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Chen DR, Hu IF, Chin HT, Yao YC, Raman R, Hofmann M, Liang CT, Hsieh YP. Ultrahigh-quality graphene resonators by liquid-based strain-engineering. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 9:156-161. [PMID: 37947058 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) material-based nanoelectromechanical (NEM) resonators are expected to be enabling components in hybrid qubits that couple mechanical and electromagnetic degrees of freedom. However, challenges in their sensitivity and coherence time have to be overcome to realize such mechanohybrid quantum systems. We here demonstrate the potential of strain engineering to realize 2D material-based resonators with unprecedented performance. A liquid-based tension process was shown to enhance the resonance frequency and quality factor of graphene resonators six-fold. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization reveals a surface-energy enhanced wall interaction as the origin of this effect. The response of our tensioned resonators is not limited by external loss factors and exhibits near-ideal internal losses, yielding superior resonance frequencies and quality factors to all previously reported 2D material devices. Our approach represents a powerful method of enhancing 2D NEM resonators for future quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Rui Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Hu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ting Chin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Yao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Radha Raman
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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2
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Shi K, Hu M, Huang P. Influences of Relative Humidity and Dwell Time on Silica/Graphene Adhesion Force of a Cone-Plane Contact. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12432-12440. [PMID: 36194826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has exceptional electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, and it is expected to have important applications in integrated circuits and other microelectronic fields. Its performances are greatly affected by surface adhesion force when it is used in a humid environment. In this paper, based on the law of variable water contact angle changing in the process of water vapor condensation, we established a cone-plane contact model, which is related to relative humidity and dwell time, to reveal the internal mechanism of the influence of relative humidity and dwell time on silica/graphene adhesion force. First, the silica/graphene adhesion force dependence of dwell time was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) at 45-85% RH. Then, the changing process of the meniscus between the AFM tip and the graphene surface was discussed, and the function of adhesion force with variables of dwell time and contact angle was established. Furthermore, the theoretical and experimental results were compared and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of relative humidity and dwell time, the capillary condensation increases, but the water contact angle of the cone material decreases. This causes the adhesion force to increase first and then decrease after it reaches a threshold value. Furthermore, the variable water contact angle of the graphene surface increases, but the adhesion force decreases gradually with the increase of surface water film. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Manfeng Hu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou Railway Polytechnic, Guangzhou510430, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
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3
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From quantum to continuum mechanics in the delamination of atomically-thin layers from substrates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1651. [PMID: 32245965 PMCID: PMC7125152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous proximity effects have been observed in adhesive systems ranging from proteins, bacteria, and gecko feet suspended over semiconductor surfaces to interfaces between graphene and different substrate materials. In the latter case, long-range forces are evidenced by measurements of non-vanishing stress that extends up to micrometer separations between graphene and the substrate. State-of-the-art models to describe adhesive properties are unable to explain these experimental observations, instead underestimating the measured stress distance range by 2–3 orders of magnitude. Here, we develop an analytical and numerical variational approach that combines continuum mechanics and elasticity with quantum many-body treatment of van der Waals dispersion interactions. A full relaxation of the coupled adsorbate/substrate geometry leads us to conclude that wavelike atomic deformation is largely responsible for the observed long-range proximity effect. The correct description of this seemingly general phenomenon for thin deformable membranes requires a direct coupling between quantum and continuum mechanics. The unexpectedly long-ranged interface stress observed in recent delamination experiments is yet to be clarified. Here, the authors develop an analytical approach to show the wavelike atomic deformation as the origin for the observed ultra long-range stress in delamination of graphene from various substrates.
