmGAS cells is also increased significantly compared to that of HEKC cells. Cell surface-associated annexinA2 (CS-ANXA2) binds PG and is overexpressed on cancer cells, allowing us to successfully use fluorescently labeled PG peptide for enumerating metastatic lesions of transformed/cancer cells in vivo. Next, we examined the hypothesis that increased tumorigenic/metastatic potential of isogenic HEKmGAS versus HEKC cells maybe due to transformed phenotype of stem cells. FACSorting/FACScanning of cells demonstrated significant increases in percent doublecortin-CAM-kinase-like1 (DCLK1)/Lgr5-positive stem cells, coexpressing cluster of differentiation44 (CD44)/CS-ANXA2, in HEKmGAS versus HEKC cells. Distinct differences were noted in the morphology of HEKC versus HEKmGAS spheroidal growths on nonadherent cultures (selective for stem cells). HEKC spheroids were rounded with distinct perimeters (e.g., basement membranes), whereas HEKmGAS spheroids were amorphous with no perimeters. Relative levels of DCLK1/Lgr5/CD44 and ANXA2/β-catenin/pNFκBp65/metalloproteinases were significantly increased in HEKmGAS versus HEKC cells, growing as monolayer cultures, 3D spheroids (in vitro), or xenografts (in vivo). Interestingly, HEKC cells enriched for CS-ANXA2 developed amorphous spheroids, whereas downregulation of ANXA2 in HEKmGAS clones resulted in loss of matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and re-formation of rounded spheroids, suggesting that high levels of CS-ANXA2/MMPs may impact spheroid morphology. Downregulation of DCLK1 significantly attenuated activation of β-catenin, with loss of proliferation of HEKmGAS and HEKC cells, suggesting that DCLK1 is required for maintaining proliferation of cells. Our results suggest the novel possibility that transformed stem cells, unlike nontransformed stem cells, coexpress stem cell markers DCLK1 and CD44 with CS-ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashish Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA
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Sarkar S, Kantara C, Singh P. Clathrin mediates endocytosis of progastrin and activates MAPKs: role of cell surface annexin A2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G712-22. [PMID: 22241862 PMCID: PMC3330782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00406.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface-associated annexin A2 (CS-ANXA2) is a nonconventional "receptor" for progastrin; expression levels of both are elevated in colon cancers, and downregulation of either reduces tumorigenic potential of cells. We recently reported internalization of progastrin in target cells. Here, mechanisms mediating internalization of progastrin were examined. Initially, we confirmed that cell-surface ANXA2 mediates binding and internalization of progastrin in intestinal cells. Progastrin, covalently linked to sepharose beads, failed to activate p38MAPK/ERKs, suggesting internalization of progastrin was required for eliciting biological effects; importantly annexin A2 expression and availability of CS-ANXA2 were required for internalization of progastrin. Clathrin expression and formation of clathrin-coated pits were critically required for endocytotic internalization of progastrin; in the absence of clathrin, progastrin failed to activate p38MAPK/ERKs. Downregulation of caveolin had no effect on binding or internalization of progastrin. We therefore demonstrate for the first time that progastrin binds CS-ANXA2 and is rapidly internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytotic pathway, resulting in activation of MAPKinases. Targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis of progastrin may thus inhibit previously reported co-carcinogenic/tumorigenic effects of progastrin on intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashish Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Carla Kantara
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Kovac S, Loh SW, Lachal S, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Bismuth ions inhibit the biological activity of non-amidated gastrins in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:524-30. [PMID: 22172990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin binds two ferric ions with high affinity, and iron binding is essential for the biological activity of non-amidated gastrins in vitro and in vivo. Bi3+ ions also bind to glycine-extended gastrin17 (Ggly), but inhibit Ggly-induced cell proliferation and migration in gastrointestinal cell lines in vitro. The aims of the present study were firstly, to establish the mechanism by which Bi3+ ions inhibit the binding of Fe3+ ions to Ggly, and secondly, to test the effect of Bi3+ ions on the activity of non-amidated gastrins in vivo. The interaction between Bi3+ ions, Fe3+ ions and Ggly was investigated by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The effect of Bi3+ ions on colorectal mucosal proliferation was measured in three animal models. In vitro in the presence of Bi3+ ions the affinity of Fe3+ ions for Ggly was substantially reduced; the data was better fitted by a mixed, rather than a competitive, inhibition model. In rats treated with Ggly alone proliferation in the rectal mucosa was increased by 318%, but was reduced to control values (p < 0.001) in animals receiving oral bismuth plus Ggly. Proliferation in the colonic mucosa of mice overexpressing Ggly or progastrin was significantly greater than in wild-type mice, but was no greater than control (p < 0.01) in animals receiving oral bismuth. Thus a reduction in the binding of Fe3+ ions to Ggly and progastrin in the presence of Bi3+ ions is a likely explanation for the ability of oral bismuth to block the biological activity of non-amidated gastrins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kovac
