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Abdullah MN, Ali Y, Abd Hamid S. Insights into the structure and drug design of benzimidazole derivatives targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:921-934. [PMID: 34651438 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase overexpression could result in an unfavourable consequence of cancer progression in the body. A number of kinase inhibitor drugs targeting various cancer-related protein kinases have been developed and proven successful in clinical therapy. Benzimidazole is one of the most studied scaffolds in the search for effective anticancer drugs. The association of various functional groups and the structural design of the compounds may influence the binding towards the receptor. Despite numerous publications on the design, synthesis and biological assays of benzimidazole derivatives, their inhibitory activities against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), have not been specifically analysed. This review covers recent research reports on the anticancer activity of benzimidazole derivatives focusing on EGFR expression cell lines, based on their structure-activity relationship study. We believe it would aid researchers to envision the challenges and explore benzimidazole's potentials as tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar'iyah Najihah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Yousaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shafida Abd Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Malaysia.,SYNTOF, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Malaysia
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Chen J, Chen S, Yang X, Wang S, Wu W. Efficacy and safety of Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection as adjuvant therapy for cancer: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154141. [PMID: 35598523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection (BJOEI) has been used as adjuvant therapy to treat cancer for many years. Many systematic reviews (SRs) or meta-analyses (MAs) were published to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Nevertheless, uneven quality made it difficult to reach a consensus and there has been no specific review to integrate the evidence of BJOEI for cancer at present. Therefore, a comprehensive evidence map is needed to guide clinicians. PURPOSE We, for the first time, conducted an overview to assess the SRs/MAs of BJOEI, and provided a comprehensive evidence map to guide clinicians. Besides, this study provided a promising direction for future research to promote the generation of advanced evidence. STUDY DESIGN An overview of SRs or MAs. METHODS The pre-defined search strategies were applied to 8 databases. Suitable SRs/MAs were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality, reporting quality, and risk of bias were assessed. An evidence map was conducted to show the situation of clinical evidence. RESULTS 27 SRs/MAs in 7 cancer types were included in this overview. The main problems of SRs/MAs were concentrated on the following aspects: without registration or protocol, lacking gray literature retrieval and a list of excluded studies, incomplete description in the literature retrieval strategy or the methods of merging results, the bias of each synthetic result, less exploration in heterogeneity or publication bias, deficiencies in assessing evidence quality and less description in conflict, funding or access to relevant information. Based on the rules of GRADE, the evidence quality of 154 items in 27 SRs/MAs was defined as moderate quality (103 items), low-quality (44 items), and very low-quality (7 items). Especially, risk of bias (154 items), imprecision (27 items), inconsistency (20 items), and publication bias (9 items) were the main downgrading factors. CONCLUSION BJOEI may be a promising adjuvant therapy for treating cancer, especially in the digestive system. However, high-quality SRs/MAs are expected to be carried out to improve the reliability of the above conclusion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Sumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
| | - Wanyin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
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Pan B, Wang Y, Wu C, Jia J, Huang C, Fang S, Liu L. A Mechanism of Action Study on Danggui Sini Decoction to Discover Its Therapeutic Effect on Gastric Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592903. [PMID: 33505310 PMCID: PMC7830678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Danggui Sini Decoction (DSD), a classic Chinese herb medicine (CHM) formula, has been used to treat various diseases in China for centuries. However, it remains challenging to reveal its mechanism of action through conventional pharmacological methods. Here, we first explored the mechanism of action of DSD with the assistance of network pharmacology and bioinformatic analysis tools, and found a potential therapeutic effect of DSD on cancer. Indeed, our in vivo experiment demonstrated that oral administration of DSD could significantly inhibit the growth of xenografted gastric cancer (GC) on mice. The subsequent enrichment analyses for 123 candidate core targets evacuated from the drug/disease-target protein-protein interaction network showed that DSD could affect the key biological processes involving the survival and growth of GC cells, such as apoptosis and cell cycle, and the disturbance of these biological processes is likely attributed to the simultaneous inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53 pathways. Notably, these in silico results were further validated by a series of cellular functional and molecular biological assays in vitro. Moreover, molecular docking analysis suggested an important role of MCM2 in delivering the pharmacological activity of DSD against GC. Together, these results indicate that our network pharmacology and bioinformatics-guided approach is feasible and useful in exploring not only the mechanism of action, but also the "new use" of the old CHM formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunnuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junrong Jia
