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Sakimoto Y, Shintani A, Yoshiura D, Goshima M, Kida H, Mitsushima D. A critical period for learning and plastic changes at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7199. [PMID: 35504922 PMCID: PMC9065057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal development of hippocampal function has been reported in many mammalian species, including humans. To obtain synaptic evidence, we analyzed developmental changes in plasticity after an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Learning performance was low in infants (postnatal 2 weeks) but clearly improved from the juvenile period (3-4 weeks) to adulthood (8 weeks). One hour after the training, we prepared brain slices and sequentially recorded miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) from the same hippocampal CA1 neuron. Although the training failed to affect the amplitude of either mEPSCs or mIPSCs at 2 weeks, it increased mEPSC, but not mIPSC, amplitude at 3 weeks. At 4 weeks, the training had increased the amplitude of both mEPSCs and mIPSCs, whereas mIPSC, but not mEPSC, amplitude was increased at 8 weeks. Because early-life physiological functions can affect performance, we also evaluated sensory-motor functions together with emotional state and found adequate sensory/motor functions from infancy to adulthood. Moreover, by analyzing performance of rats in multiple hippocampal-dependent tasks, we found that the developmental changes in the performance are task dependent. Taken together, these findings delineate a critical period for learning and plastic changes at hippocampal CA1 synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Ako Shintani
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Daiki Yoshiura
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Goshima
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kida
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Dai Mitsushima
- Department of Physiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
- The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan.
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Yuan X. Evidence of the Spacing Effect and Influences on Perceptions of Learning and Science Curricula. Cureus 2022; 14:e21201. [PMID: 35047318 PMCID: PMC8759977 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional science curricula generally favour educational practices that yield high scores on immediate examination, though it may not accurately predict students’ long-term academic achievement. In view of the pre-exam cramming phenomenon, this article shows the evidence of spacing effect in science education and probes into its theoretical mechanisms, effectiveness in experimental settings, and current applications in science learning. In brief, spacing works by repeatedly presenting the learning material across various temporal intervals. This paper suggests that spacing could significantly result in greater memory strength by alleviating multiple neurocognitive and behavioural properties of learning that are hampered by cramming. Together with the analysis of its relevance in science education, the spacing effect may further provide leverages for promoting long-term conceptual understanding and reflective skill development. However, there are many reasons that students and teachers may not be aware of or fully appreciate its benefits. Finally, this article discusses systemic barriers to why spaced repetition is underutilized in science curricula.
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Shida Y, Endo H, Owada S, Inagaki Y, Sumiyoshi H, Kamiya A, Eto T, Tatemichi M. Branched-chain amino acids govern the high learning ability phenotype in Tokai high avoider (THA) rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23104. [PMID: 34845278 PMCID: PMC8630195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To fully understand the mechanisms governing learning and memory, animal models with minor interindividual variability and higher cognitive function are required. THA rats established by crossing those with high learning capacity exhibit excellent learning and memory abilities, but the factors underlying their phenotype are completely unknown. In the current study, we compare the hippocampi of parental strain Wistar rats to those of THA rats via metabolomic analysis in order to identify molecules specific to the THA rat hippocampus. Higher branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels and enhanced activation of BCAA metabolism-associated enzymes were observed in THA rats, suggesting that acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine are synthesized through BCAA catabolism. THA rats maintained high blood BCAA levels via uptake of BCAAs in the small intestine and suppression of BCAA catabolism in the liver. Feeding THA rats with a BCAA-reduced diet decreased acetylcholine levels and learning ability, thus, maintaining high BCAA levels while their proper metabolism in the hippocampus is the mechanisms underlying the high learning ability in THA rats. Identifying appropriate BCAA nutritional supplements and activation methods may thus hold potential for the prevention and amelioration of higher brain dysfunction, including learning disabilities and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Shida
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Owada
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoo Eto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tatemichi
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
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Mooney-Leber SM, Zeid D, Garcia-Trevizo P, Seemiller LR, Bogue MA, Grubb SC, Peltz G, Gould TJ. Genetic Differences in Dorsal Hippocampus Acetylcholinesterase Activity Predict Contextual Fear Learning Across Inbred Mouse Strains. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:737897. [PMID: 34733190 PMCID: PMC8558262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning is a critical behavioral process that is influenced by many neurobiological systems. We and others have reported that acetylcholinergic signaling plays a vital role in learning capabilities, and it is especially important for contextual fear learning. Since cholinergic signaling is affected by genetic background, we examined the genetic relationship between activity levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the primary enzyme involved in the acetylcholine metabolism, and learning using a panel of 20 inbred mouse strains. We measured conditioned fear behavior and AChE activity in the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and cerebellum. Acetylcholinesterase activity varied among inbred mouse strains in all three brain regions, and there were significant inter-strain differences in contextual and cued fear conditioning. There was an inverse correlation between fear conditioning outcomes and AChE levels in the dorsal hippocampus. In contrast, the ventral hippocampus and cerebellum AChE levels were not correlated with fear conditioning outcomes. These findings strengthen the link between acetylcholine activity in the dorsal hippocampus and learning, and they also support the premise that the dorsal hippocampus and ventral hippocampus are functionally discrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Mooney-Leber
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, United States
| | - Dana Zeid
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Prescilla Garcia-Trevizo
