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Tornyi I, Horváth I. Role of Complement Components in Asthma: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3044. [PMID: 38892755 PMCID: PMC11172655 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent symptoms in response to a wide range of external stimuli, including allergens, viral infections, and air pollution together with internal host-derived danger signals. The disease is traditionally associated with adaptive immune responses; recent research emphasizes the critical role of innate immunity in its pathogenesis. The complement system, activated as part of the defense mechanisms, plays a crucial role in bridging innate to adaptive immunity. While experimental models demonstrate complement cascade activation in asthma, human studies remain limited. Methods: This systematic review summarizes existing literature on the complement system in asthma patients, gathering data from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The protocol was registered in the OSF. Results: Out of 482 initially identified articles, only 24 met the eligibility criteria, revealing disparities in sample origin, methodologies, and populations. Despite observed heterogeneity, a consistent result was found in the elevation of complement regulatory proteins, such as complement Factor H, in samples from patients with asthma compared to those from healthy subjects. Conclusions: The increased level of regulatory proteins, such as Factor H and I highlight that these may influence asthma pathophysiology. The role of complement factors as potential biomarkers of asthma activity and severity needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Tornyi
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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Horsch M, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Bönisch C, Côme C, Kolster-Fog C, Jensen KT, Lund AH, Lee I, Grossman LI, Sinkler C, Hüttemann M, Bohn E, Fuchs H, Ollert M, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Beckers J. Cox4i2, Ifit2, and Prdm11 Mutant Mice: Effective Selection of Genes Predisposing to an Altered Airway Inflammatory Response from a Large Compendium of Mutant Mouse Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134503. [PMID: 26263558 PMCID: PMC4532500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a selection strategy to identify new models for an altered airway inflammatory response from a large compendium of mutant mouse lines that were systemically phenotyped in the German Mouse Clinic (GMC). As selection criteria we included published gene functional data, as well as immunological and transcriptome data from GMC phenotyping screens under standard conditions. Applying these criteria we identified a few from several hundred mutant mouse lines and further characterized the Cox4i2tm1Hutt, Ifit2tm1.1Ebsb, and Prdm11tm1.1ahl lines following ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and repeated OVA airway challenge. Challenged Prdm11tm1.1ahl mice exhibited changes in B cell counts, CD4+ T cell counts, and in the number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavages, whereas challenged Ifit2tm1.1Ebsb mice displayed alterations in plasma IgE, IgG1, IgG3, and IgM levels compared to the challenged wild type littermates. In contrast, challenged Cox4i2tm1Hutt mutant mice did not show alterations in the humoral or cellular immune response compared to challenged wild type mice. Transcriptome analyses from lungs of the challenged mutant mouse lines showed extensive changes in gene expression in Prdm11tm1.1ahl mice. Functional annotations of regulated genes of all three mutant mouse lines were primarily related to inflammation and airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling. We were thus able to define an effective selection strategy to identify new candidate genes for the predisposition to an altered airway inflammatory response under OVA challenge conditions. Similar selection strategies may be used for the analysis of additional genotype – envirotype interactions for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Horsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM and Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Bönisch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Côme
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Lund Group, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Kolster-Fog
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Lund Group, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus T. Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Lund Group, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders H. Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Lund Group, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330–714, Republic of Korea
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Wayne State University, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sinkler
- Wayne State University, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States of America
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Wayne State University, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States of America
| | - Erwin Bohn