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4
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Ajala O, Werther C, Nikaeen P, Singh RP, Depan D. Influence of graphene nanoscrolls on the crystallization behavior and nano‐mechanical properties of polylactic acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Ajala
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA
| | - Caroline Werther
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA
| | - Peyman Nikaeen
- Laboratory of Composite Materials, Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA
| | - Raj Pal Singh
- Research & Development Centre in Pharmaceutical Sci. and Applied Chemistry, Poona College of PharmacyBharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Erandawane Pune India
| | - Dilip Depan
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette P.O. Box 44130 Lafayette LA
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5
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Xia M, Liang C, Cheng Z, Hu R, Liu S. The adhesion energy measured by a stress accumulation-peeling mechanism in the exfoliation of graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06608f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stress accumulation-peeling mechanism can be applied to measure the adhesion energy of graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Xia
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanostructure and Physics Properties
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Optoelectronic Quantum Devices
| | - Chunping Liang
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofang Cheng
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shiru Liu
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
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6
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Kim BH, Bae H, Park H, Lee H, Ercius P, Park J. Rational design and observation of the tight interface between graphene and ligand protected nanocrystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:329-335. [PMID: 30520905 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterostructures constructed of graphene and colloidal nanocrystals provide a unique way to exploit the coupled physical properties of the two functional building blocks. Studying the interface structure between the two constituent materials is important to understand the formation mechanism and the resulting physical and chemical properties. Along with ab initio calculations, we elucidate that the bending rigidity and the strong van der Waals interaction of graphene to the metal surface guide the formation of a tight and conformal interface. Using theoretical foundations, we construct colloidal nanocrystal-graphene heterostructures with controlled interfacial structures and directly investigate the cross-sectional structures of them at high resolution by using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. The experimental method and observations we present here will link the empirical methods for the formation of nanocrystal-graphene heterostructures to the mechanistic understanding of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhao WLZ, Tikhonov KS, Finkel'stein AM. Flexural phonons in supported graphene: from pinning to localization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16256. [PMID: 30389980 PMCID: PMC6215001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify graphene layer on a disordered substrate as a system where localization of phonons can be observed. Generally, observation of localization for scattering waves is not simple, because the Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to a high power of wavelength. The situation is radically different for the out of plane vibrations, so-called flexural phonons, scattered by pinning centers induced by a substrate. In this case, the scattering time for vanishing wave vector tends to a finite limit. One may, therefore, expect that physics of the flexural phonons exhibits features characteristic for electron localization in two dimensions, albeit without complications caused by the electron-electron interactions. We confirm this idea by calculating statistical properties of the Anderson localization of flexural phonons for a model of elastic sheet in the presence of the pinning centers. Finally, we discuss possible manifestations of the flexural phonons, including the localized ones, in the electronic thermal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei L Z Zhao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4242, USA
| | - Konstantin S Tikhonov
- L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, 117940, Moscow, Russia. .,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026, Skolkovo, Russia.
| | - Alexander M Finkel'stein
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4242, USA.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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8
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Kwak J, Kim SY, Jo Y, Kim NY, Kim SY, Lee Z, Kwon SY. Unraveling the Water Impermeability Discrepancy in CVD-Grown Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800022. [PMID: 29889331 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has recently attracted particular interest as a flexible barrier film preventing permeation of gases and moistures. However, it has been proved to be exceptionally challenging to develop large-scale graphene films with little oxygen and moisture permeation suitable for industrial uses, mainly due to the presence of nanometer-sized defects of obscure origins. Here, the origins of water permeable routes on graphene-coated Cu foils are investigated by observing the micrometer-sized rusts in the underlying Cu substrates, and a site-selective passivation method of the nanometer-sized routes is devised. It is revealed that nanometer-sized holes or cracks are primarily concentrated on graphene wrinkles rather than on other structural imperfections, resulting in severe degradation of its water impermeability. They are found to be predominantly induced by the delamination of graphene bound to Cu as a release of thermal stress during the cooling stage after graphene growth, especially at the intersection of the Cu step edges and wrinkles owing to their higher adhesion energy. Furthermore, the investigated routes are site-selectively passivated by an electron-beam-induced amorphous carbon layer, thus a substantial improvement in water impermeability is achieved. This approach is likely to be extended for offering novel barrier properties in flexible films based on graphene and on other atomic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Kwak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yang Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsu Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Youb Kim