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laurel R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Molly A Bogue
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. The role of the hippocampal theta rhythm in non-spatial discrimination and associative learning task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 110:92-99. [PMID: 30261198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The configural association theory and the conflict resolution model propose that hippocampal function is involved in learning negative patterning tasks (A+, B+, AB-). The first theory suggests a critical role of the hippocampus in the formation of configural representations of compound stimuli, in which stimuli A and B are presented simultaneously. The second theory hypothesizes that the hippocampus is important for inhibiting the response to a stimulus that is in conflict with response tendencies. Although these theories propose different interpretations of the link between hippocampal function and non-spatial discrimination tasks, they both predict that the hippocampus is involved in the information processing of compound stimuli in negative patterning tasks. Recently, our electrophysiological approach has shown that the hippocampal theta power correlate with response inhibition in a negative patterning task, positive patterning, simultaneous/serial feature negative task. These findings provide strong support for the assumption of the conflict resolution model that the role of the hippocampus in learning is to inhibit responses to conflicting stimuli during non-spatial stimulus discrimination tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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Dzogang F, Lightman S, Cristianini N. Diurnal variations of psychometric indicators in Twitter content. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197002. [PMID: 29924814 PMCID: PMC6010242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychological state of a person is characterised by cognitive and emotional variables which can be inferred by psychometric methods. Using the word lists from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, designed to infer a range of psychological states from the word usage of a person, we studied temporal changes in the average expression of psychological traits in the general population. We sampled the contents of Twitter in the United Kingdom at hourly intervals for a period of four years, revealing a strong diurnal rhythm in most of the psychometric variables, and finding that two independent factors can explain 85% of the variance across their 24-h profiles. The first has peak expression time starting at 5am/6am, it correlates with measures of analytical thinking, with the language of drive (e.g power, and achievement), and personal concerns. It is anticorrelated with the language of negative affect and social concerns. The second factor has peak expression time starting at 3am/4am, it correlates with the language of existential concerns, and anticorrelates with expression of positive emotions. Overall, we see strong evidence that our language changes dramatically between night and day, reflecting changes in our concerns and underlying cognitive and emotional processes. These shifts occur at times associated with major changes in neural activity and hormonal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabon Dzogang
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nello Cristianini
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hsu YT, Chang YG, Chang CP, Siew JJ, Chen HM, Tsai CH, Chern Y. Altered behavioral responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid pharmacological agents in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1600-1609. [PMID: 28782830 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acid signaling are believed to be involved in Huntington's disease pathogenesis, but the regulation of GABAergic signaling remains elusive. Here we evaluated GABAergic signaling by examining the function of GABAergic drugs in Huntington's disease and the expression of GABAergic molecules using mouse models and human brain tissues from Huntington's disease. METHODS We treated wild-type and R6/2 mice (a transgenic Huntington's disease mouse model) acutely with vehicle, diazepam, or gaboxadol (drugs that selectively target synaptic or extrasynaptic GABAA receptors) and monitored their locomotor activity. The expression levels of GABAA receptors and a major neuron-specific chloride extruder (potassium-chloride cotransporter-2) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The R6/2 mice were less sensitive to the sedative effects of both drugs, suggesting reduced function of GABAA receptors. Consistently, the expression levels of α1/α2 and δ subunits were lower in the cortex and striatum of R6/2 mice. Similar results were also found in 2 other mouse models of Huntington's disease and in Huntington's disease patients. Moreover, the interaction and expression levels of potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 and its activator (brain-type creatine kinase) were decreased in Huntington's disease neurons. These findings collectively suggest impaired chloride homeostasis, which further dampens GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory signaling in Huntington's disease brains. CONCLUSIONS The dysregulated GABAergic responses and altered expression levels of GABAA receptors and potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 in Huntington's disease mice appear to be authentic and may contribute to the clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease patients. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsu
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Gin Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jing Siew
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Circadian Rhythms in Fear Conditioning: An Overview of Behavioral, Brain System, and Molecular Interactions. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3750307. [PMID: 28698810 PMCID: PMC5494081 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3750307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of fear memories is a powerful and highly evolutionary conserved mechanism that serves the behavioral adaptation to environmental threats. Accordingly, classical fear conditioning paradigms have been employed to investigate fundamental molecular processes of memory formation. Evidence suggests that a circadian regulation mechanism allows for a timestamping of such fear memories and controlling memory salience during both their acquisition and their modification after retrieval. These mechanisms include an expression of molecular clocks in neurons of the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex and their tight interaction with the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate neural plasticity and information storage. The cellular activities are coordinated across different brain regions and neural circuits through the release of glucocorticoids and neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, which integrate circadian and memory-related activation. Disturbance of this interplay by circadian phase shifts or traumatic experience appears to be an important factor in the development of stress-related psychopathology, considering these circadian components are of critical importance for optimizing therapeutic approaches to these disorders.