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Center of Allergy and Environment Munich (ZAUM), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg and Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Saini Y, Dang H, Livraghi-Butrico A, Kelly EJ, Jones LC, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC. Gene expression in whole lung and pulmonary macrophages reflects the dynamic pathology associated with airway surface dehydration. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:726. [PMID: 25204199 PMCID: PMC4247008 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defects in airway mucosal defense, including decreased mucus clearance, contribute to the pathogenesis of human chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Scnn1b-Tg mice, which exhibit chronic airway surface dehydration from birth, can be used as a model to study the pathogenesis of muco-obstructive lung disease across developmental stages. To identify molecular signatures associated with obstructive lung disease in this model, gene expression analyses were performed on whole lung and purified lung macrophages collected from Scnn1b-Tg and wild-type (WT) littermates at four pathologically relevant time points. Macrophage gene expression at 6 weeks was evaluated in mice from a germ-free environment to understand the contribution of microbes to disease development. Results Development- and disease-specific shifts in gene expression related to Scnn1b over-expression were revealed in longitudinal analyses. While the total number of transgene-related differentially expressed genes producing robust signals was relatively small in whole lung (n = 84), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed significantly perturbed biological pathways and interactions between normal lung development and disease initiation/progression. Purified lung macrophages from Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited numerous robust and dynamic gene expression changes. The expression levels of Classically-activated (M1) macrophage signatures were significantly altered at post-natal day (PND) 3 when Scnn1b-Tg mice lung exhibit spontaneous bacterial infections, while alternatively-activated (M2) macrophage signatures were more prominent by PND 42, producing a mixed M1-M2 activation profile. While differentially-regulated, inflammation-related genes were consistently identified in both tissues in Scnn1b-Tg mice, there was little overlap between tissues or across time, highlighting time- and tissue-specific responses. Macrophages purified from adult germ-free Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited signatures remarkably similar to non-germ-free counterparts, indicating that the late-phase macrophage activation profile was not microbe-dependent. Conclusions Whole lung and pulmonary macrophages respond independently and dynamically to local stresses associated with airway mucus stasis. Disease-specific responses interact with normal developmental processes, influencing the final state of disease in this model. The robust signatures observed in Scnn1b-Tg lung macrophages highlight their critical role in disease pathogenesis. These studies emphasize the importance of region-, cell-type-, and time-dependent analyses to fully dissect the natural history of disease and the consequences of disease on normal lung development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-726) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Saini
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7011 Thurston Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA.
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4
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Expression profiling to identify candidate genes associated with allergic phenotypes. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23943461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-496-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Transcript profiling reveals valuable insights to molecular and cellular activity related to disease. Gene expression profiles provide clues as to how tissues or cells in a particular environment may respond to stimuli. Gene-targeted examination of transcript changes is accomplished by employing a quantitative PCR approach using cDNA prepared from isolated RNA.
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Fitz LJ, DeClercq C, Brooks J, Kuang W, Bates B, Demers D, Winkler A, Nocka K, Jiao A, Greco RM, Mason LE, Fleming M, Quazi A, Wright J, Goldman S, Hubeau C, Williams CMM. Acidic mammalian chitinase is not a critical target for allergic airway disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:71-9. [PMID: 21836154 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is associated with Th2-driven respiratory disorders. To investigate the potentially pathological role of AMCase in allergic airway disease (AAD), we sensitized and challenged mice with ovalbumin or a combination of house dust mite (HDM) plus cockroach allergen. These mice were treated or not treated with small molecule inhibitors of AMCase, which significantly reduced allergen-induced chitinolytic activity in the airways, but exerted no apparent effect on pulmonary inflammation per se. Transgenic and AMCase-deficient mice were also submitted to protocols of allergen sensitization and challenge, yet we found little or no difference in the pattern of AAD between mutant mice and wild-type (WT) control mice. In a separate model, where mice were challenged only with intratracheal instillations of HDM without adjuvant, total bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity, inflammatory infiltrates in lung