- Public Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Senbiao Fang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liren Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Javir G, Joshi K. Evaluation of the combinatorial effect of Tinospora cordifolia and Zingiber officinale on human breast cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:428. [PMID: 31696033 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of the combination treatment of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Zingiber officinale (ZO) using network pharmacology approach. In silico analysis of the anticancer activity of TC + ZO was carried out using Cytoscape 3.2.0 software to elucidate the mechanism. The MTT assay confirms the combination of TC and ZO is more active (IC50; 2 μg ml-1) as compared to TC (509 μg ml-1) and ZO (1 mg ml-1) alone in MCF-7 cells. The TC + ZO combination treatment inhibits DNA synthesis, migration, and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells as compared to TC and ZO alone at a concentration of 1 µg ml-1. TC + ZO combination treatment arrested cell cycle significantly at the G0/G1 phase. The proposed synergistic activity of the two herbs in the treatment of several cancers was correlated with an appropriate associated target/s, based on the pharmacological network. Interestingly, when both the plants used in combination, were found to regulate a total of 16 genes in 27 types of cancers. Further, ALOX5, MMP2, and MMP9 genes were identified as major targets which are responsible for the TC + ZO anticancer activity. According to merged and sub-networks of source-bioactive, bioactive-target, target-disease of TC, ZO alone and their combination; MMP9 was selected for validation purpose. The real-time PCR analysis confirmed that the TC + ZO combination treatment significantly down-regulated MMP9 mRNA expression by fivefold via up-regulation of its downstream target ER-α by 3.5-fold. In conclusion, the network analysis and in vitro validation confirmed the potent synergistic activity of TC + ZO combination treatment in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Javir
- 1Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra India
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411041 India
| | - Kalpana Joshi
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411041 India
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Sheng Z, Sun Y, Yin Z, Tang K, Cao Z. Advances in computational approaches in identifying synergistic drug combinations. Brief Bioinform 2019; 19:1172-1182. [PMID: 28475767 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated empirical clinical experience, supported by animal or cell line models, has initiated efforts of predicting synergistic combinatorial drugs with more-than-additive effect compared with the sum of the individual agents. Aiming to construct better computational models, this review started from the latest updated data resources of combinatorial drugs, then summarized the reported mechanism of the known synergistic combinations from aspects of drug molecular and pharmacological patterns, target network properties and compound functional annotation. Based on above, we focused on the main in silico strategies recently published, covering methods of molecular modeling, mathematical simulation, optimization of combinatorial targets and pattern-based statistical/learning model. Future thoughts are also discussed related to the role of natural compounds, drug combination with immunotherapy and management of adverse effects. Overall, with particular emphasis on mechanism of action of drug synergy, this review may serve as a rapid reference to design improved models for combinational drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Zuojing Yin
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Kailin Tang
- Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University
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Cai SJ, Liu Y, Han S, Yang C. Brusatol, an NRF2 inhibitor for future cancer therapeutic. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:45. [PMID: 31183074 PMCID: PMC6554866 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural products from herbal medicines have long been investigated for their potentials as cancer therapeutics. Besides the development of several herbal medicine-derived anti-cancer agents, such as paclitaxel, vincristine and podophyllotoxin, many recent laboratory findings demonstrated that brusatol, a quassinoid from the seeds of Brucea sumatrana, exhibits potent tumor suppressing effect with improved disease outcome. Our recent finding further demonstrated that brusatol synergizes with the intrinsic metabolic burden in cancer cells. Main body Here, we summarized the recent investigations of brusatol as an experimental therapeutic for human malignancies, such as leukemia, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and brain tumor. We also discussed the molecular target brusatol, with a focus on the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-guided gene transcription, as well as glutathione de novo synthesis. Further, we discussed the challenges and future applications of brusatol for cancer therapy. Conclusion In conclusion, we believe increasing evidences have shown the value of brusatol as a novel strategy for cancer treatment, which may indicate future drug development and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina J Cai
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 1142E, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 1142E, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sue Han
