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Liu SH, Chuang WC, Lam W, Jiang Z, Cheng YC. Safety surveillance of traditional Chinese medicine: current and future. Drug Saf 2015; 38:117-28. [PMID: 25647717 PMCID: PMC4348117 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine, including traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disorders or diseases for centuries. In addition to being used directly as therapeutic agents, medicinal plants are also important sources for pharmacological drug research and development. With the increasing consumption of herbal products intended to promote better health, it is extremely important to assure the safety and quality of herbal preparations. However, under current regulation surveillance, herbal preparations may not meet expectations in safety, quality, and efficacy. The challenge is how to assure the safety and quality of herbal products for consumers. It is the responsibility of producers to minimize hazardous contamination and additives during cultivation, harvesting, handling, processing, storage, and distribution. This article reviews the current safety obstacles that have been involved in traditional Chinese herbal medicine preparations with examples of popular herbs. Approaches to improve the safety of traditional Chinese medicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Huey Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wu-Chang Chuang
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zaoli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Han J, Sohn EJ, Kim B, Kim S, Won G, Yoon S, Lee J, Kim MJ, Lee H, Chung K, Kim SH. Upregulation of death receptor 5 and activation of caspase 8/3 play a critical role in ergosterol peroxide induced apoptosis in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:117. [PMID: 25506265 PMCID: PMC4265345 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Though ergosterol peroxide (EP) derived from Neungyi mushrooms (Sarcodon aspratus) was known to have cytotoxic, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial effects, the underlying molecular mechanism of EP still remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, the apoptotic mechanism of EP was elucidated in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Methods Cell viability of prostate cancer cells was measured by MTT assay. To see whether EP induces the apoptosis, FACS, western blot and TUNEL assay were performed. To determine the role of Death receptor (DR) 5 molecules in EP-induced apoptosis in DU 145 prostate cancer cells, the silencing of DR 5 was performed by using siRNAs. Results EP showed significant cytotoxicity against DU 145, PC 3, M2182 prostate cancer cells. Also, EP effectively increased the sub G1 population and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase DUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, western blotting revealed that EP cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 8/3, attenuated the expression of fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP), Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 as well as activated Bax, Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and DR 5 in a concentration dependent manner in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Conversely, caspase 8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK blocked the apoptotic ability of EP to cleave PARP and an increase of sub G1 population in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Likewise, the silencing of DR 5 suppressed the cleavages of PARP induced by EP in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that ergosterol peroxide induces apoptosis via activation of death receptor 5 and caspase 8/3 in DU 145 prostate cancer cells as a cancer chemopreventive agent or dietary factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Han
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Sohn
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gunho Won
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Yoon
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Joon Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Chung
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Harnessing traditional Chinese medicine to improve cancer therapy: issues for future development. Ther Deliv 2012; 1:335-44. [PMID: 22816136 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has recently yielded a number of chemical compounds with clinically significant anticancer activity. The theory of TCM formulas, however, unlike Western medicine, is based on the interactions of the various Chinese medicinal materials in the body, rather than the activity of a single purified chemical compound. Mechanisms for the possible synergistic anticancer effects of components in TCM formulas have recently been postulated. Advanced research on the clinical effects of TCM formulas, however, has been hampered by inconsistent dosage formulations and unreliable quality control. Scientific challenges in dosage formulation and methods for ensuring quality control of TCM products will be discussed.
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Bishop FL, Rea A, Lewith H, Chan YK, Saville J, Prescott P, Elm EV, Lewith GT. Complementary medicine use by men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of prevalence studies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 14:1-13. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bonnar-Pizzorno RM, Littman AJ, Kestin M, White E. Saw palmetto supplement use and prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2007; 55:21-7. [PMID: 16965237 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5501_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Saw palmetto is an herb used to treat the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In vitro studies have found that saw palmetto inhibits growth of prostatic cancer cells and may induce apoptosis. To evaluate whether saw palmetto supplements are associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 35,171 men aged 50-76 yr in western Washington state. Subjects completed questionnaires between 2000 and 2002 on frequency of use of saw palmetto supplements and saw palmetto-containing multivitamins over the previous 10 yr in addition to other information on supplement intake, medical history, and demographics. Men were followed through December 2003 (mean of 2.3 yr of follow-up) via the western Washington Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry, during which time 580 developed prostate cancer. Ten percent of the cohort used saw palmetto at least once per week for a year in the 10 yr before baseline. No association was found between this level of use of saw palmetto and risk of prostate cancer development [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95; 95% confidence interval = 0.74-1.23] or with increasing frequency or duration of use. In this free-living population, use of commercial saw palmetto, which varies widely in dose and constituent ratios, was not associated with prostate cancer risk.
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Scheck AC, Perry K, Hank NC, Clark WD. Anticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2006; 6:27. [PMID: 16914050 PMCID: PMC1560162 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Flavonoid-rich extracts from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis have been shown to exhibit antiproliferative effects on various cancer cell lines. We assessed the ability of an ethanolic extract of S. baicalensis root to inhibit the proliferation of malignant glioma cells. Methods Cell lines derived from primary and recurrent brain tumors from the same patient and cells selected for resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) were used to identify antiproliferative effects of this extract when used alone and in conjunction with BCNU. Results and discussion Results indicated that Scutellaria baicalensis not only inhibits cellular growth in recurrent and drug resistant brain tumor cell lines, but also demonstrates an increased inhibitory effect when used in conjunction with BCNU. Conclusion The results of this study support the efficacy of S. baicalensis as an anticancer agent for glioblastomas multiforme and a potential adjuvant treatment to current chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of both primary and recurrent GBMs. Further studies of the effects of individual flavonoids alone and in combination with each other and with currently used therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Scheck
- Neuro-Oncology Research, Barrow Neurological Instituteof St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Neurosurgery Research, Barrow Neurological Instituteof St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Krya Perry
- Neuro-Oncology Research, Barrow Neurological Instituteof St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Nicole C Hank
- Neuro-Oncology Research, Barrow Neurological Instituteof St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - W Dennis Clark
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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Abstract
Nutritional factors have been estimated to contribute 20-60% of cancers around the globe, and almost one-third of deaths are being reported in Western countries. According to estimates by the American Cancer Society, during the year 2005 about 232,090 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed alone in the United States and 30,350 men will die of this disease. The high incidence and long latency period of prostate cancer offer plenty of time to pursue strategies toward prevention and/or treatment to suppress or revert this disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that plant-based dietary agents decrease the risk of some types of human cancer, including prostate cancer. Intake of 400-600 g/day of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of several cancers. The use of micronutrients and/or other phenolic agents in the diet or synthetic exogenous supplements to prevent neoplastic transformation of normal cells or to slow the progression of established malignant changes in cancer cells is termed "chemoprevention." Considerable attention has been devoted to identify plant-based dietary agents that may serve as natural inhibitors of prostate carcinogenesis. Much progress has been made in the last decade in this area of investigation through identification of pathways that play important roles in prostate tumorigenesis. This article summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies and the significance of plant-derived dietary agents such as flavonoids, indoles, isothiocyanates, phenolics, monoterpenes, and complementary and alternative agents in the management of prostate cancer with recommendations for future studies to advance this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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