1
|
Shahwar D, Kapulainen M, Haatainen T, Harjanne M, Cherchi M, Sun Z, Aalto T, Tappura K. On-Chip Polarization Rotators Using Metasurface. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33055-33063. [PMID: 39100281 PMCID: PMC11292811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, with their ability to finely manipulate light properties (e.g., polarization), represent a frontier in optical technology. Here, we report innovative gold-based metasurfaces that are adept at changing the light polarization across a broad range of incident angles. Their expansive acceptance angle facilitates seamless integration with silicon waveguides, culminating in the realization of a novel, compact, broadband, and low-loss on-chip polarization rotator. The demonstrated metasurface devices show polarization conversion efficiencies as high as 98.5% at 1550 nm in the free space measurements. Unlike conventional plasmonic metasurfaces, which lack broadband capabilities, our metasurface-based waveplates show extinction ratios of >15 dB for a 120 nm bandwidth. These metasurfaces are positioned on top of up-reflecting mirrors fabricated in a micrometer-scale silicon-on-insulator platform to demonstrate on-chip polarization rotation. The demonstrated polarization rotator shows an extinction ratio of more than 10 dB for a 100 nm bandwidth. This study marks the first successful demonstration of on-chip polarization manipulation utilizing metasurface integration, heralding significant potential impacts for enhancing the functionality and miniaturization of photonic integrated circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dura Shahwar
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Kapulainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomi Haatainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Harjanne
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Matteo Cherchi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Timo Aalto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kirsi Tappura
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland Ltd, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ehrhardt M, Dittel C, Heinrich M, Szameit A. Topological Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. Science 2024; 384:1340-1344. [PMID: 38900876 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of topology and optics provides a route to pursue robust photonic devices, with the application to photonic quantum computation in its infancy. However, the possibilities of harnessing topological structures to process quantum information with linear optics, through the quantum interference of photons, remain largely uncharted. Here, we present a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference effect of topological origin. We show that this interference of photon pairs-ranging from constructive to destructive-is solely determined by a synthetic magnetic flux, rendering it resilient to errors on a fundamental level. Our implementation establishes a quantized flux that facilitates exclusively destructive quantum interference. Our findings pave the way toward the development of next-generation photonic quantum circuitry and scalable quantum computing protected by virtue of topologically robust quantum gates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Ehrhardt
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinrich
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He L, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhang F, Zhang W, Feng X, Huang Y, Cui K, Liu F, Zhang W, Zhang X. Topologically Protected Quantum Logic Gates with Valley-Hall Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311611. [PMID: 38479726 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Topological photonics provide a promising way to realize more robust optical devices against some defects and environmental perturbations. Quantum logic gates are fundamental units of quantum computers, which are widely used in future quantum information processing. Thus, constructing robust universal quantum logic gates is an important way forward to practical quantum computing. However, the most important problem to be solved is how to construct the quantum-logic-gate-required 2 × 2 beam splitter with topological protection. Here, the experimental realization of the topologically protected contradirectional coupler is reported, which can be employed to realize the quantum logic gates, including control-NOT and Hadamard gates, on the silicon photonic platform. These quantum gates not only have high experimental fidelities but also exhibit a certain degree of tolerances against certain types of defects. This work paves the way for the development of practical optical quantum computations and signal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding X, Zhao Z, Xie P, Cai D, Meng F, Wang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Burokur SN, Hu G. Metasurface-Based Optical Logic Operators Driven by Diffractive Neural Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308993. [PMID: 38032696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel optical logic operator based on the multifunctional metasurface driven by all-optical diffractive neural network is reported, which can perform four principal quantum logic operations (Pauli-X, Pauli-Y, Pauli-Z, and Hadamard gates). The two ground states| 0 ⟩ $|0 \rangle $ and| 1 ⟩ $|1 \rangle $ are characterized by two orthogonal linear polarization states. The proposed spatial- and polarization-multiplexed all-optical diffractive neural network only contains a hidden layer physically mapped as a metasurface with simple and compact unit cells, which dramatically reduces the volume and computing resources required for the system. The designed optical quantum operator is proven to achieve high fidelities for all four quantum logical gates, up to 99.96% numerically and 99.88% experimentally. The solution will facilitate the construction of large-scale optical quantum computing systems and scalable optical quantum devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dayu Cai