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Kita K, Sugita K, Chen SP, Suzuki T, Sugaya S, Tanaka T, Jin YH, Satoh T, Tong XB, Suzuki N. Extracellular Recombinant Annexin II Confers UVC-Radiation Resistance and Increases the Bcl-xL to Bax Protein Ratios in Human UVC-Radiation-Sensitive Cells. Radiat Res 2011; 176:732-42. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2561.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kita
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Katsuo Sugita
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty Education, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shi-Ping Chen
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugaya
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuan-Hu Jin
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Satoh
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Xiao-Bo Tong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, P.R. China
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Kovac S, Anderson GJ, Alexander WS, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Gastrin-deficient mice have disturbed hematopoiesis in response to iron deficiency. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3062-73. [PMID: 21652729 PMCID: PMC3138233 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrins are peptide hormones important for gastric acid secretion and growth of the gastrointestinal mucosa. We have previously demonstrated that ferric ions bind to gastrins, that the gastrin-ferric ion complex interacts with the iron transport protein transferrin in vitro, and that circulating gastrin concentrations positively correlate with transferrin saturation in vivo. Here we report the effect of long-term dietary iron modification on gastrin-deficient (Gas(-/-)) and hypergastrinemic cholecystokinin receptor 2-deficient (Cck2r(-/-)) mice, both of which have reduced basal gastric acid secretion. Iron homeostasis in both strains appeared normal unless the animals were challenged by iron deficiency. When fed an iron-deficient diet, Gas(-/-) mice, but not Cck2r(-/-) mice, developed severe anemia. In iron-deficient Gas(-/-) mice, massive splenomegaly was also apparent with an increased number of splenic megakaryocytes accompanied by thrombocytosis. The expression of the mRNA encoding the iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin, Hamp, was down-regulated in both Cck2r(-/-) and Gas(-/-) mice on a low-iron diet, but, interestingly, the reduction was greater in Cck2r(-/-) mice and smaller in Gas(-/-) mice than in the corresponding wild-type strains. These data suggest that gastrins play an important direct role, unrelated to their ability to stimulate acid secretion, in hematopoiesis under conditions of iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kovac
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Zhang XN, Zhang XY, Cao XH. Advances in understanding the relationship between annexin A1 and gastrointestinal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2160-2165. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i20.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a member of the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins and participates in many important life processes, such as cellular signal transduction, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that the expression levels of annexin A1 vary among different tumor tissues and different tumor subtypes and may be associated with the development, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. Understanding the relationship between annexin A1 and tumors has important implications for the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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The role of annexin A2 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:199-208. [PMID: 21909879 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein found on various cell types. It is up-regulated in various tumor types and plays multiple roles in regulating cellular functions, including angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, invasion and adhesion. Annexin A2 binds with plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator on the cell surface, which leads to the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is a serine protease which plays a key role in the activation of metalloproteinases and degradation of extracellular matrix components essential for metastatic progression. We have recently found that both annexin A2 and plasmin are increased in conditioned media of co cultured ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells. Our studies suggest that annexin A2 is part of a tumor-host signal pathway between ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells which promotes ovarian cancer metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggest that interactions between annexin A2 and its binding proteins play an important role in the tumor microenvironment and act together to enhance cancer metastasis. This article reviews the current knowledge on the biological role of annexin A2 and its binding proteins in solid malignancies including ovarian cancer.