tissues, and lung mechanics remained comparable between AMCase-deficient mice and WT control mice. However BAL neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in AMCase-deficient mice, whereas concentrations in BAL of IL-13 were significantly decreased compared with WT control mice. These results indicate that, although exposure to allergen stimulates the expression of AMCase and increased chitinolytic activity in murine airways, the overexpression or inhibition of AMCase exerts only a subtle impact on AAD. Conversely, the increased numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes in BAL and the decreased concentrations of IL-13 in AMCase-deficient mice challenged intratracheally with HDM indicate that AMCase contributes to the Th1/Th2 balance in the lungs. This finding may be of particular relevance to patients with asthma and increased airway neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori J Fitz
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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6
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Wills-Karp M, Rani R, Dienger K, Lewkowich I, Fox JG, Perkins C, Lewis L, Finkelman FD, Smith DE, Bryce PJ, Kurt-Jones EA, Wang TC, Sivaprasad U, Hershey GK, Herbert DR. Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:607-22. [PMID: 22329990 PMCID: PMC3302229 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The repair protein trefoil factor 2 promotes Th2 responses to helminth infection and allergens in part by inducing IL-33. The molecular mechanisms that drive mucosal T helper type 2 (TH2) responses against parasitic helminths and allergens remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate in mice that TFF2 (trefoil factor 2), an epithelial cell–derived repair molecule, is needed for the control of lung injury caused by the hookworm parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and for type 2 immunity after infection. TFF2 is also necessary for the rapid production of IL-33, a TH2-promoting cytokine, by lung epithelia, alveolar macrophages, and inflammatory dendritic cells in infected mice. TFF2 also increases the severity of allergic lung disease caused by house dust mite antigens or IL-13. Moreover, TFF2 messenger RNA expression is significantly increased in nasal mucosal brushings during asthma exacerbations in children. These experiments extend the biological functions of TFF2 from tissue repair to the initiation and maintenance of mucosal TH2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Wills-Karp
- Division of Immunobiology and 2 Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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7
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Chengalvala MV, Chennathukuzhi VM, Johnston DS, Stevis PE, Kopf GS. Gene expression profiling and its practice in drug development. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:262-70. [PMID: 18645595 DOI: 10.2174/138920207781386942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of sequenced genomes of human and many experimental animals necessitated the development of new technologies and powerful computational tools that are capable of exploiting these genomic data and ask intriguing questions about complex nature of biological processes. This gave impetus for developing whole genome approaches that can produce functional information of genes in the form of expression profiles and unscramble the relationships between variation in gene expression and the resulting physiological outcome. These profiles represent genetic fingerprints or catalogue of genes that characterize the cell or tissue being studied and provide a basis from which to begin an investigation of the underlying biology. Among the most powerful and versatile tools are high-density DNA microarrays to analyze the expression patterns of large numbers of genes across different tissues or within the same tissue under a variety of experimental conditions or even between species. The wide spread use of microarray technologies is generating large sets of data that is stimulating the development of better analytical tools so that functions can be predicted for novel genes. In this review, the authors discuss how these profiles are being used at various stages of the drug discovery process and help in the identification of new drug targets, predict the function of novel genes, and understand individual variability in response to drugs.
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Kelada SNP, Wilson MS, Tavarez U, Kubalanza K, Borate B, Whitehead GS, Maruoka S, Roy MG, Olive M, Carpenter DE, Brass DM, Wynn TA, Cook DN, Evans CM, Schwartz DA, Collins FS. Strain-dependent genomic factors affect allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:817-24. [PMID: 21378263 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0315oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is etiologically and clinically heterogeneous, making the genomic basis of asthma difficult to identify. We exploited the strain-dependence of a murine model of allergic airway disease to identify different genomic responses in the lung. BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice were sensitized with the immunodominant allergen from the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus species of house dust mite (Der p 1), without exogenous adjuvant, and the mice then underwent a single challenge with Der p 