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | | | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan X, Wang R, Luan W, Gao X, Jin Z, Ma G. Tunable multifunctional polarization conversion in bilayer chiral metamaterials. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8136-8142. [PMID: 38038110 DOI: 10.1364/ao.500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A chiral metamaterial composed of bilayer twisted split-ring resonators is proposed and demonstrated to realize tunable, dual-directional, and multifunctional polarization conversion for terahertz waves. Simulations show that the converter can selectively achieve linear-to-linear, linear-to-right-handed circular, or linear-to-left-handed circular polarization conversion by tuning the polarization and propagating direction of the incident waves. Stokes parameters, ellipticity, and a polarization rotation angle are introduced to determine the output polarization. The circular polarization transmission coefficients and surface current distribution are employed to demonstrate the physical mechanisms of the phenomena above. The proposed converter can find potential applications in terahertz imaging and communications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang YD, Zhang ZY, Chen Y, Sun YK, Li YC, Tian ZN, Ren XF, Chen QD, Guo GC. Arbitrarily rotated optical axis waveguide induced by a trimming line. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3063-3066. [PMID: 37262281 DOI: 10.1364/ol.493410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotated optical axis waveguides can facilitate on-chip arbitrary wave-plate operations, which are crucial tools for developing integrated universal quantum computing algorithms. In this paper, we propose a unique technique based on femtosecond laser direct writing technology to fabricate arbitrarily rotated optical axis waveguides. First, a circular isotropic main waveguide with a non-optical axis was fabricated using a beam shaping method. Thereafter, a trimming line was used to create an artificial stress field near the main waveguide to induce a rotated optical axis. Using this technique, we fabricated high-performance half- and quarter-wave plates. Subsequently, high-fidelity (97.1%) Pauli-X gate operation was demonstrated via quantum process tomography, which constitutes the basis for the full manipulation of on-chip polarization-encoded qubits. In the future, this work is expected to lead to new prospects for polarization-encoded information in photonic integrated circuits.
Collapse
|
7
|
He L, Liu D, Gao J, Zhang W, Zhang H, Feng X, Huang Y, Cui K, Liu F, Zhang W, Zhang X. Super-compact universal quantum logic gates with inverse-designed elements. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6685. [PMID: 37235652 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Integrated quantum photonic circuit is a promising platform for the realization of quantum information processing in the future. To achieve the large-scale quantum photonic circuits, the applied quantum logic gates should be as small as possible for the high-density integration on chips. Here, we report the implementation of super-compact universal quantum logic gates on silicon chips by the method of inverse design. In particular, the fabricated controlled-NOT gate and Hadamard gate are both nearly a vacuum wavelength, being the smallest optical quantum gates reported up to now. We further design the quantum circuit by cascading these fundamental gates to perform arbitrary quantum processing, where the corresponding size is about several orders smaller than that of previous quantum photonic circuits. Our study paves the way for the realization of large-scale quantum photonic chips with integrated sources and can have important applications in the field of quantum information processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingxing Gao
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu J, Tian J, Poumellec B, Garcia-Caurel E, Ossikovski R, Zeng X, Lancry M. Tailoring chiral optical properties by femtosecond laser direct writing in silica. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:46. [PMID: 36806189 PMCID: PMC9941490 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An object that possesses chirality, that is, having its mirror image not overlayed on itself by rotation and translation, can provide a different optical response to a left- or right-handed circular polarized light. Chiral nanostructures may exhibit polarization-selective optical properties that can be controlled for micro-to-nano optical element engineering. An attractive way to induce such complex nanostructures in three-dimension in glass is femtosecond laser direct writing. However, the mechanism of femtosecond laser induced chirality remains to be unveiled due to complex physical and chemical processes occurring during the ultrashort light-matter interaction. Here, a phenomenological model is proposed and is built on two-layers phase shifters to account for this laser-induced optical chirality in an initially achiral material (silica glass). This model is based on the observation that femtosecond laser induced nanogratings own two principal contributions to its aggregate birefringent response: a form and a stress-related one. By refining this formalism, a multilayer approach is developed to imprint on demand optical rotation. Values up to +/-60° at 550 nm within an optimal 80 μm thickness in silica glass are possible, corresponding to the highest value in a glass to date. These results provide new insights of circular-optical control in micro-nano optical manufacturing and open new opportunities for photonics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Lu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Bertrand Poumellec
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Enrique Garcia-Caurel
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Razvigor Ossikovski
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Xianglong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Matthieu Lancry