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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9
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Wood JD, Harvey CM, Wang S. Adhesion toughness of multilayer graphene films. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1952. [PMID: 29208943 PMCID: PMC5717257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interface adhesion toughness between multilayer graphene films and substrates is a major concern for their integration into functional devices. Results from the circular blister test, however, display seemingly anomalous behaviour as adhesion toughness depends on number of graphene layers. Here we show that interlayer shearing and sliding near the blister crack tip, caused by the transition from membrane stretching to combined bending, stretching and through-thickness shearing, decreases fracture mode mixity GII/GI, leading to lower adhesion toughness. For silicon oxide substrate and pressure loading, mode mixity decreases from 232% for monolayer films to 130% for multilayer films, causing the adhesion toughness Gc to decrease from 0.424 J m−2 to 0.365 J m−2. The mode I and II adhesion toughnesses are found to be GIc = 0.230 J m−2 and GIIc = 0.666 J m−2, respectively. With point loading, mode mixity decreases from 741% for monolayer films to 262% for multilayer films, while the adhesion toughness Gc decreases from 0.543 J m−2 to 0.438 J m−2. The reason why the surface adhesion of a graphene monolayer is much greater than that of graphene multilayers remains unclear. Here, the authors build a model to show interlayer sliding and fracture mode mixity cause the decrease in adhesion toughness of multilayer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Wood
- Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Christopher M Harvey
- Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Simon Wang
- Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. .,School of Mechanical and Equipment Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
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10
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Xiao K, Zhao Y, Ouyang G, Li X. Modeling the Effects of Nanopatterned Surfaces on Wetting States of Droplets. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:309. [PMID: 28449550 PMCID: PMC5406321 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An analytic thermodynamic model has been established to quantitatively investigate the wetting states of droplets on nanopatterned surfaces. Based on the calculations for the free energies of droplets with the Wenzel state and the Cassie-Baxter state, it is found that the size and shape of nanostructured surfaces play crucial roles in wetting states. In detail, for nanohole-patterned surfaces, the deep and thin nanoholes lead to the Cassie-Baxter state, and contrarily, the shallow and thick nanoholes result in the Wenzel state. However, the droplets have the Wenzel state on the patterned surfaces with small height and radii nanopillars and have the Cassie-Baxter state when the height and radii of nanopillars are large. Furthermore, the intuitive phase diagrams of the wetting states of the droplet in the space of surface geometrical parameters are obtained. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations and reveal physical mechanisms involved in the effects of nanopatterned surfaces on wetting states, which implies that these studies may provide useful guidance to the conscious design of patterned surfaces to control the wetting states of droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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11
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Yu WB, Ouyang G. Geometry-dependent band shift and dielectric modification of nanoporous Si nanowires. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14456. [PMID: 29089540 PMCID: PMC5663955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain a detailed understanding of the modulation of electronic properties in nanoporous Si (np-Si) nanowires with containing ordered, nanometer-sized cylindrical pores, we propose a theoretical method to clarify the band shift and associated with the dielectric modification determined by the geometrical parameters, including nanowire diameter, pore size, pore spacing and porosity, in terms of size-dependent surface energy and atomic-bond-relaxation correlation mechanism. Our results reveal that the self-equilibrium strain induced by the atoms located at inner and outer surfaces with high ratio of under-coordinated atoms as well as elastic interaction among pores in np-Si nanowires play the dominant role in the bandgap shift and dielectric depression. The tunable electronic properties of np-Si nanowires with negative curvature make them attractive for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Yu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - G Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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12
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Correa GC, Foss CJ, Aksamija Z. Interface thermal conductance of van der Waals monolayers on amorphous substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:135402. [PMID: 28157087 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5e3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterostructures based on atomic monolayers are emerging as leading materials for future energy efficient and multifunctional electronics. Due to the single atom thickness of monolayers, their properties are strongly affected by interactions with the external environment. We develop a model for interface thermal conductance (ITC) in an atomic monolayer van der Waals bonded to a disordered substrate. Graphene on SiO2 is initially used in our model and contrasted against available experimental data; the model is then applied to monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on SiO2 substrate. Our findings show the dominant carrier of heat in both graphene and MoS2 in the cross-plane direction is the flexural (ZA) phonon mode, owing to the large overlap between graphene ZA and substrate vibrational density of states. The rate of phonon transfer across the interface depends quadratically on the substrate coupling constant K a , but this interaction also causes a lifting of the lowest flexural phonon modes. As a result, ITC depends roughly linearly on the strength of the coupling between a monolayer and its substrate. We conclude that, in both graphene and MoS2 on SiO2, substrate adhesion plays a strong role in determining ITC, requiring further study of substrate coupling in TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Correa
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University Of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, United States of America
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13