1. Allergic inflammation, serum antibody titers, mucous metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness were evaluated 72 hours after airway challenge. Whole-lung gene expression analyses were conducted to identify genomic responses to allergen challenge. Der p 1-challenged BALB/cJ mice produced all the key features of allergic airway disease. In comparison, C57BL/6J mice produced exaggerated Th2-biased responses and inflammation, but exhibited an unexpected decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness compared with control mice. Lung gene expression analysis revealed genes that were shared by both strains and a set of down-regulated genes unique to C57BL/6J mice, including several G-protein-coupled receptors involved in airway smooth muscle contraction, most notably the M2 muscarinic receptor, which we show is expressed in airway smooth muscle and was decreased at the protein level after challenge with Der p 1. Murine strain-dependent genomic responses in the lung offer insights into the different biological pathways that develop after allergen challenge. This study of two different murine strains demonstrates that inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness can be decoupled, and suggests that the down-modulation of expression of G-protein-coupled receptors involved in regulating airway smooth muscle contraction may contribute to this dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir N P Kelada
- Molecular Genetics Section, Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0148, USA
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9
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Cole DC, Olland AM, Jacob J, Brooks J, Bursavich MG, Czerwinski R, DeClercq C, Johnson M, Joseph-McCarthy D, Ellingboe JW, Lin L, Nowak P, Presman E, Strand J, Tam A, Williams CMM, Yao S, Tsao DHH, Fitz LJ. Identification and characterization of acidic mammalian chitinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6122-8. [PMID: 20666458 DOI: 10.1021/jm100533p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family (EC 3.2.1.14) that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic airway disease such as asthma. Small molecule inhibitors of AMCase were identified using a combination of high-throughput screening, fragment screening, and virtual screening techniques and characterized by enzyme inhibition and NMR and Biacore binding experiments. X-ray structures of the inhibitors in complex with AMCase revealed that the larger more potent HTS hits, e.g. 5-(4-(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethyl)piperazine-1-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine 1, spanned from the active site pocket to a hydrophobic pocket. Smaller fragments identified by FBS occupy both these pockets independently and suggest potential strategies for linking fragments. Compound 1 is a 200 nM AMCase inhibitor which reduced AMCase enzymatic activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in allergen-challenged mice after oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Cole
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry: Inflammation & Immunology, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Cambridge, MA 01240, USA.
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10
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Krykbaev R, Fitz LJ, Reddy PS, Winkler A, Xuan D, Yang X, Fleming M, Wolf SF. Evolutionary and biochemical differences between human and monkey acidic mammalian chitinases. Gene 2009; 452:63-71. [PMID: 20036323 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), an enzyme implicated in the pathology of asthma, is capable of chitin cleavage at a low pH optimum. The corresponding gene (CHIA) can be found in genome databases of a variety of mammals, but the enzyme properties of only the human and mouse proteins were extensively studied. We wanted to compare enzymes of closely related species, such as humans and macaques. In our attempt to study macaque AMCase, we searched for CHIA-like genes in human and macaque genomes. We found that both genomes contain several additional CHIA-like sequences. In humans, CHIA-L1 (hCHIA-L1) is an apparent pseudogene and has the highest homology to CHIA. To determine which of the two genes is functional in monkeys, we assessed their tissue expression levels. In our experiments, CHIA-L1 expression was not detected in human stomach tissue, while CHIA was expressed at high levels. However, in the cynomolgus macaque stomach tissue, the expression pattern of these two genes was reversed: CHIA-L1 was expressed at high levels and CHIA was undetectable. We hypothesized that in macaques CHIA-L1 (mCHIA-L1), and not CHIA, is a gene encoding an acidic chitinase, and cloned it, using the sequence of human CHIA-L1 as a guide for the primer design. We named the new enzyme MACase (Macaca Acidic Chitinase) to emphasize its differences from AMCase. MACase shares a similar tissue expression pattern and pH optimum with human AMCase, but is 50 times more active in our enzymatic activity assay. DNA sequence of the mCHIA-L1 has higher percentage identity to the human pseudogene hCHIA-L1 (91.7%) than to hCHIA (84%). Our results suggest alternate evolutionary paths for human and monkey acidic chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Krykbaev