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lucivero VG, Zanoni A, Corrielli G, Osellame R, Mitchell MW. Laser-written vapor cells for chip-scale atomic sensing and spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27149-27163. [PMID: 36236892 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of alkali-metal vapor cells using femtosecond laser machining. This laser-written vapor-cell (LWVC) technology allows arbitrarily-shaped 3D interior volumes and has potential for integration with photonic structures and optical components. We use non-evaporable getters both to dispense rubidium and to absorb buffer gas. This enables us to produce cells with sub-atmospheric buffer gas pressures without vacuum apparatus. We demonstrate sub-Doppler saturated absorption spectroscopy and single beam optical magnetometry with a single LWVC. The LWVC technology may find application in miniaturized atomic quantum sensors and frequency references.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai C, Wang J. Femtosecond Laser-Fabricated Photonic Chips for Optical Communications: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040630. [PMID: 35457935 PMCID: PMC9024536 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Integrated optics, having the unique properties of small size, low loss, high integration, and high scalability, is attracting considerable attention and has found many applications in optical communications, fulfilling the requirements for the ever-growing information rate and complexity in modern optical communication systems. Femtosecond laser fabrication is an acknowledged technique for producing integrated photonic devices with unique features, such as three-dimensional fabrication geometry, rapid prototyping, and single-step fabrication. Thus, plenty of femtosecond laser-fabricated on-chip devices have been manufactured to realize various optical communication functions, such as laser generation, laser amplification, laser modulation, frequency conversion, multi-dimensional multiplexing, and photonic wire bonding. In this paper, we review some of the most relevant research progress in femtosecond laser-fabricated photonic chips for optical communications, which may break new ground in this area. First, the basic principle of femtosecond laser fabrication and different types of laser-inscribed waveguides are briefly introduced. The devices are organized into two categories: active devices and passive devices. In the former category, waveguide lasers, amplifiers, electric-optic modulators, and frequency converters are reviewed, while in the latter, polarization multiplexers, mode multiplexers, and fan-in/fan-out devices are discussed. Later, photonic wire bonding is also introduced. Finally, conclusions and prospects in this field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Cai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alimohammadian E, Lammers K, Alberucci A, Djogo G, Jisha CP, Nolte S, Herman PR. Manipulating geometric and optical properties of laser-inscribed nanogratings with a conical phase front. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5360-5375. [PMID: 35209501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of volumetric nanogratings in fused silica by femtosecond laser pulses are shown to afford new opportunities for manipulating the physical shape and tailoring the optical properties of the modification zone by harnessing unconventional beam shapes. The nanograting assembly was observed to rigorously follow the beam elongation effects induced with conical-shaped phase fronts, permitting a scaling up of the writing volume. Detailed optical characterization of birefringence, dichroism, and scattering loss pointed to flexible new ways to tune the macroscopic optical properties, with advantages in decoupling the induced phase retardation from the modification thickness by controlling the conical phase front angle. Further insights into an unexpected asymmetric response from Gaussian beams modified with concave and convex phase fronts have been provided by nonlinear propagation simulations of the shaped-laser light.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ehrhardt M, Keil R, Maczewsky LJ, Dittel C, Heinrich M, Szameit A. Exploring complex graphs using three-dimensional quantum walks of correlated photons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabc5266. [PMID: 33637523 PMCID: PMC7909875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graph representations are a powerful concept for solving complex problems across natural science, as patterns of connectivity can give rise to a multitude of emergent phenomena. Graph-based approaches have proven particularly fruitful in quantum communication and quantum search algorithms in highly branched quantum networks. Here, we introduce a previously unidentified paradigm for the direct experimental realization of excitation dynamics associated with three-dimensional networks by exploiting the hybrid action of spatial and polarization degrees of freedom of photon pairs in complex waveguide circuits with tailored birefringence. This testbed for the experimental exploration of multiparticle quantum walks on complex, highly connected graphs paves the way toward exploiting the applicative potential of fermionic dynamics in integrated quantum photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Ehrhardt
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Keil
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas J Maczewsky
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinrich
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li M, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Ren X, Gong Q, Li Y. Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Integrated Photonic Quantum Chips for Generating Path-Encoded Bell States. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121111. [PMID: 33334077 PMCID: PMC7765531 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonic quantum chip provides a promising platform to perform quantum computation, quantum simulation, quantum metrology and quantum communication. Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) is a potential technique to fabricate various integrated photonic quantum chips in glass. Several quantum logic gates fabricated by FLDW have been reported, such as polarization and path encoded quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. By combining several single qubit gates and two qubit gates, the quantum circuit can realize different functions, such as generating quantum entangled states and performing quantum computation algorithms. Here we demonstrate the FLDW of integrated photonic quantum chips composed of one Hadamard gate and one CNOT gate for generating all four path-encoded Bell states. The experimental results show that the average fidelity of the reconstructed truth table reaches as high as 98.8 ± 0.3%. Our work is of great importance to be widely applied in many quantum circuits, therefore this technique would offer great potential to fabricate more complex circuits to realize more advanced functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.C.); (X.R.)