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Li YF, Dong FX, Chen Y, Zhang XL, Wang L, Bi YG, Tian ZN, Liu YF, Feng J, Sun HB. As-grown graphene/copper nanoparticles hybrid nanostructures for enhanced intensity and stability of surface plasmon resonance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37190. [PMID: 27872494 PMCID: PMC5131648 DOI: 10.1038/srep37190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer-free fabrication of the high quality graphene on the metallic nanostructures, which is highly desirable for device applications, remains a challenge. Here, we develop the transfer-free method by direct chemical vapor deposition of the graphene layers on copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) to realize the hybrid nanostructures. The graphene as-grown on the Cu NPs permits full electric contact and strong interactions, which results in a strong localization of the field at the graphene/copper interface. An enhanced intensity of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) supported by the hybrid nanostructures can be obtained, which induces a much enhanced fluorescent intensity from the dye coated hybrid nanostructures. Moreover, the graphene sheets covering completely and uniformly on the Cu NPs act as a passivation layer to protect the underlying metal surface from air oxidation. As a result, the stability of the LSPRs for the hybrid nanostructures is much enhanced compared to that of the bare Cu NPs. The transfer-free hybrid nanostructures with enhanced intensity and stability of the LSPRs will enable their much broader applications in photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Xi Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Gang Bi
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Nan Tian
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
- College of Physics, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Annett J, Cross GLW. Self-assembly of graphene ribbons by spontaneous self-tearing and peeling from a substrate. Nature 2016; 535:271-5. [PMID: 27411633 DOI: 10.1038/nature18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional materials have shown unusual and exceptional mechanical properties, with similarities to origami-like paper folding and kirigami-like cutting demonstrated. For paper analogues, a critical difference between macroscopic sheets and a two-dimensional solid is the molecular scale of the thin dimension of the latter, allowing the thermal activation of considerable out-of-plane motion. So far thermal activity has been shown to produce local wrinkles in a free graphene sheet that help in theoretically understanding its stability, for example, and give rise to unexpected long-range bending stiffness. Here we show that thermal activation can have a more marked effect on the behaviour of two-dimensional solids, leading to spontaneous and self-driven sliding, tearing and peeling from a substrate on scales approaching the macroscopic. We demonstrate that scalable nanoimprint-style contact techniques can nucleate and direct the parallel self-assembly of graphene ribbons of controlled shape in ambient conditions. We interpret our observations through a simple fracture-mechanics model that shows how thermodynamic forces drive the formation of the graphene-graphene interface in lieu of substrate contact with sufficient strength to peel and tear multilayer graphene sheets. Our results show how weak physical surface forces can be harnessed and focused by simple folded configurations of graphene to tear the strongest covalent bond. This effect may hold promise for the patterning and mechanical actuating of devices based on two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Annett
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graham L W Cross
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Lim JY, Lee JH, Jang HS, Joo WJ, Hwang S, Whang D. Selective exfoliation of single-layer graphene from non-uniform graphene grown on Cu. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:455304. [PMID: 26491038 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/45/455304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene growth on a copper surface via metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition has several advantages in terms of providing high-quality graphene with the potential for scale-up, but the product is usually inhomogeneous due to the inability to control the graphene layer growth. The non-uniform regions strongly affect the reliability of the graphene in practical electronic applications. Herein, we report a novel graphene transfer method that allows for the selective exfoliation of single-layer graphene from non-uniform graphene grown on a Cu foil. Differences in the interlayer bonding energy are exploited to mechanically separate only the top single-layer graphene and transfer this to an arbitrary substrate. The dry-transferred single-layer grapheme showed electrical characteristics that were more uniform than those of graphene transferred using conventional wet-etching transfer steps.
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Zaretski AV, Lipomi DJ. Processes for non-destructive transfer of graphene: widening the bottleneck for industrial scale production. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9963-9. [PMID: 25924926 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional charge-transport, mechanical, and barrier properties of graphene are well known. High-quality films of single-layer graphene produced over large areas, however, are extremely expensive. The high cost of graphene precludes its use in industries-such as transparent electrodes and flexible packaging-that might take full advantage of its properties. This minireview presents several strategies for the transfer of graphene from the substrates used for growth to substrates used for the final application. Each strategy shares the characteristic of being non-destructive: that is, the growth substrate remains reusable for further synthesis of new graphene. These processes have the potential to lower significantly the costs of manufacturing graphene, to increase production yields, and to minimize environmental impact. This article is divided into sections on (i) the synthesis of high-quality single-layer graphene and (ii) its non-destructive transfer to a host substrate. Section (ii) is further divided according to the substrate from which graphene is transferred: single-crystalline wafers or flexible copper foils. We also comment, wherever possible, on defects produced as a result of the transfer, and potential strategies to mitigate these defects. We conclude that several methods for the green synthesis and transfer of graphene have several of the right characteristics to be useful in industrial scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr V Zaretski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA.