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Dehnhardt CM, Venkatesan AM, Chen Z, Ayral-Kaloustian S, Dos Santos O, Delos Santos E, Curran K, Follettie MT, Diesl V, Lucas J, Geng Y, DeJoy SQ, Petersen R, Chaudhary I, Brooijmans N, Mansour TS, Arndt K, Chen L. Design and Synthesis of Novel Diaminoquinazolines with in Vivo Efficacy for β-Catenin/T-Cell Transcriptional Factor 4 Pathway Inhibition. J Med Chem 2009; 53:897-910. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901370m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Max T. Follettie
- Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Veronica Diesl
- Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
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12
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Li W, Li J, Wu Y, Rancati F, Vallese S, Raveglia L, Wu J, Hotchandani R, Fuller N, Cunningham K, Morgan P, Fish S, Krykbaev R, Xu X, Tam S, Goldman SJ, Abraham W, Williams C, Sypek J, Mansour TS. Identification of an orally efficacious matrix metalloprotease 12 inhibitor for potential treatment of asthma. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5408-19. [PMID: 19725580 DOI: 10.1021/jm900809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MMP-12 plays a significant role in airway inflammation and remodeling. Increased expression and production of MMP-12 have been observed in the lungs of asthmatic patients. Compound 27 was identified as a potent and selective MMP-12 inhibitor possessing good physicochemical properties. In pharmacological studies, the compound was orally efficacious in an MMP-12 induced ear-swelling inflammation model in the mouse with a good dose response. This compound also exhibited oral efficacy in a naturally Ascaris-sensitized sheep asthma model showing significant inhibition of the late phase response to allergen challenge. This compound has been considered for further development as a treatment therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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13
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Tachdjian R, Mathias C, Al Khatib S, Bryce PJ, Kim HS, Blaeser F, O'Connor BD, Rzymkiewicz D, Chen A, Holtzman MJ, Hershey GK, Garn H, Harb H, Renz H, Oettgen HC, Chatila TA. Pathogenicity of a disease-associated human IL-4 receptor allele in experimental asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2191-204. [PMID: 19770271 PMCID: PMC2757875 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα) have been linked to asthma incidence and severity, but a causal relationship has remained uncertain. In particular, a glutamine to arginine substitution at position 576 (Q576R) of IL-4Rα has been associated with severe asthma, especially in African Americans. We show that mice carrying the Q576R polymorphism exhibited intense allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. The Q576R polymorphism did not affect proximal signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 activation, but synergized with STAT6 in a gene target– and tissue-specific manner to mediate heightened expression of a subset of IL-4– and IL-13–responsive genes involved in allergic inflammation. Our findings indicate that the Q576R polymorphism directly promotes asthma in carrier populations by selectively augmenting IL-4Rα–dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Tachdjian
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Olland AM, Strand J, Presman E, Czerwinski R, Joseph-McCarthy D, Krykbaev R, Schlingmann G, Chopra R, Lin L, Fleming M, Kriz R, Stahl M, Somers W, Fitz L, Mosyak L. Triad of polar residues implicated in pH specificity of acidic mammalian chitinase. Protein Sci 2009; 18:569-78. [PMID: 19241384 DOI: 10.1002/pro.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is a mammalian chitinase that has been implicated in allergic asthma. One of only two active mammalian chinases, AMCase, is distinguished from other chitinases by several unique features. Here, we present the novel structure of the AMCase catalytic domain, both in the apo form and in complex with the inhibitor methylallosamidin, determined to high resolution by X-ray crystallography. These results provide a structural basis for understanding some of the unique characteristics of this enzyme, including the low pH optimum and the preference for the beta-anomer of the substrate. A triad of polar residues in the second-shell is found to modulate the highly conserved chitinase active site. As a novel target for asthma therapy, structural details of AMCase activity will help guide the future design of specific and potent AMCase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Olland
- Department of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Structural Biology and Computational Chemistry, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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Lewis CC, Aronow B, Hutton J, Santeliz J, Dienger K, Herman N, Finkelman FD, Wills-Karp M. Unique and overlapping gene expression patterns driven by IL-4 and IL-13 in the mouse lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:795-804.e8. [PMID: 19249085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma results from inappropriate T(H)2-mediated inflammation. Both IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to asthma pathogenesis, but IL-4 predominantly drives T(H)2 induction, whereas IL-13 is necessary and sufficient for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and goblet cell hyperplasia. Although these 2 cytokines share signaling