| | - Xifeng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.C.); (X.R.)
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (M.L.); (Q.Z.); (Q.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Belsley A, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Generating path entangled states in waveguide systems with second-order nonlinearity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28792-28809. [PMID: 33114790 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in coupled nonlinear waveguides is a flexible approach for generating tunable path entangled states. We describe a formalism based on the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to compute the quantum states generated by waveguide arrays for arbitrary system parameters. We find that all four Bell states can be generated in directional couplers with non-degenerate photons. Our method enables one to efficiently explore the phase space of waveguide systems and readily assess the robustness of any given state to variations in the system's parameters. We believe it represents a valuable tool for quantum state engineering in coupled waveguide systems.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hou ZS, Cao JJ, Yu F, Tian ZN, Xiong X, Li MT, Ren XF, Chen QD, Sun HB. UV-NIR femtosecond laser hybrid lithography for efficient printing of complex on-chip waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1862-1865. [PMID: 32236018 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose UV-IR femtosecond laser hybrid lithography for the efficient printing of complex on-chip waveguides, which offers good performance in terms of processing efficiency and accuracy. With this three-dimensional printing technology, waveguides with complex cross-section shapes, such as owls and kittens, can be easily fabricated with an efficiency increased by 1500% (for ${6}\;\unicode{x00B5} {\rm m}\; \times \;{6}\;\unicode{x00B5} {\rm m}$6µm×6µm). In addition, a circular cross-section waveguide with an extremely low birefringence and complex ${8} \times {8}$8×8 random walk networks were quickly customized, which implies that in the design and preparation of the large-scale optical chips, the proposed maskless method allows for the preparation of highly customized devices.
Collapse
|
16
|
Canning DW, Donaldson RJ, Mukherjee S, Collins RJ, Mazzarella L, Zanforlin U, Jeffers J, Thomson RR, Buller GS. On-chip implementation of the probabilistic quantum optical state comparison amplifier. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31713-31726. [PMID: 31684398 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Propagation losses in transmission media limit the transmission distance of optical signals. In the case where the signal is made up of quantum optical states, conventional deterministic optical amplification schemes cannot be used to increase the transmission distance as the copying of an arbitrary and unknown quantum state is forbidden. One strategy that can offset propagation loss is the use of probabilistic, or non-deterministic, amplification schemes - an example of which is the state comparison amplifier. Here we report a state comparison amplifier implemented in a compact, fiber-coupled femtosecond laser-written waveguide chip as opposed to the large, bulk-optical components of previous designs. This pathfinder on-chip implementation of the quantum amplifier has resulted in several performance improvements: the polarization integrity of the written waveguides has resulted in improved visibility of the amplifier interferometers; the potential of substantially-reduced losses throughout the amplifier configuration; and a more compact and environmentally-stable amplifier which is scalable to more complex networks.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang X. Simplified experimental scheme of quantum algorithm for solving linear equations with single photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:3369-3378. [PMID: 30732358 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear equations play an important role in nearly all fields of research in science and engineering. Recent studies have shown that quantum algorithms for solving linear systems of algebraic equations provide exponential speedups over their classical counterparts. Here, we present a simplified experimental scheme for implementing the quantum algorithm for solving linear equations with multiple degrees of freedom (DoF) of single photon. Compared with the previous studies, our scheme not only presents excellent efficiency, it requires fewer photons to solve the same problem. Our work highlights the potential applications of multiple DoFs of single photon in quantum information processes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang CY, Gao J, Jin XM. On-chip rotated polarization directional coupler fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:102-105. [PMID: 30645553 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a rotated polarization directional coupler (RPDC) on a photonic chip. We demonstrate a double-track approach to modify the distribution of the refractive index between adjacent tracks and form a single waveguide with an arbitrary birefringent optical axis. We construct a RPDC with the two axis-rotated waveguides coupled in a strong regime. The obtained extinction ratios on average are about 16 dB and 20 dB for the corresponding orthogonal polarizations. We perform reconstruction of the Stokes vector to test the projection performance of our RPDC, and observe the average fidelities up to 98.1% and 96.0% for the perfectly initialized states in 0° and 45° RPDCs, respectively.