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Kovac S, Anderson GJ, Baldwin GS. Gastrins, iron homeostasis and colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:889-95. [PMID: 21320535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin has been identified as a major regulator of acid secretion and a potent mitogen for normal and malignant gastrointestinal cells. The importance of gastric acid in the absorption of dietary iron first became evident 50 years ago when iron deficiency anemia was recognized as a long-term consequence of partial gastrectomy. This review summarizes the connections between circulating gastrins, iron status and colorectal cancer. Gastrins bind two ferric ions with micromolar affinity and, in the case of non-amidated forms of the hormone, iron binding is essential for biological activity in vitro and in vivo. The demonstration of an interaction between gastrin and transferrin by biochemical techniques led to the proposal that gastrins catalyze the loading of transferrin with iron. Several lines of evidence, including the facts that the concentrations of circulating gastrins are increased in mice and humans with the iron overload disease hemochromatosis and that transferrin saturation positively correlates with circulating gastrin concentration, suggest the potential involvement of gastrins in iron homeostasis. Conversely, recognition that ferric ions play an unexpected role in the biological activity of gastrins may assist in the development of useful therapies for colorectal carcinoma and other disorders of mucosal proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kovac
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Sarkar S, Swiercz R, Kantara C, Hajjar KA, Singh P. Annexin A2 mediates up-regulation of NF-κB, β-catenin, and stem cell in response to progastrin in mice and HEK-293 cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:583-595.e4. [PMID: 20826156 PMCID: PMC3031715 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prograstrin induces proliferation in colon crypts by activating p65nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (p65) and β-catenin. We investigated whether Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a progastrin receptor, activates NF-κB and β-catenin in vivo. METHODS ANXA2-null (ANXA2(-/-)) and wild-type (ANXA2(+/+)) mice were studied, along with clones of progastrin-responsive HEK-293 cells that stably expressed full-length progastrin (HEK-mGAS) or an empty vector (HEK-C). Small interfering RNA was used to down-regulate AnxA2, p65NF-κB, and β-catenin in cells. RESULTS Proliferation and activation of p65 and β-catenin increased significantly in HEK-mGAS compared with HEK-C clones. HEK-mGAS cells had a 2- to 4-fold increase in relative levels of c-Myc, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, CyclinD1, double cortin CAM kinase-like 1 (DCAMKL+1), and CD44, compared with HEK-C clones. Down-regulation of AnxA2 in HEK-mGAS clones reduced activation of NF-κB and β-catenin, as well as levels of DCAMKL+1. Surprisingly, down-regulation of β-catenin had no effect on activation of p65NF-κB, whereas down-regulation of p65 significantly reduced activation of β-catenin in HEK-mGAS clones. Loss of either p65 or β-catenin significantly reduced proliferation of HEK-mGAS clones, indicating that both factors are required for the proliferative effects of progastrin. Lengths of colon crypts and levels of p65, β-catenin, DCAMKL+1, and CD44 were significantly higher in ANXA2(+/+) mice compared with either ANXA2(-/-) mice given progastrin or ANXA2(+/+) and ANXA2(-/-) mice given saline. CONCLUSIONS AnxA2 expression is required for the biologic effects of progastrin in vivo and in vitro and mediates the stimulatory effect of progastrin on p65NF-κ, β-catenin, and the putative stem cell markers DCAMKL+1 and CD44. AnxA2 might therefore mediate the hyperproliferative and cocarcinogenic effects of progastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashish Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Rafal Swiercz
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Carla Kantara