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Zare-Zardini H, Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Taheri-Kafrani A, Kazi SN, Chew BT, Razmjou A. In vitro and in vivo study of hazardous effects of Ag nanoparticles and Arginine-treated multi walled carbon nanotubes on blood cells: application in hemodialysis membranes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2959-65. [PMID: 25690431 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the novel applications of the nanostructures is the modification and development of membranes for hemocompatibility of hemodialysis. The toxicity and hemocompatibility of Ag nanoparticles and arginine-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-Arg) and possibility of their application in membrane technology are investigated here. MWNT-Arg is prepared by amidation reactions, followed by characterization by FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed a good hemocompatibility and the hemolytic rates in the presence of both MWNT-Arg and Ag nanoparticles. The hemolytic rate of Ag nanoparticles was lower than that of MWNT-Arg. In vivo study revealed that Ag nanoparticle and MWNT-Arg decreased Hematocrit and mean number of red blood cells (RBC) statistically at concentration of 100 µg mL(-1) . The mean decrease of RBC and Hematocrit for Ag nanoparticles (18% for Hematocrit and 5.8 × 1,000,000/µL) was more than MWNT-Arg (20% for Hematocrit and 6 × 1000000/µL). In addition, MWNT-Arg and Ag nanoparticles had a direct influence on the White Blood Cell (WBC) drop. Regarding both nanostructures, although the number of WBC increased in initial concentration, it decreased significantly at the concentration of 100 µg mL(-1) . It is worth mentioning that the toxicity of Ag nanoparticle on WBC was higher than that of MWNT-Arg. Because of potent antimicrobial activity and relative hemocompatibility, MWNT-Arg could be considered as a new candidate for biomedical applications in the future especially for hemodialysis membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Hamtology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Amiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mehdi Shanbedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - S N Kazi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B T Chew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Zaretski AV, Moetazedi H, Kong C, Sawyer EJ, Savagatrup S, Valle E, O'Connor TF, Printz AD, Lipomi DJ. Metal-assisted exfoliation (MAE): green, roll-to-roll compatible method for transferring graphene to flexible substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:045301. [PMID: 25556527 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/4/045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is expected to play a significant role in future technologies that span a range from consumer electronics, to devices for the conversion and storage of energy, to conformable biomedical devices for healthcare. To realize these applications, however, a low-cost method of synthesizing large areas of high-quality graphene is required. Currently, the only method to generate large-area single-layer graphene that is compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing destroys approximately 300 kg of copper foil (thickness = 25 μm) for every 1 g of graphene produced. This paper describes a new environmentally benign and scalable process of transferring graphene to flexible substrates. The process is based on the preferential adhesion of certain thin metallic films to graphene; separation of the graphene from the catalytic copper foil is followed by lamination to a flexible target substrate in a process that is compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing. The copper substrate is indefinitely reusable and the method is substantially greener than the current process that uses relatively large amounts of corrosive etchants to remove the copper. The sheet resistance of the graphene produced by this new process is unoptimized but should be comparable in principle to that produced by the standard method, given the defects observable by Raman spectroscopy and the presence of process-induced cracks. With further improvements, this green, inexpensive synthesis of single-layer graphene could enable applications in flexible, stretchable, and disposable electronics, low-profile and lightweight barrier materials, and in large-area displays and photovoltaic modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr V Zaretski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
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He Y, Yu W, Ouyang G. Effect of stepped substrates on the interfacial adhesion properties of graphene membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11390-7. [PMID: 24797681 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00633j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of interface adhesion properties involved in adhesion energy and local interface separation between graphene membranes and underlying stepped substrates, we develop an analytic model by considering the total free energy originally from interfacial van der Waals interaction and elastic strain energy stored in the membranes based on an atomic-bond-relaxation consideration. It is found that the interface adhesion energy decreases with increasing membrane thickness. Moreover, as compared to the case of a flat substrate surface, the interface adhesion properties of graphene membranes on stepped surfaces are strongly affected by the substrate surface parameters, including step height, vicinal angle, membrane thickness, terrace width and orientation, etc., implying that the topographic fluctuation of graphene is attributed to the various interface separations at different substrate sites. Our predictions agree reasonably well with computer simulations and experimental observations, which suggest that the developed method can be regarded as an effective method to design the interface adhesion of graphene membranes in graphene-based functional device components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education and Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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Zhu Y, Lian J, Jiang Q. Role of Edge Geometry and Magnetic Interaction in Opening Bandgap of Low-Dimensional Graphene. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:958-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhu YF, Dai QQ, Zheng WT, Jiang Q. Gap openings in graphene regarding interfacial interaction from substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5600-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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