Collapse
|
19
|
Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F. Photonic quantum information processing: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016001. [PMID: 30421725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Corrielli G, Atzeni S, Piacentini S, Pitsios I, Crespi A, Osellame R. Symmetric polarization-insensitive directional couplers fabricated by femtosecond laser writing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15101-15109. [PMID: 30114762 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study analytically the polarization behaviour of directional couplers composed of birefringent waveguides, showing that they can induce polarization transformations that depend on the specific input-output path considered. On the basis of this study, we propose and demonstrate experimentally, by femtosecond laser writing, directional couplers that yield a polarization-independent power splitting and, at the same time, preserve the polarization state of the propagating light. More in detail, we devise two different approaches to realize such devices: the first one is based on local birefringence engineering by additional refractive index modification tracks, while the second one exploits ultra-low birefringence waveguides (b = 1.2 × 10-6), obtained by thermal annealing.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dyakonov IV, Saygin MY, Kondratyev IV, Kalinkin AA, Straupe SS, Kulik SP. Laser-written polarizing directional coupler with reduced interaction length. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4231-4234. [PMID: 29028055 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrated optical waveguides, manufactured with femtosecond laser writing (FSLW) technology, enable precise control and manipulation of light in complicated photonic chips. However, due to the intrinsically low anisotropy of FSLW waveguides, polarizing integrated devices have had a relatively large footprint. In this Letter, we demonstrate an approach based on stress-induced anisotropy, allowing us to decrease the size of polarizing directional couplers down to 3.7 mm, almost an order of magnitude shorter than previously reported. The measured extinction ratios at the wavelength of 808 nm are 16 dB and 20 dB for the horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively. We provide a possible theoretical model for the observed effects.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pitsios I, Samara F, Corrielli G, Crespi A, Osellame R. Geometrically-controlled polarisation processing in femtosecond-laser-written photonic circuits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11342. [PMID: 28900104 PMCID: PMC5596026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarisation of light is a powerful and widely used degree of freedom to encode information, both in classical and quantum applications. In particular, quantum information technologies based on photons are being revolutionised by the use of integrated photonic circuits. It is therefore very important to be able to manipulate the polarisation of photons in such circuits. We experimentally demonstrate the fabrication by femtosecond laser micromachining of components such as polarisation insensitive and polarising directional couplers, operating at 1550 nm wavelength, where the two opposite behaviours are achieved just by controlling the geometric layout of the photonic circuits, being the waveguides fabricated with the same irradiation recipe. We expect to employ this approach in complex integrated photonic devices, capable of a full control of the photons polarisation for quantum cryptography, quantum computation and quantum teleportation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Pitsios
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Farid Samara
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.,GAP-Quantum Technologies, Université de Genève, Chemin de Pinchat 22, Genève, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Corrielli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Crespi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guan J, Liu X, Salter PS, Booth MJ. Hybrid laser written waveguides in fused silica for low loss and polarization independence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:4845-4859. [PMID: 28380753 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) written with an ultrashort pulsed laser provide advantages in a range of applications, such as photon-based quantum information processing, where low insertion loss and low polarization dependence are critical concerns. Here we demonstrate the inscription of hybrid waveguides in fused silica at a pulse repetition rate of 1MHz that fulfill both these criteria. The mechanisms for propagation and coupling losses are identified and decoupled, with separate sections of the waveguide minimizing for each and an adiabatic mode conversion between the two. Moreover, differing sources of birefringence were revealed to be non-parallel for the waveguides, such that structures can be designed where these competing sources cancel to remove any polarization dependence.