components, the molecular mechanisms by which they mediate different phases of the allergic asthmatic response remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to clarify the role or roles of IL-4 and IL-13 in asthma-pathogenesis. METHODS We used DNA Affymetrix microarrays to profile pulmonary gene expression in BALB/c mice inoculated intratracheally with ragweed pollen, house dust mite, IL-4, IL-13, or both cytokines. IL-13 dependence was confirmed by comparing pulmonary gene expression in house dust mite-inoculated wild-type and IL-13 knockout mice. RESULTS A signature gene expression profile consisting of 23 genes was commonly induced by means of inoculation with house dust mite, ragweed pollen, or IL-4 plus IL-13. Although rIL-4 and rIL-13 treatment induced an overlapping set of genes, IL-4 uniquely induced 21 genes, half of which were interferon response genes and half of which were genes important in immunoregulation. IL-13 uniquely induced 8 genes, most of which encode proteins produced by epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 and IL-13 together account for most allergen-induced pulmonary genes. Selective IL-4 induction of IFN-gamma response genes and other genes that might negatively regulate allergic inflammation could partially explain the greater importance of IL-13 in the effector phase of allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Lewis
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Altered regulation of aquaporin gene expression in allergen and IL-13-induced mouse models of asthma. Cytokine 2009; 46:111-8. [PMID: 19237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IL-13 is known to affect many processes that contribute to an asthmatic phenotype, including inflammation, fibrosis, and mucus production. Members of the aquaporin (AQP) family of transmembrane water channels are targets of regulation in models of lung injury and inflammation. Therefore, we examined AQP mRNA and protein expression in allergen and IL-13-induced mouse models of asthma. Lungs from ovalbumin sensitized and ovalbumin challenged (OVA/OVA) and IL-13 treated mice showed airway thickening, increased mucus production, and pulmonary eosinophilia. Pulmonary function tests showed a significant increase in methacholine-induced airway hyperreactivity in OVA/OVA and IL-13-treated mice as compared with controls. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed differential regulation of AQPs in these two models. AQP1 and AQP4 mRNA expression was downregulated in the OVA/OVA model, but not in the IL-13 model. AQP5 mRNA was reduced in both models, whereas AQP3 was upregulated only in the IL-13 model. Western analysis showed that diminished expression of an apically localized aquaporin, (AQP5), and concomitant upregulation of a basolateral aquaporin (AQP3 or AQP4) are characteristic features of both inducible asthma models. These results demonstrate that aquaporins are common targets of gene expression in both allergen and IL-13 induced mouse models of asthma.
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Heidenfelder BL, Reif DM, Harkema JR, Cohen Hubal EA, Hudgens EE, Bramble LA, Wagner JG, Morishita M, Keeler GJ, Edwards SW, Gallagher JE. Comparative microarray analysis and pulmonary changes in Brown Norway rats exposed to ovalbumin and concentrated air particulates. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:207-21. [PMID: 19176365 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between air particulates and genetic susceptibility has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the effects of inhalation exposure to environmentally relevant concentrated air particulates (CAPs) on the lungs of ovalbumin (ova) sensitized and challenged Brown Norway rats. Changes in gene expression were compared with lung tissue histopathology, morphometry, and biochemical and cellular parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Ova challenge was responsible for the preponderance of gene expression changes, related largely to inflammation. CAPs exposure alone resulted in no significant gene expression changes, but CAPs and ova-exposed rodents exhibited an enhanced effect relative to ova alone with differentially expressed genes primarily related to inflammation and airway remodeling. Gene expression data was consistent with the biochemical and cellular analyses of the BALF, the pulmonary pathology, and morphometric changes when comparing the CAPs-ova group to the air-saline or CAPs-saline group. However, the gene expression data were more sensitive than the BALF cell type and number for assessing the effects of CAPs and ova versus the ova challenge alone. In addition, the gene expression results provided some additional insight into the TGF-beta-mediated molecular processes underlying these changes. The broad-based histopathology and functional genomic analyses demonstrate that exposure to CAPs exacerbates rodents with allergic inflammation induced by an allergen and suggests that asthmatics may be at increased risk for air pollution effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Heidenfelder
- Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Pawłowski K. Uncharacterized/hypothetical proteins in biomedical 'omics' experiments: is novelty being swept under the carpet? BRIEFINGS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 7:283-90. [PMID: 18641417 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/eln033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many 'omics' studies, gene expression microarray experiments in particular, aim at charting the molecular mechanisms of physiology, disease and drug response. This short review discusses the bias present in many such studies whereas the focus is set on the well understood and established molecular scenarios. The under-reporting rate of 'hypothetical' or uncharacterized genes and proteins, differentially regulated in disease context, is assessed here. Reasons for this bias are discussed. Particular examples from the genomics studies on respiratory diseases are presented. This review aims at increasing awareness of the unexplored genomics data and proposes remedies in order to refocus genomics studies on the less-charted territories of the genome, transcriptome and proteome. It is suggested that routine use of function prediction methods in conjunction with omics analyses may allow better interpretation of the data, and facilitate discovery of true novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
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O'Toole M, Legault H, Ramsey R, Wynn TA, Kasaian MT. A novel and sensitive ELISA reveals that the soluble form of IL-13R-alpha2 is not expressed in plasma of healthy or asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:594-601. [PMID: 18307523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13 plays a key regulatory role in asthmatic responses and immunity to parasitic infection. In vivo, IL-13R-alpha2 is a critical modulator of IL-13 bioactivity. When inducibly expressed on the surface of fibroblasts and other cell types under inflammatory conditions, IL-13R-alpha2 contributes to resolution of IL-13 responses. A soluble form of IL-13R-alpha2 (sIL-13R-alpha2) can be detected in murine circulation, and functions as a regulator of IL-13 bioactivity. In humans, sIL-13R-alpha2 has been more difficult to detect. Recently, novel assay systems have been described to quantitate sIL-13R-alpha2 in human circulation, and revealed unexpectedly high levels of sIL-13R-alpha2 in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE To verify sIL-13R-alpha2 quantitation in human plasma samples under stringent conditions of signal verification and false-positive detection. METHODS A standard ELISA protocol was evaluated for specificity using false-positive detection reagents. A more stringent ELISA protocol was developed by optimizing the composition of blocking and dilution buffers. RESULTS Using the stringent assay protocol, endogenous sIL-13R-alpha2 was undetectable in plasma samples from a total of 120 asthmatics and 20 healthy subjects, and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 10 asthmatics and eight healthy subjects undergoing allergen challenge. CONCLUSION These results underscore the necessity to perform rigorous assay controls in the biological matrix to be tested. Because the soluble form could not be demonstrated, our findings question a role for sIL-13R-alpha2 in the regulation of IL-13 bioactivity, and highlight the potentially important contribution of the membrane-bound form of IL-13R-alpha2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O'Toole
- Department of Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Barnes FA, Bingle L, Bingle CD. Pulmonary Genomics, Proteomics, and PLUNCs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:377-9. [PMID: 17975173 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0388tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Barnes
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Section of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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Novershtern N, Itzhaki Z, Manor O, Friedman N, Kaminski N. A functional and regulatory map of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:324-36. [PMID: 17921359 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0151oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and morbidity of asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease, is increasing. Animal models provide a meaningful but limited view of the mechanisms of asthma in humans. A systems-level view of asthma that integrates multiple levels of molecular and functional information is needed. For this, we compiled a gene expression compendium from five publicly available mouse microarray datasets and a gene knowledge base of 4,305 gene annotation sets. Using this collection we generated a high-level map of the functional themes that characterize animal models of asthma, dominated by innate and adaptive immune response. We used Module Networks analysis to identify co-regulated gene modules. The resulting modules reflect four distinct responses to treatment, including early response, general induction, repression, and IL-13-dependent response. One module with a persistent induction in response to treatment is mainly composed of genes with suggested roles in asthma, suggesting a similar role for other module members. Analysis of IL-13-dependent response using protein interaction networks highlights a role for TGF-beta1 as a key regulator of asthma. Our analysis demonstrates the discovery potential of systems-level approaches and provides a framework for applying such approaches to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Novershtern
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
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