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 1142E, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 1142E, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Yang K, Liu G, Wang N, Zhang R, Yu J, Chen J, Zhou X. Heterogeneous network propagation for herb target identification. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2018; 18:17. [PMID: 29589568 PMCID: PMC5872392 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-018-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying targets of herbs is a primary step for investigating pharmacological mechanisms of herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Experimental targets identification of herbs is a difficult and time-consuming work. Computational method for identifying herb targets is an efficient approach. However, how to make full use of heterogeneous network data about herbs and targets to improve the performance of herb targets prediction is still a dilemma. METHODS In our study, a random walk algorithm on the heterogeneous herb-target network (named heNetRW) has been proposed to identify protein targets of herbs. By building a heterogeneous herb-target network involving herbs, targets and their interactions and simulating random walk algorithm on the network, the candidate targets of the given herb can be predicted. RESULTS The experimental results on large-scale dataset showed that heNetRW had higher performance of targets prediction than PRINCE (improved F1-score by 0.08 and Hit@1 by 21.34% in one validation setting, and improved F1-score by 0.54 and Hit@1 by 69.08% in the other validation setting). Furthermore, we evaluated novel candidate targets of two herbs (rhizoma coptidis and turmeric), which showed our approach could generate potential targets that are valuable for further experimental investigations. CONCLUSIONS Compared with PRINCE algorithm, heNetRW algorithm can fuse more known information (such as, known herb-target associations and pathway-based similarities of protein pairs) to improve prediction performance. Experimental results also indicated heNetRW had higher performance than PRINCE. The prediction results not only can be used to guide the selection of candidate targets of herbs, but also help to reveal the molecule mechanisms of herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Yang
- School of Computer and Information Technology and Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Guangming Liu
- School of Computer and Information Technology and Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Computer and Information Technology and Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Runshun Zhang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jian Yu
- School of Computer and Information Technology and Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xuezhong Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Technology and Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China
- Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
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Cui Z, Sheng Z, Yan X, Cao Z, Tang K. In Silico Insight into Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms of Icariin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010113. [PMID: 26784184 PMCID: PMC4730354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal compounds that have notable therapeutic effect upon Alzheimer's disease (AD) have frequently been found, despite the recent failure of late-stage clinical drugs. Icariin, which is isolated from Epimedium brevicornum, is widely reported to exhibit significant anti-AD effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the molecular mechanism remains thus far unclear. In this work, the anti-AD mechanisms of icariin were investigated at a target network level assisted by an in silico target identification program (INVDOCK). The results suggested that the anti-AD effects of icariin may be contributed by: attenuation of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, anti-inflammation and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. Our results may provide assistance in understanding the molecular mechanism and further developing icariin into promising anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Cui
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhen Sheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xinmiao Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kailin Tang
- Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Zhang X, Fan HR, Li YZ, Xiao XF, Liu R, Qi JW, Wang J, Zhang ZP, Liu CX, Shen XP. Development and Application of Network Toxicology in Safety Research of Chinese Materia Medica. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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System analysis of LWDH related genes based on text mining in biological networks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:484926. [PMID: 25243143 PMCID: PMC4163428 DOI: 10.1155/2014/484926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liuwei-dihuang (LWDH) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), but its molecular mechanism about gene interactions is unclear. LWDH genes were extracted from the existing literatures based on text mining technology. To simulate the complex molecular interactions that occur in the whole body, protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) were constructed and the topological properties of LWDH genes were analyzed. LWDH genes have higher centrality properties and may play important roles in the complex biological network environment. It was also found that the distances within LWDH genes are smaller than expected, which means that the communication of LWDH genes during the biological process is rapid and effectual. At last, a comprehensive network of LWDH genes, including the related drugs and regulatory pathways at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, was constructed and analyzed. The biological network analysis strategy used in this study may be helpful for the understanding of molecular mechanism of TCM.
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