Collapse
|
24
|
Poumellec B, Lancry M, Desmarchelier R, Hervé E, Bourguignon B. Parity violation in chiral structure creation under femtosecond laser irradiation in silica glass? LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16178. [PMID: 30167132 PMCID: PMC6059821 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The paper addresses the creation of circular optical properties from a femtosecond laser light beam with a linear polarization in an achiral material (glass) under an orthogonal incidence. In this situation, all aspects of the experiment are achiral and therefore should not give rise to chiral property creation. From that observation, we propose an interpretation that involves the action of a light-induced torque on the matter carrying a light-induced dielectric moment. We found that a direct current (DC) electric field could be produced in the lattice by the femtosecond laser in our conditions and that a non-collinear dielectric moment is created by a nonlinear effect between the DC electric field and the stress field due to the transformation of the material. We reveal that it is possible to break the chiral symmetry of glass using an intense, ultrashort laser light pulse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Poumellec
- SP2M/ICMMO, CNRS-UPSud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Bâtiment 410, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Matthieu Lancry
- SP2M/ICMMO, CNRS-UPSud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Bâtiment 410, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Rudy Desmarchelier
- SP2M/ICMMO, CNRS-UPSud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Bâtiment 410, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Hervé
- Centre des matériaux, Mines Paris, Paristech, UMR CNRS-UPMC 7633, BP87, Evry F-91003 Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Bourguignon
- ISMO, CNRS-UPSud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Bâtiment 210, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ciampini MA, Orieux A, Paesani S, Sciarrino F, Corrielli G, Crespi A, Ramponi R, Osellame R, Mataloni P. Path-polarization hyperentangled and cluster states of photons on a chip. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16064. [PMID: 30167159 PMCID: PMC6059950 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Encoding many qubits in different degrees of freedom (DOFs) of single photons is one of the routes toward enlarging the Hilbert space spanned by a photonic quantum state. Hyperentangled photon states (that is, states showing entanglement in multiple DOFs) have demonstrated significant implications for both fundamental physics tests and quantum communication and computation. Increasing the number of qubits of photonic experiments requires miniaturization and integration of the basic elements, and functions to guarantee the setup stability, which motivates the development of technologies allowing the precise control of different photonic DOFs on a chip. We demonstrate the contextual use of path and polarization qubits propagating within an integrated quantum circuit. We tested the properties of four-qubit linear cluster states built on both DOFs, and we exploited them to perform the Grover's search algorithm according to the one-way quantum computation model. Our results pave the way toward the full integration on a chip of hybrid multi-qubit multiphoton states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeline Orieux
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Paesani
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Corrielli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Crespi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Mataloni
- Dipartimento di Fisica—Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lebugle M, Gräfe M, Heilmann R, Perez-Leija A, Nolte S, Szameit A. Experimental observation of N00N state Bloch oscillations. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8273. [PMID: 26391683 PMCID: PMC4595631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloch oscillations of quantum particles manifest themselves as periodic spreading and relocalization of the associated wave functions when traversing lattice potentials subject to external gradient forces. Albeit this phenomenon is deeply rooted into the very foundations of quantum mechanics, all experimental observations so far have only contemplated dynamics of one and two particles initially prepared in separable local states. Evidently, a more general description of genuinely quantum Bloch oscillations will be achieved on excitation of a Bloch oscillator by nonlocal states. Here we report the observation of Bloch oscillations of two-particle N00N states, and discuss the nonlocality on the ground of Bell-like inequalities. The time evolution of two-photon N00N states in Bloch oscillators, whether symmetric, antisymmetric or partially symmetric, reveals transitions from particle antibunching to bunching. Consequently, the initial states can be tailored to produce spatial correlations akin to those of bosons, fermions and anyons, presenting potential applications in photonic quantum simulation. Bloch oscillations consist of periodic spreading and relocalization of particle wave functions, but have been so far observed only in separable states. Here the authors observe them for two-photon N00N states in integrated photonic circuits, revealing transitions from particle bunching to anitbunching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lebugle
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gräfe
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - René Heilmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Armando Perez-Leija
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Nolte
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Szameit