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Cordner RD, Friend LN, Mayo JL, Badgley C, Wallmann A, Stallings CN, Young PL, Miles DR, Edwards JG, Bridgewater LC. The BMP2 nuclear variant, nBMP2, is expressed in mouse hippocampus and impacts memory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46464. [PMID: 28418030 PMCID: PMC5394474 DOI: 10.1038/srep46464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel nuclear protein nBMP2 is synthesized from the BMP2 gene by translational initiation at an alternative start codon. We generated a targeted mutant mouse, nBmp2NLStm, in which the nuclear localization signal (NLS) was inactivated to prevent nuclear translocation of nBMP2 while still allowing the normal synthesis and secretion of the BMP2 growth factor. These mice exhibit abnormal muscle function due to defective Ca2+ transport in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that neurological function, which also depends on intracellular Ca2+ transport, could be affected by the loss of nBMP2. Age-matched nBmp2NLStm and wild type mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, behavioral tests, and electrophysiology to assess nBMP2 expression and neurological function. Immunohistochemical staining of the hippocampus detected nBMP2 in the nuclei of CA1 neurons in wild type but not mutant mice, consistent with nBMP2 playing a role in the hippocampus. Mutant mice showed deficits in the novel object recognition task, suggesting hippocampal dysfunction. Electrophysiology experiments showed that long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, which is dependent on intracellular Ca2+ transport and is thought to be the cellular equivalent of learning and memory, was impaired. Together, these results suggest that nBMP2 in the hippocampus impacts memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Cordner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Friend
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jaime L. Mayo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Corinne Badgley
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew Wallmann
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Conrad N. Stallings
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Peter L. Young
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Darla R. Miles
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Laura C. Bridgewater
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Kim JD, Park KE, Ishida J, Kako K, Hamada J, Kani S, Takeuchi M, Namiki K, Fukui H, Fukuhara S, Hibi M, Kobayashi M, Kanaho Y, Kasuya Y, Mochizuki N, Fukamizu A. PRMT8 as a phospholipase regulates Purkinje cell dendritic arborization and motor coordination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500615. [PMID: 26665171 PMCID: PMC4672763 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of vertebrate neurons requires a change in membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism. Although PC hydrolysis is essential for enhanced axonal outgrowth mediated by phospholipase D (PLD), less is known about the determinants of PC metabolism on dendritic arborization. We show that protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8) acts as a phospholipase that directly hydrolyzes PC, generating choline and phosphatidic acid. We found that PRMT8 knockout mice (prmt8 (-/-)) displayed abnormal motor behaviors, including hindlimb clasping and hyperactivity. Moreover, prmt8 (-/-) mice and TALEN-induced zebrafish prmt8 mutants and morphants showed abnormal phenotypes, including the development of dendritic trees in Purkinje cells and altered cerebellar structure. Choline and acetylcholine levels were significantly decreased, whereas PC levels were increased, in the cerebellum of prmt8 (-/-) mice. Our findings suggest that PRMT8 acts both as an arginine methyltransferase and as a PC-hydrolyzing PLD that is essential for proper neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dal Kim
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kyung-Eui Park
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Junji Ishida
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kako
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Juri Hamada
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kani
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Axis Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Axis Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
- AMED-CREST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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Fathy SM, Essa AM. Influence of Spirulina platensis exudates on the endocrine and nervous systems of a mammalian model. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Cifuentes Castro VH, López Valenzuela CL, Salazar Sánchez JC, Peña KP, López Pérez SJ, Ibarra JO, Villagrán AM. An update of the classical and novel methods used for measuring fast neurotransmitters during normal and brain altered function. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:490-508. [PMID: 25977677 PMCID: PMC4428024 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141223223657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand better the cerebral functions, several methods have been developed to study the brain activity, they could be related with morphological, electrophysiological, molecular and neurochemical techniques. Monitoring neurotransmitter concentration is a key role to know better how the brain works during normal or pathological conditions, as well as for studying the changes in neurotransmitter concentration with the use of several drugs that could affect or reestablish the normal brain activity. Immediate response of the brain to environmental conditions is related with the release of the fast acting neurotransmission by glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) through the opening of ligand-operated ion channels. Neurotransmitter release is mainly determined by the classical microdialysis technique, this is generally coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detection of neurotransmitters can be done by fluorescence, optical density, electrochemistry or other detection systems more sophisticated. Although the microdialysis method is the golden technique to monitor the brain neurotransmitters, it has a poor temporal resolution. Recently, with the use of biosensor the drawback of temporal resolution has been improved considerably, however other inconveniences have merged, such as stability, reproducibility and the lack of reliable biosensors mainly for GABA. The aim of this review is to show the important advances in the different ways to measure neurotransmitter concentrations; both with the use of classic techniques as well as with the novel methods and alternant approaches to improve the temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Morales Villagrán
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, Zapopan,
Jalisco, México, Zip code: 45110, Mexico
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