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Katherine A Hajjar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Patel O, Marshall KM, Bramante G, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A. The C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP) of progastrin inhibits apoptosis via a PI3-kinase-dependent pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:224-31. [PMID: 20727916 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progastrin is processed to a number of peptides including glycine-extended gastrin, amidated gastrin and the C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP). Progastrin and gastrin-gly are pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic in gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines. The CTFP is a major form of progastrin in the stomach and colon and stimulates proliferation. However the effect of CTFP on apoptosis has not been examined. Using the human gastric carcinoma cell line AGS we show that CTFP attenuates apoptosis through a PI3-kinase pathway by stimulating the phosphorylation of Akt leading to sustained increases in the concentrations of Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Bad protein and by reducing caspase 3 activity. The anti-apoptotic effect represents an important potential mechanism for the growth promoting action of CTFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
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Singh P, Sarkar S, Umar S, Rengifo-Cam W, Singh AP, Wood TG. Insulin-like growth factors are more effective than progastrin in reversing proapoptotic effects of curcumin: critical role of p38MAPK. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G551-62. [PMID: 20133951 PMCID: PMC2853304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00497.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progastrin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate hyperproliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via endocrine/paracrine routes; hyperproliferation is a known risk factor for colon carcinogenesis. In the present study, inhibitory potency of curcumin in the presence or absence of progastrin and/or IGF-II was examined. Progastrin and IGF-II significantly increased proliferation of an immortalized IEC cell line, IEC-18, whereas curcumin decreased the proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. IGF-II was significantly more effective than progastrin in reversing antiproliferative effects of curcumin and reversed proapoptotic effects of curcumin by >80%; progastrin was relatively ineffective toward reversing proapoptotic effects of curcumin. IEC-18 clones were generated to overexpress either progastrin (IEC-PG) or hIGF-II (IEC-IGF). Proliferation of IEC-PG and IEC-IGF clones was increased, compared with that of control clones. Curcumin significantly reduced proliferation of IEC-PG, but not IEC-IGF, clones. Similarly, a human colon cancer cell line, Caco-2 (which expresses autocrine IGF-II), was relatively resistant to inhibitory effects of curcumin. However, Caco-2 cells treated with anti-IGF-II-antibodies were rendered sensitive to inhibitory effects of curcumin. Significant differences in inhibitory potency of curcumin against PG- vs. IGF-II-stimulated growth of IEC-18 cells were not reflected by differences in curcumin-mediated inhibition of activated (phosphorylated) ERKs/IKK(alpha/beta)/p65NF-kappaB and c-Src in wild-type (wt)IEC-18 cells, in response to the two growth factors. Surprisingly, curcumin was almost ineffective in reducing IGF-II-stimulated activation of p38MAPK but significantly reduced progastrin-stimulated phosphorylation of p38. Treatment with a p38MAPK inhibitor resulted in loss of protective effects of IGF-II against inhibitory effects of curcumin. These novel findings suggest that growth factor profile of patients and tumors may dictate inhibitory potency of curcumin and that combination of curcumin + p38MAPK inhibitor may be required for reducing hyperproliferative or tumorigenic response of IECs to endocrine and autocrine IGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, 10.104 Medical Research Bldg., 301 Univ. Blvd., Route 1043, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas G. Wood
- 3Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Verschoor CP, You Q, Kelton DF, Moore SS, Karrow NA. A principal component regression based genome wide analysis approach reveals the presence of a novel QTL on BTA7 for MAP resistance in holstein cattle. Genomics 2010; 95:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori has long been recognized as a significant risk factor for gastric cancer, and indeed, this model represents the prototypical inflammation-associated cancer. In this review, we present the latest clinical and experimental evidence showing that gastrin peptides and their receptors [the cholecystokinin (CCK2) receptors] potentiate the progression of gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies in the presence of inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS We highlight the feed-forward mechanisms by which gastrin and CCK2 receptor expression are upregulated during inflammation and in gastrointestinal cancers, summarize gastrin's proinflammatory role by inducing the production of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and relate evidence suggesting that gastrin and their receptors modulate the function of immune cells and fibroblasts following cellular stress, injury, repair, as well as during cancer progression. SUMMARY We discuss trends for future studies directed toward the elucidation of gastrin peptides' role in regulating intercellular molecular signaling mechanisms between local and circulating immune cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and other cell types in the microenvironments of inflammation-related cancers. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular pathways that relate inflammation with cancer may provide additional opportunities to develop complementary therapies that target the inflammatory microenvironment of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0722, USA
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Reggoug S, Ropert A, Blayau M, Zeddini A, Dugast C, Péquin P, Meunier B, Bretagne JF. Idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion in a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:2648-9. [PMID: 19806110 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jin G, Ramanathan V, Quante M, Baik GH, Yang X, Wang SSW, Tu S, Gordon SAK, Pritchard DM, Varro A, Shulkes A, Wang TC. Inactivating cholecystokinin-2 receptor inhibits progastrin-dependent colonic crypt fission, proliferation, and colorectal cancer in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2691-701. [PMID: 19652364 DOI: 10.1172/jci38918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperproliferation of the colonic epithelium, leading to expansion of colonic crypt progenitors, is a recognized risk factor for colorectal cancer. Overexpression of progastrin, a nonamidated and incompletely processed product of the gastrin gene, has been shown to induce colonic hyperproliferation and promote colorectal cancer in mice, but the mechanism of pathogenesis has not been defined. Cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is the primary receptor for cholecystokinin (CCK) and amidated gastrin. Here, we show that Cck2r was expressed in murine colonic crypts and upregulated in the transgenic mice that overexpress human progastrin. Murine deletion of Cck2r abrogated progastrin-dependent increases in colonic proliferation, mucosal thickness, and beta-catenin and CD44 expression in the colon tumor. In addition, either deletion or antagonism of Cck2r resulted in the inhibition of progastrin-dependent increases in progenitors expressing doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL1), stem cells expressing leucine rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LgR5), and colonic crypt fission. Furthermore, in the azoxymethane mouse model of colorectal carcinogenesis, Cck2r deletion in human progastrin-overexpressing mice resulted in markedly decreased aberrant crypt foci formation and substantially reduced tumor size and multiplicity. Taken together, these observations indicate that progastrin induces proliferative effects, primarily in colonic progenitor cells, through a CCK2R-dependent pathway. Moreover, our data suggest that CCK2R may be a potential target in the treatment or prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Aikou S, Fukushima Y, Ogawa M, Nozaki K, Saito T, Matsui T, Goldenring JR, Kaminishi M, Nomura S. Alterations in gastric mucosal lineages before or after acute oxyntic atrophy in gastrin receptor and H2 histamine receptor-deficient mice. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1625-35. [PMID: 19507031 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spasmolytic polypeptide (SP/TFF2)-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is induced by oxyntic atrophy and is known as a precancerous or paracancerous lesion. We seek to determine whether the gastrin receptor or H(2) histamine receptor influence the development of SPEM. DMP-777 was administered to gastrin receptor and/or H(2) receptor-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Gastric mucosal lineage changes were analyzed. The mucosa from double knockout mice and H(2) receptor knockout mice contained elevated numbers of dual TFF2 and intrinsic factor immunoreactive cells even before DMP-777 treatment. All genotypes of mice showed SPEM after 7-day treatment. In all types of knockout mice, the number of TFF2 immunoreactive cells remained elevated after cessation of treatment. The H(2) receptor and gastrin receptor do not affect emergence of SPEM. However, it is suggested that the absence of H(2) receptor signaling causes a delay in the maturation of chief cells from mucous neck cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Aikou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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