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reimer C, Kues M, Caspani L, Wetzel B, Roztocki P, Clerici M, Jestin Y, Ferrera M, Peccianti M, Pasquazi A, Little BE, Chu ST, Moss DJ, Morandotti R. Cross-polarized photon-pair generation and bi-chromatically pumped optical parametric oscillation on a chip. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8236. [PMID: 26364999 PMCID: PMC4647848 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes are one of the most important tools in modern optics with a broad spectrum of applications in, for example, frequency conversion, spectroscopy, signal processing and quantum optics. For practical and ultimately widespread implementation, on-chip devices compatible with electronic integrated circuit technology offer great advantages in terms of low cost, small footprint, high performance and low energy consumption. While many on-chip key components have been realized, to date polarization has not been fully exploited as a degree of freedom for integrated nonlinear devices. In particular, frequency conversion based on orthogonally polarized beams has not yet been demonstrated on chip. Here we show frequency mixing between orthogonal polarization modes in a compact integrated microring resonator and demonstrate a bi-chromatically pumped optical parametric oscillator. Operating the device above and below threshold, we directly generate orthogonally polarized beams, as well as photon pairs, respectively, that can find applications, for example, in optical communication and quantum optics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reimer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Michael Kues
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Benjamin Wetzel
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Piotr Roztocki
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Matteo Clerici
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Yoann Jestin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Marco Peccianti
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Alessia Pasquazi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Brent E. Little
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Sai T. Chu
- Department of Physics and Material Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China
| | - David J. Moss
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique — Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bentivegna M, Spagnolo N, Vitelli C, Flamini F, Viggianiello N, Latmiral L, Mataloni P, Brod DJ, Galvão EF, Crespi A, Ramponi R, Osellame R, Sciarrino F. Experimental scattershot boson sampling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400255. [PMID: 26601164 PMCID: PMC4640628 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Boson sampling is a computational task strongly believed to be hard for classical computers, but efficiently solvable by orchestrated bosonic interference in a specialized quantum computer. Current experimental schemes, however, are still insufficient for a convincing demonstration of the advantage of quantum over classical computation. A new variation of this task, scattershot boson sampling, leads to an exponential increase in speed of the quantum device, using a larger number of photon sources based on parametric down-conversion. This is achieved by having multiple heralded single photons being sent, shot by shot, into different random input ports of the interferometer. We report the first scattershot boson sampling experiments, where six different photon-pair sources are coupled to integrated photonic circuits. We use recently proposed statistical tools to analyze our experimental data, providing strong evidence that our photonic quantum simulator works as expected. This approach represents an important leap toward a convincing experimental demonstration of the quantum computational supremacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bentivegna
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Center of Life NanoScience @ La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena, 255, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Niko Viggianiello
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ludovico Latmiral
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Mataloni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel J. Brod
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Ernesto F. Galvão
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-340, Brazil
| | - Andrea Crespi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu Q, Gross S, Dekker P, Withford MJ, Steel MJ. Competition of Faraday rotation and birefringence in femtosecond laser direct written waveguides in magneto-optical glass. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:28037-51. [PMID: 25402044 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We consider the process of Faraday rotation in femtosecond laser direct-write waveguides. The birefringence commonly associated with such waveguides may be expected to impact the observable Faraday rotation. Here, we theoretically calculate and experimentally verify the competition between Faraday rotation and birefringence in two waveguides created by laser writing in a commercial magneto-optic glass. The magnetic field applied to induce Faraday rotation is nonuniform, and as a result, we find that the two effects can be clearly separated and used to accurately determine even weak birefringence. The birefringence in the waveguides was determined to be on the scale of Δn = 10(-6) to 10(-5). The reduction in Faraday rotation caused by birefringence of order Δn = 10(-6) was moderate and we obtained approximately 9° rotation in an 11 mm waveguide. In contrast, for birefringence of order 10(-5), a significant reduction in the polarization azimuth change was found and only 6° rotation was observed.
Collapse
|